phonetics and phonemics - sharifce.sharif.edu/courses/93-94/2/ce967-1/resources/root/lecture...
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Phonetics and
Phonemics
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Phonetics and Phonemics :
The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound
Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language
Phonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived by speakers of a particular language
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Phonetics :
Articulatory phonetics
How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail
Acoustic phonetics
The emphasis is on observable, measurable characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds
Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware
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Articulatory phonetics : The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe
speech sounds in the terms of position of the vocal
organs
Phonetic alphabet
Phoneticians have had to devise their own
system of notation
IPA
ARPAbet
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Excitation Of The Speech System
Phonation
Whispering
Frication
Compression
Vibration
Articulatory phonetics (consonants)
Consonants are easy to define in anatomical terms
Point of articulation is the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract
Bilabial
Labiodental
Apicodental
Apicogingival
Apicoalveolar
Apicodomal
Laminoalveolar
Laminodomal
Centrodomal
Dorsovelar
Pharyngeal
Glottal
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…Consonants: Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at
the point of articulation and the manner of release
into the following sound
Plosive
Aspirated
Affricative
Fricative
Lateral
Semivowel
Nasal
Trill
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…Consonants: Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of
phonation
Voiced
Unvoiced
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Articulatory phonetics (vowels):Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants,
this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by
Tongue high or low
Tongue front or back
Lips rounded or unrounded
Nasalized or unnasalized
Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another
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Articulatory phonetics :
Coarticulation:
No speech sound is produced accurately in
the context of other sound
Overlapping of phonetic features from
phone to phone is termed coarticulation
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Phonemics : Phonetics is a view of speech sounds
independent of the language
Phonemics is the view of speech sounds
within a specific language
Phonemes
Phonetics: an individual sound is a phone
Phonemics: the smallest meaningful unit in a
specific language is the phoneme
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Phonemics (phonemes): A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a
given language that is sufficient to
differentiate one word from another
Example:
In English, Voicing is a feature which
distinguishes between two phonemes
‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’
In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in
German
‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]
World’s languages tree
(Oxford Encyclopedia)
60,000
Eskimo-Aleut
45 million
SOUTH-ASIANVietnamese
Khmer
…
130 million
JAPANESE-KOREAN
150 million
BANTU and RelatedSwahili
Zulu
…
1,500 million
INDO-EUROPEAN*
800 million
SINO-TIBETANBurmese
Chinese
Thai
Tibetan
…
150 million
SEMITIC and RelatedArabic
Ethiopic
Hamitic
Hebrew
…140 million
MALAY-POLYNESIANHawaiian
Indonesian
Maori
…
100 million
URAL-ALTAICFinnish
Hungarian
Mongolian
Turkish
…
130 million
DRAVIDIANMalayalam, Tamil, Telugu
…10 million
LATIN-AMERICAN INDIANQuechua
Guarani
Arawak
Carib
…
10 million
NORTH-AMERICAN
INDIANAztecan, Algonquin, Iroquoian,
Sioan, …
BalticLithunian
Lettish
CelticBreton
Irish Gaelic
Welsh
…
HellenicGreek
GermanicDutch, Flemish
English
German
Scandinavian
Danish
Icelandic
Norwegian
Swedish
Yiddish
SlavicBulgarian
Czech
Macedonian
Polish
Russian
Serbo-Croatian
Slovak
Slovene
Ukrainian
…
Armenian
Albanian
RomanceItalian
French
Portuguese
Romanian
Spanish
…
Indo-IranianAfghan
Bengali
Hindi
Kurdish
Persian
Sanskrit
Singhalese
Urdu
…
World’s languages tree
(Cont’d )
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Phonemics (phonemes):
The largest number of phoneme known is
45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in
Hawaiian
English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29
to 45 phonemes, depending on how they
are analyzed
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Phonemics (Allophones):
A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically
similar sound which are accepted by the
speakers of the language as being the
same sound. Members of the set are
called allophones.
Example:
The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”.
The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.
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English PhonemesVowels
Semi-vowels
Fricatives
Nasals
Stops
Aspiration
uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh
ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el
y r l el w
jh ch s z sh zh f v th dh
m n ng em en eng nx
b d g p t k dx q
bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl
hv hh
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Parsian Phonemesواكه ها
o
u
a
e
i
G
g
k
c
d
t
p
b
)(
)(
يه، ي
،به
و
،و
و
ا،آ
انفجاري هابپ
ت، طدكك
گگق،غ
، عء
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Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d)سايشي ها
h
Z
s
v
f
انفجاري سايشي ها
فو
ث، س، ص
ز، ذ، ض، ظ
ش
ژ
خ
ه، ح
t
dجچ
شبه واكه ها
j
n
m
r
lلر
م
ن
يه، ي
Phonemes in Persianدر اينجا بر اساس ميزان ايستان بودن. گيردىبه اشكال مختلف انجام مىواجها در فارسىتقسيم بند
. گيردىصورت ممداوم
continuant
واكه هاvowels
همخوان هاconsonants
پيشينfront
ا ىئ
پسينback
او ا ا
ىميانmid
آ
ىسايشfricative
ىنجوائwhisper
حه
ىخيشومnasal
م ن
واكدارvoiced
غو ز ژ
بيواكunvoiced
خف س ش
Phonemes in Persian (cont’d)
غير مداومnon continuant
شبهه واكه هاsemivowels
وقفه هاplosives
ىتركيبىواكه هاdiphthongs
اوىا
واكدارvoiced
ب د گ
بيواكunvoiced
ع قءپ ت ك
لرزشيهاliquids
ر ل
روانهاglides
ى
ىنيمه سايشaffricate
ج چ
تقريبا فراموش شده استىدر فارسىشود ولىاستفاده مىردو ك ىعربىدر زبانها/ و/ واج روان *
. شودىاستفاده مىفارسىاز لهجه هاىو فقط در بعض
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