photos: k. frey, b. kiel, l. mertes matthews, e. and i. fung, gbc, 1, 61-86, 1987. siberia amazon...
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Outline What is WATER HM? Potential and limitations of conventional altimetry Measurements of surface water hydraulics: SRTM Measurements of height, slope and estimates of discharge RivWidth measurements of channel widths Data assimilation for estimating dischargeTRANSCRIPT
Photos: K. Frey, B. Kiel, L. Mertes
Matthews, E. and I. Fung, GBC, 1, 61-86, 1987.
Siberia
Amazon
Ohio
Virtual Mission First Results Supporting the WATER HM Satellite ConceptDoug Alsdorf, Kostas Andreadis, Dennis Lettenmaier, Delwyn Moller, Ernesto Rodriguez, Paul Bates, Nelly Mognard, and the WATER HM Participants
Funding from CNES, JPL, NASA’s Terrestrial Hydrology and Physical Oceanography Programs, and the Ohio State University’s Climate, Water, & Carbon Program
Outline What is WATER HM? Potential and limitations of conventional
altimetry Measurements of surface water hydraulics:
SRTM Measurements of height, slope and estimates of discharge
RivWidth measurements of channel widths
Data assimilation for estimating discharge
Surface Water ESSP Mission OptionsKaRIN: Ka-band Radar INterferometer
• Ka-band SAR interferometric system with 2 swaths, ~50 km each
• WSOA and SRTM heritage
• Produces heights and co-registered all-weather imagery
• Intrinsic resolution: 2 m in azimuth and 10 to 60 m in range
• Data down-linked via ground stations
Courtesy of Ernesto Rodriguez, NASA JPL
These surface water elevation measurements are entirely new, especially on a global basis, and thus represent an incredible step forward in hydrology.
Courtesy:CNES
Heritage of WATER HM Why Water Heights?
Two decades of altimetry missions measuring water surface heights (oceans and surface waters)
SRTM covered ~60N to ~60S and recorded surface water elevations Hydrodynamic and continuity equations rely on h, dh/dx, and dh/dt (while other parameters are
involved, height is a governing and conclusively proven spaceborne measurement) Publications showing the complexity of water hydraulics
Why KaRIN Technology? SRTM demonstrated spaceborne capacity $20M Investment in WSOA toward development of instrument Field studies demonstrating near-nadir Ka-band returns from rivers
Who Supports WATER HM? Selected by the U.S. National Academy “Decadal Survey” CNES, NASA, and JPL are all working to ensure the mission is a success Hundreds of participants from five continents. You are most welcome to participate
bprc.osu.edu/water Most Importantly: Collegial joint community of physical oceanography and surface water
hydrology
Complexity of Wetlands and OceansECCO-2 MIT JPL ocean current model
Oceans and wetlands have complex patterns of water height changes and related flows. Height changes in both environments are significant whereas velocities are slow and do not necessarily reflect flow at depth. For example, SSH correlates with flow at depth via geostrophic relationship, i.e., flow along contours of constant pressure.
Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean
ECCO-2: Menemenus et al., EOS 2005
USGS Coverage: ~7000 gauges
WATER HM is Not “Gauging from Space”
Birkett, C.M., L.A.K. Mertes, T. Dunne, M.H. Costa, and M.J. Jasinski,Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2003. Hirsch, R.M., and J.E. Costa, EOS Transactions AGU, 85, 197-203, 2004. Alsdorf, Rodriguez, Lettenmaier, Reviews of Geophysics, 2007.
Amazon: 6 M km2, ~175,000 m3/sU.S.: 7.9 M km2, Mississippi ~17,500 m3/s
OSTP 2004: “Does the United States have enough water? We do not know.”“What should we do? Use modern science and technology to determine how much water is currently available …”
Gauges provide daily sampling, which cannot be matched by a single satellite.
WATER HM is Not “Gauging from Space”
Birkett, C.M., L.A.K. Mertes, T. Dunne, M.H. Costa, and M.J. Jasinski,Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2003. Hirsch, R.M., and J.E. Costa, EOS Transactions AGU, 85, 197-203, 2004. Alsdorf, Rodriguez, Lettenmaier, Reviews of Geophysics, 2007.
Amazon: 6 M km2, ~175,000 m3/sU.S.: 7.9 M km2, Mississippi ~17,500 m3/s
Satellites should be capable of providing dense spatial coverage.
Using a radar altimeter, 16-day repeat, 32% of the rivers and 72% of the world’s large lakes are not sampled.
120 km wide swath, 16 day repeat, samples the entire globe and measures h, dh/dx, and dh/dt.
Topex/POSEIDON: ~70 points
Measurements Required: h, h/x, h/t, and area, globally, on a ~weekly basis
q – Qx = h
tL
Hoover Reservoir, Columbus Ohio
Alu
m
Hoo
ver
5 km
There are hundreds of thousands of reservoirs and lakes around the world, but their storage changes are poorly known. The change in elevations (blue dots compared to red dots) agree with the height of the dam, but the elevation standard deviation for each height measurement is too large. KaRIN will improve this by an order of magnitude, but the SRTM data suggest a great opportunity for a future satellite mission.
Kiel, Alsdorf, & LeFavour, PE & RS, 2006
σ = 5.71mσ = 7.41m
Channel Slope and Amazon Q from SRTM
LeFavour and Alsdorf, GRL, 2005
Q m3/s Observed SRTM ErrorTupe 63100 62900 -0.3%Itapeua 74200 79800 7.6%Manacapuru 90500 84900 -6.2%
Manning’s n method
Channel Geometry from SAR
Water Slope from SRTM
Bathymetry from In-Situ
Width of the Purus River
Manning’s n method
RivWidth: Pavelsky & Smith, in press, and AGU 2007
=Q zwn
zw2z+w
2/3
( ) hx( )1/2
SRTM DEM
=Q wn
Z5/3 h
x( )1/2
Large Width to Depth Rivers
“RivWidth” algorithm developed by Tamlin Pavelsky, applicable to any classification.
“RivWidth” of Ohio River Basin
Courtesy: J. Partsch
SRTM Elevations of water surfaces can be converted to river flow using Manning’s equation which relates water slope to flow velocity.
Ohio River Discharge from the Space Shuttle
Cairo, IL Ohioview, PA
Kiel et al., AGU 2006
Data Assimilation of Synthetic KaRIN Measurements to Estimate Discharge
• Small ~50 km upstream reach of Ohio River
• LISFLOOD, hydrodynamic model, provides spatial and temporal simulation domain• Nominal VIC simulation provides input to LISFLOOD for “truth” simulation
• Perturbing precipitation with VIC provides input to LISFLOOD for open-loop and filter simulations
• KaRIN measurements simulated by corrupting LISFLOOD “truth” water surface heights with expected instrument errors
Andreadis et al., GRL, 2007
Assimilation Results: Ohio River Channel Discharge
450
500
550
600
650
700
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /s)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Channel Chainage (km)
Apr 1 Apr 15 May 1 May 15 Jun 1 Jun 15200400
600800
1000
12001400
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /s)
Andreadis et al., GRL, 2007
Discharge time series at downstream edge. Discharge errors relative to “truth”:
Open Loop = 23.2% 8 day DA = 10.0%16 day DA = 12.1%32 day DA = 16.9%
Discharge along the channel, April 13, 1995. Data assimilation of the synthetic KaRIN measurements clearly improves the discharge estimate compared to the open loop simulation.
Conclusions WATER HM is an international collaboration of surface
water hydrology and physical oceanography, including CNES, NASA, JPL, and many institutes.
Conventional altimetry has large coverage gaps, but demonstrates ability of radar to measure heights.
SRTM demonstrates capability to measure surface water elevations and slopes, despite large look-angles (>30º)
Data assimilation shows great promise for estimating discharge along entire reaches and at various time intervals.
You are welcome to join us! bprc.osu.edu/water
Additional Slides
Purus River SRTM Estimated Discharge
Based on in-situ gauge data, discharge in this Purus reach is estimated at 8500 m3/s (no February 2000 data is available, estimate based on previous years). Slope is assumed constant because SRTM accuracy is insufficient for finer resolution. WATER HM will measure expected slope changes at fine spatial resolution.
=Q wn
Z5/3 h
x( )1/2
Required MeasurementsSimple, EmpiricalManning’s Equation
ModerateContinuity Equation
ComplexSt. Venant Equations
continuity and momentum
q - Qx =
At=
hxVel. ( )1/2
R2/31n
=Q zwn
zw2z+w
2/3
( ) hx( )1/2
z = (h-bathymetry)h = water surfacez = water depthw = channel widthQ = (velocity)(z)(w)
Assume dA w(dz)
dz = dh
q - Qx = h
tw
q = lateral inflow e.g., rainA = cross section
gQt
zt+
Q2
xA1
A1 ( )A +
= g(S0-Sf)
S0 = bathymetric slope
Sf = friction or energy slope, i.e., dh/dx
Key: All equations depend heavily on knowing the water surface elevation
and its changes.
Sensitivity to Satellite Overpass Frequency• Additional experiments with 16- and 32-day assimilation frequencies
• Discharge errors at downstream end, relative to “truth”:
• 8 day = 10.0%, 16 day = 12.1%, 32 day = 16.9%
Apr 1 Apr 15 May 1 May 15 Jun 1 Jun 15200
400
600
800
1000
1000
1000
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /s)
Andreadis et al., GRL, 2007