phonetics

LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN

PHONETICS

Made to Speak

________: to supply air for speech_____________: to produce vibrations for

speech sounds________: to articulate vowels and

consonants________: to provide place of articulation________: to articulate vowels and

consonants________: to provide nasal resonance during

speech

Contemporary Linguistics:

p. 2.

1.1 Specialization for Language Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 2.

Organ Survival Speech

LungsExchange CO2

for O2

Air flow

Vocal Cords

Cover tube to lungs

Vibration

Tongue Move food in mouth

Articulation

Teeth Chew food Articulation

Lips Seal oral cavity

Articulation

Nose BreathingNasal resonance

IntroductionSpoken Language

Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer

Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves

Humans ________before they ________Reason why linguists ________with the study

of spoken rather than written language

Phonetics

Definition: The study of the ________and ________of the sounds of

speech. Analyzes the ________of all human speech sounds, ________________________.

Approaches to Phonetics

Articulatory phonetics Studies the _______________________of speech

production

Acoustic phonetics Measuring and analyzing

the physical properties of the _____________we produce when we speak

Phones

Definition: ______________

Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds? ____________

The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200

vowels

Units of representation

Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds Segments (individual phones or speech sounds) Syllables

Nota: Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic

International Phonetic Alphabet

The IPA is a system of ________Represent ________of human speech with a

_______________ « One sound, one symbol »

Important: Enclosed in ________________

Explore the IPA

Go through pronunciation of words Do you notice any difference between these sounds? Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used

to represent a vowel.

IPA Look at the information mentioned What are the classifications mentioned in the

consonant chart?

IPATranscription

Broad transcription Uses a _____________set of symbols to represent

_________________but does not show all ________

Narrow transcription Show ______________using an ________set of symbols

Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:

Alphg___.ttf Alphonet.ttf

IPADiacritics

« Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way »

Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness.

See your IPA chart http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sam

my


p. 635.

For help with phonetics

Linking sounds to symbols:IPA Help, SIL Internationalhttp://www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp.htm

Identifying articulatory features:Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of

Torontohttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy

Practice transcribing:

Made to Speak

Specialization for Language:Made to Speak

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

Sound-Producing SystemFeatures

Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including: ________ ________ ________


p. 17.

Sound-producing System

Sound is produced when air is ____________Sets of ______modify the sound in various

ways

Sound-producing system

LungsVocal cords

(or vocal ________)Larynx (vocal folds

are within larynx)

(the velum is the soft areaTowards the rear of the roofof the mouth)

Sound-producing system

Three filters: Pharynx(the tube between the larynx and the oral cavity)Oral cavityNasal cavity

Glottal States

Sound-producing system Glottal States

Sound-producing system Glottal States

________: Space between the vocal foldsVocal folds may be ________in a number of

ways to produce different ________________

Glottal StatesVoicelessness

When the vocal folds are ________.The air passes ________________the glottis.

Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless.

Put your fingertips to your larynx. Fish Sing House

Glottal StatesVoicing

When the vocal folds are _______________, but ________________.

Air passes through and causes them to _______.

Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced.

Put your fingertips to your larynx. Zip Vow

Or any vowel

Glottal StatesWhisper

Whispering is voiceless. No vibration of the cords.

The vocal cords are ________ ________ (though ________________________).

Glottal StatesMurmur

Known as a breathy voiceMurmuring is voiced

Vibration of the vocal cords

Vocal folds are ________to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.

CONSONANTSVOWELSGLIDES

Sound Classes

Sound classesConsonants

Articulatory difference: May be ________________ May be made with either a ________________or a

________of the vocal tract The airflow is either ________momentarily or

________so much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction.

Consonants cannot be the _______________

Sound classesVowels

Articulatory difference: Vowels are produced with ________________in the vocal

tract and are usually ________Acoustic Difference:

Vowels are more ________ (acoustically powerful) Perceived as louder and longer lasting

Vowels can be the ________of a syllable.

Sound classesGlides

Shows properties of ________________May be thought of a ________ ________

(auditory impression they produce)Produced with an ________like that of a

vowelGlides can never be the ________of a syllable

Aka. ________________, ___________

The Tongue

Primary articulation organIt can be:

Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back

Five areas of the tongue: Tip, blade, body, back and root

Place of Articulation

ConsonantsPlace of Articulation

Also called ________________Each point at which air stream can be

_______to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation

Places of articulation are found at the ____, within the ________, in the ________and at the ________.

ConsonantsPlace of Articulation

Place of articulationLabial

Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the ______is said to be labial.

Bilabial: sounds involving ________ Example:

Labiodental: sounds involving the ________ and the ________ Example:

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

Place of articulationDental and interdental

Sounds produced with the tongue placed ______ or ________the ________ Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi)

Interdental: Produced with the tongue _______ the ________ Example: The words thing & this

Place of articulationAlveolar

Sounds produced when the tongue ________or is brought ________to the _______________

Example:

+ Spanish “r” = [r]http://www.uiowa.edu:80/~acadtech/phonetics/spanish/frameset.html

(Lingual-alveolar)

Place of articulationAlveopalatal & palatal

Alveopalatal area: Just behind the alveolar ridge the roof of the mouth _______sharply

Alveopalatal consonants: Example: Show, measure, chip & judge

Palatal glide: Example: Yes & yours

Place of articulationVelar

Velum: ____area towards the ____of the mouth

Velar: Sounds produced with tongue touching or near this position Example: Call, guy & hang

Labiovelar: Sounds produced with ________ ________ and the ________at the same time _____ like in wet

Place of articulationUvular

Uvula: Small fleshly ________that hangs down from the ________.

Uvular: Sounds produced with the tongue touching or near this position. None in English European French « r » = [R]

Place of articulationPharyngeal

Pharynx: Area of the ________between the uvula and the larynx.

Sounds made through the modification of the air flow in the pharynx by ________________or ________________________ [ʕ] Example: The Arabic letter « ع » like in Jesus

Place of articulationGlottal

Sounds produced using the ________as primary articulation Example: Hog, heave

Manner of Articulation

Manner of articulationOral vs Nasal

Oral: Velum is ________cutting of the airflow to the nasal passages

Nasal: Velum is ________to allow air to pass ________the nasal passages

Both consonants ([n] [m] [ŋ]) and vowels ([ã] [õ] etc.) can be nasal and are generally voiced Example: Sun, sum, sung No nasal vowels in English

Manner of articulationStops

Stops are made with a ______________either in the oral cavity or at the glottis

In English: Bilabial, alveolar and velar oral and nasal stops [p], [b], [m], [t], [d], [n], [k], [g], [ŋ] & [ʔ] Examples: Glottal stop in the sound [ʔ] like in the

expression uh-uh (meaning “no”) or like in some British dialects [ʔ] is heard instead of a “t” (example: bottle)

Manner of articulationFricatives

Fricatives: Consonants produced with a ________________through the mouth

Part of a larger class called continuantsEnglish fricatives:

[f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] & [h]

Manner of articulationAffricates

Affricate: Non-continuous consonant that show a ________________________.

Affication: A process in which palatalized stops become afficates [ʧ] & [ʤ] Example: Church & Jogging

Manner of articulationVoice Lag and Aspiration

Lag: After the release of certain voiceless stops in English, you can hear a lag or brief delay before voicing the following vowel

Aspiration: Since the lag in the onset of vocalic voicing is accompanied by the ________

Transcribed with a small [h] Examples: pat [phæt], tub [thʌb] and cope [ khowp] Examples of unaspirated: spat [spæt], stub [stʌb]

and cope [ skowp]

Manner of articulationLiquids

Different variants of « r » and « l »

Lateral: Varieties of « l » As laterals are articulated, air escapes through the

mouth ________the lowered ________of the tongueEnglish « r »

________the tongue tip back into the mouth or by ________the tongue upwards and back in the mouth

Manner of articulationLiquids (continued)

English « r » Retroflex [ɹ] or [r] = Curling the tongue tip back into

the mouth or by bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth Example: car & ride Transcribed as [r] in textbook

Flap [ɾ] = Tongue tip ________the ______________ as it passes across it Example: North American pronunciation of bitter &

butter

Glides

Manner of articulationGlides

Glide: Very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment

_____or ________ [j]: Palatal glideW-glide [w]: Tongue raised and pulled back

near the ________ and with ________ ________ or rounded.

[M]: Voiceless (labio)velar fricative glide Example: When, where, which (but not in witch)

Vowels

Vowels

Vowels: Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the ________ more ________ than it is for consonants and glide articulation

Produced by varying the placement of the body of the ________ and ________

Can be altered by protruding or rounding the lips, by lowering the velum to produce nasal vowels or by constriction.

VowelsSimple vowels and Diphthongs

Simple vowels: Do not show a noticeable change in quality during their articulation [i], [I], [ɛ], [ɑ], [ɒ], [ə], [ʌ], [ʊ], [u], [ɔ] & [æ] Example: Pit, set, cat, dog, but, put & suppose.

Diphthongs: Vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable [ei], [ej]*, [aI], [aj]*, [au], [ɔI], [ou], [ij]*, [uw]*, [ow]* &

[aw]* Example: Say, buy, cow, ice, lout, go, boy.

IPA Vowel Chart

Vowels IPA Vowel Chart (Diphthongs)

VowelsTense and lax

Tense vowels: Produced with placement of the tongue that results in ________ vocal tract ________ [i], [ej] , [u] , [ow], [ɑ] , [aj] , [aw] & [oj] Example: heat, mate, shoot, coat, lock, lies, loud &

boyLax vowels: Produced with ________

articulation [ɪ], [ɛ] , [æ] , [ʊ], [ɔ] , [ʌ] & [ə]* Example: hit, met, mat, should, ought, cut, Canada

* Schwa [ə]: is a reduced vowel (very brief duration)

LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT WAYS TO MARK PROSODIC PROPERTIES OF SOUNDS.

Suprasegmentals

Suprasegmentals

All phones have suprasegmental (or prosodic) properties ________ ________ ________

SuprasegmentalsPitch

All humans have the ability to control the level of pitch in their speech By controlling the tension of the vocal folds and the

amount of air that passes through the glottis Tense vocal folds + greater air pressure = higher pitch

There are two kinds of controlled pitch movements: ________ and ________

SuprasegmentalsPitch: Tone

Tone language: A language where differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch Ex: ________

SuprasegmentalsPitch: Tone

Register tones: Level tones that signal meaning differences Some tone language have 2 or 3, even 4 tones Ex: High tone, middle tone, low tone

Marked with diacritic [´] for high tones [`] for low tones

Contour tones: Ex: Mandarin

Rising pitch Falling pitch

SuprasegmentalsPitch: Intonation

Intonation: Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is ________ to differences in ________ ________

Often does serve to convey information Terminal (intonation) contour

Final intonation at the end = signals that the utterance is complete

Non-terminal (intonation) contour Rising or level intonation at the end = often signals

incompleteness

SuprasegmentalsPitch: Intonation

Different intonation rules depending on English speaker: Ex: “Correct change, please”

SuprasegmentalsLength

Length: Vowels and consonants whose articulation takes longer relative to that of other vowels and consonants

Marked with ________ : [:] or IPA colon

Nota: Not the same as English long and short vowels Ex: Hat [hæt] & hate [hejt]

SuprasegmentalsStress

Some vowels are ________ as more ________ than others Ex: [thɛləgræfɪk] = [ɛ] and [æ]

Vowel nuclei that are more prominent than other are [ɛ] and [æ]

SuprasegmentalsStress

Stress: A cover term for the combined effect of pitch, loudness and length

Marked by diacritics: [´] for the most prominent or primary stress [`] for the second most prominent or

secondary stress

Examples in book (p. 38) Examples in dictionary.com

MY TRICK: Rapper Stress Test

Speech Production

Speech Production

Is not a series of isolated eventsComplex

Articulatory organs are operating independently of each other

Many fine adjustments are carried out very rapidly as we speak.

As a consequence, speech production often results in the articulation of one sound affecting that of another sound

Speech ProductionCoarticulation

Coarticulation: More than one articulator is active

Example:

The sound [pl] [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with

tongue) Resulting in the tongue moving to the

alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]

Speech ProductionProcesses

Processes: Articulatory ________ that occur during the production of ________ ________

Result in : A more ________ articulation A more ________ output


Making articulation more ________ Example:

Bank = [bæŋk] [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the

nasalization of the vowel [æ]

Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Results in a more palatal [k]


Other examples:

Parade = [pəreɪd] More efficient articulation results in the dropping of

the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) =

Voicelessness carried to [r]


Making articulation less efficient Lengthen consonants and vowels when they are asked

to repeat a word Example:

« It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »

Greater articulatory effort, but …Results in a more ________ form that is easier

to ________


Adding a segment Example:

« Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »

Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes

Assimilation: A number of different processes that are the result of

the ________ of one segment on another A sound becoming more ________ another nearby sound

in terms of one or more phonetic characteristics


Regressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ________ segment (e.g., nasalization in English)

Progressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ________ segment (e.g., liquid-glide devoicing in English)


Assimilation - Nasalization Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant is

caused by speakers ________ the lowering of the velum Example: Can’t [khænt]

[æ] + [n] = nasalized [æ]

Regressive assimilation or progressive assimilation?


Assimilation - Voicing assimilationDevoicing:

Example of Please [pliz] [p] (voiceless) + [l] (voiced) = devoiced [l]

Voicing: Example of[af] (off or over) in Dutch

Afbellen (to cancel): [f] (voiceless) + [b] (voiced) = [vb] (both voiced)


Assimilation – Flapping A Process in which a dental or alveolar stop

articulation changes to a flap [ɾ] articulation Example:

Butter, writer, fatter, wader & waiter Example : “I bought it” [ajbɑtɪt]

[ɑ] (stressed vowel) + [t] (dental consonant) = [ɾ] (flap)

Flapping is considered a type of assimilation since it changes a non-continuant segment to a continuant segment


Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. It results in two sounds becoming ________ alike in articulatory or acoustic terms.

Results in a sequence of sounds that are easier to ________ and ________ Example: Fifths [fɪfθs]

[f] + [θ] + [s] = [fts]


Deletion: Is a process that ________ a segment from certain phonetic contexts

Occurs in everyday ________In English, the schwa [ə] is often deleted

when the next vowel in the word is stressed Examples: parade, corrode, suppose

[preid], [krowd] & [spowz]


Epenthesis: Is a process that ________ a syllabic segment within an existing string of segmentsExample: warmth [wormθ]

[wormpθ]Example: Something [sʌmθɪŋ]

[sʌmpθɪŋ]


Examples:Warmth [wormpθ] = [m] + [p] + [θ]Length [lɛŋkθ] = [ŋ] + [k] + [θ]Prince [prɪnts] = [n] + [t] + [s]Tenth [tɛntθ] = [n] + [t] + [θ]

Nota: In English the epenthesized consonant are all

non-sonorant, have the same place of articulation as the sonorant consonant to their ____, and have the save voicing as the non-sonorant consonant to their ____


Metathesis: Is a process that ________ a sequence of segments

Often results in a sequence of phones that are easier to ________

Common amongst children Examples:

Spaghetti = pesghetti [pəskɛɾi] Prescribe = perscribe [pərskraɪb] Prescription = perscription [pərskrɪpʃən]


Vowel reduction: A process that ________ the articulation of a vowel (typically unstressed vowel) to a more ________ _______

In English: Reduction of a full vowel to a schwa [ə] Example:

Canada [khænədə] (stressed vowel = æ) Canadian [khənejdiən] (stressed vowel = ej)

Speech Production Articulatory Processes?

The sound [pl] [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with

tongue) Resulting in the tongue moving to the

alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]


Bank = [bæŋk] [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the

nasalization of the vowel [æ]

Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Results in a more palatal [k]


Parade = [pəreɪd] More efficient articulation results in the dropping of

the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) =

Voicelessness carried to [r]


Example: « It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »


Example: « Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »

phonetics

Documents

sounds of speech

human speech sounds

flow of speech

speech soundssyllables

ipa symbols

finite possibilities

phonetic symbol

ipa help