Physical Layer changes coming to a network near you, soon!

Wayne Allen

Regional Marketing Engineer

Fluke Networks

Agenda

• New ISO/IEC 11801 Standard• New Fibre standards and encoding methods

– Higher speeds, less loss allowed, new fibre types.

• New Power over Ethernet standards to publish shortly.– Higher power that requires additional field testing for assurance

• Modular Plug Terminated Links– What are they and how to test

• Higher speeds on legacy cabling– NBASE-T technology

• Single Pair Ethernet is coming

New ISO/IEC 11801 Standard

• ISO/IEC 11801 Generic Cabling for Customer Premises has being broken into 6 parts. – Current version is now ISO/IEC 11801 Ed3, published late in 2017.

• 11801-1 will be Generic Cabling• 11801-2 will be Office Premises• 11801-3 will be Industrial Premises (replaces ISO/IEC 24702)• 11801-4 will be Residences (replaces ISO/IEC 15018)• 11801-5 will be Data Centres (replaces ISO/IEC 24764)• 11801-6 will be Distributed Building Services. (new standard)

• ANZ will be adopting this new version

• Minimum requirement for office premises is Class E (Cat 6) cabling but for applications above 1Gbps, Class EA (Cat 6A) to be used.

• Minimum requirement for Data Centre cabling and Distributed Building Services is Class EA (Cat 6A).

• Class I (Cat 8.1) and Class II (Cat8.2) introduced. 2GHz, 30m, 2 connector channel.

• OM1, OM2 and OS1 no longer supported for new installs.

• OM5 added for SWDM applications.

• OS1a introduced for tight buffered low water peak cables.

• 12 and 24 fiber MPOs are now specified for the Equipment outlets in Data Centres.

• Length measurement is normative with Loss Measurements.

Major changes in ISO/IEC 11801 Ed. 3

Recently completed standards

• IEEE 802.3bs – 200G and 400G on Fibre

– The need for speed being driven by the IoT» Do more with less fibre is the key theme

Nearly completed standards

• IEEE 802.3 cd - 50G, 100G and 200G

– Supports the technologies on the previous slides» Reduction on lanes required to support the speed

• New encoding used – PAM4

Emerging Ethernet Technologies

• Fibre based Technologies– New encoding methods to increase data rates.

• More data with the same fibre– Traditionally we have been using forms of NRZ encoding

» Not very efficient

– Enter PAM 4 encoding

» More efficient

– Allows us to double the data rate

– No increase in Bandwidth required

» We do trade SNR by up to a 1/3.

Wideband Multimode Fiber OM5 (WBMMF)

• Optical characteristics other than bandwidth remain essentially the same.

– Field Testing is the same as OM4

• Test as normal with duplex fiber OLTS

– Encircled Flux compliant

– Wavelengths at 850/1300nm

• Bounds all wavelengths between

l1l2

Testing l’s

l3l4

• IEEE 802.3bt – 4 pair Power over Ethernet

– Now technically complete and no new features to be added

• Type 1 and Type 2 PSE devices are as per 802.3af and 802.3at standards

• Type 3 and Type 4 PSE devices added, 60W and 90W respectively» Updated end types to support 2.5G, 5G and 10G Ethernet

» New midspan PSE to support the higher speeds

• Warning added not to use smaller than 26AWG cabling with PoE– Cabling standards working on 28AWG solutions to enable its use.

– Out for sponsor ballot, expected to publish Q3 2018.

Power over Ethernet changes

Introducing IEEE 802.3bt PoE ++

• Why should I be interested in PoE ++?

• Savings in costs

– Think of not having to run AC Power outlets• Wireless Access points without AC outlets

• CCTV Cameras without AC outlets

– Smart Lighting Systems• Smart LED Data Centre Lighting, only on where you need it, powered from the data cables.

– No expensive banks of AC powered fluorescent lighting

– Building Access Control• Intelligent locking systems run from the network cabling

– Other uses?• High Definition displays, powering PCs, DAS, 4G/5G Small Cells etc etc

The problem!

• One of the issues with PoE is how it works– We usually accomplish the power transfer by injecting our source power into

centre taps on the balun transformers used at the interfaces of the Power Sourcing Equipment, and recover via centre tapped baluns at the Powered Device. Below is how we achieve the transfer.

PSE PD

The problem!

• One of the issues with PoE is how it works– The Powered Device completes the current loop enabling the device

to work

– The current is “balanced” across all 4 wires used.

Introducing IEEE 802.3bt 90W PoE

• We now have all 4 pairs delivering the power.

• Each pair has to meet the Resistance Unbalance requirement <3%

• Plus, we now need to have Resistance Balance between the pairs <7%

Powered Device

PSE

WAP

48V DC

ILoad

ILoad

Testing Twisted Pair Cabling for PoE use

No PoE working here!

What is Resistance Unbalance?• Proposed extended tests for field testing that allows an installed link to be

evaluated for PoE transmission.

– Adds a Loop Resistance check (Already an ISO 11801 requirement)

– Adds a DC Resistance Unbalance check within the pairs

2.106Ω

1.114Ω

1

2

1

2

Loop Resistance = 2.106+ 1.114 = 3.22 OhmsDC Resistance Unbalance =|2.106 - 1.114|= 0.992 Ohms

What is Resistance Unbalance?• Proposed extended tests for field testing that allows an installed link to be

evaluated for PoE transmission.

– Adds a Loop Resistance check (Already an ISO 11801 requirement)

– Adds a DC Resistance Unbalance check within the pairs

– Adds a DC Resistance Unbalance check between the pairs2.106Ω

1.114Ω

1

2

1

2

Loop Resistance = 2.106+ 1.114 = 3.22 OhmsDC Resistance Unbalance =|2.106 - 1.114|= 0.992 Ohms

Parallel Resistance =2.106*1.1142.106+1.114

= 0.729 Ohms

1.151Ω

1.149Ω

4 455 Parallel Resistance =

1.151*1.1491.151+1.149 = 0.574 Ohms

Pair 2 Pair Unbalance = |0.729 – 0.574|= 0.155 Ohms

WAPs and IP Cameras

• The far end is typically hardwired with an RJ45 plug.

• Used in CCTV and PoE wireless access points• Is this a Permanent Link or Channel test?• Today, it is not defined in ANSI/TIA or ISO/IEC.

– ANSI/TIA 568.2-D (Draft) includes “Modular Plug Terminated Link” (MPTL) in Annex F

• Will use a Permanent Link limit

Modular Plug Terminated Link

• ANSI/TIA 568.D-2 (Draft) as Annex F

– To be published by the end 2018

• Requires a patch cord adapter for the category being tested– Max. 295 ft. (90 m)

– Use Category 6A Cabling

• ISO is moving to adopt the same approach– ANZ will be using this method of testing

Check with the company issuing the warranty

New copper speeds

• Ethernet speeds on copper are evolving– Newer speeds have been developed on the back of the 10GBASE-T standard.

19

802.11ac Transitions Drive Wired Bandwidth Needs

• 802.11ac Wi Fi exceeds 1GB • Transition from 11n to 11ac is happening quickly

2002+ 2007+ 2013+ 2015+

(Mb

ps)

Enterprise AP Radio Bandwidth

Low

Mid

High

Theoretical

802.11 in time:2002-2006: 802.11g/a2007-2011: 802.11n2013-2015: 802.11ac W12015-2017: 802.11ac W2

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

AP

s

Enterprise 802.11ac AP TransitionSource: Dell’Oro Group Wireless LAN 5-year Forecast Jan 2016

Wave 1

Wave 2

The Applications Spaces of BASE-T

Data Rate

NBASE-T and 802.3bz Technology – Based on 10GBASE-T

• PAM-16 with the same LDPC code for good performance– Good interoperability, improved robustness

– Upper frequency of ½ (5G) and ¼ (2.5G) that of 10GBASE-T

• NBASE-T and 802.3bz are interoperable with each other

– Joint Ethernet Alliance/NBASE-T Alliance plugfest in late 2016

– Auto Negotiation enables multi-mode PHY operation

• Supports PoE!

IEEE 802.3bz or NBASE-T?

• Since they are interoperable with each other, how do they differ?

• NBASE-T adds “Downshift” to 802.3bz– Normal Auto Negotiation selects the fastest rate both PHYs support, irrespective of the cabling,

noise or environment

– But, in 2.5G/5GBASE-T, the speed you get may depend on other links crosstalking

– So... “Downshift” automatically shifts the rate based on the channel noise

• With “Downshift” users always get a reliable link

IEEE 802.3bz functionality

Automatic Downshift

NBASE-T 2.3 functionality

Using Cat5e and Cat6 at 2.5 and 5Gig

Internal crosstalk (NEXT, return loss) has low risks Category 5e will likely meet 5GBASE-T requirements Category 6 has no risks of meeting 2.5 and 5GBASE-T internal requirements

Alien crosstalk has elevated risks Vast majority of links have very low risks Risk with Category 5e and 6 cables on long bundled (> 75 meters) runs Refer to SNR risk matrix

Cable Bundle: A group of cables that are tied together or in contact with one another in a closely packed configuration for at least 1 m.

Alien Crosstalk concerns

• ALSNR Analysis

– Alien Limited Signal to Noise Ratio

• Low risk for bundles up to 50 meters, regardless of channel length

• Limited risk for bundles up to 75 meters

• No risk when using Category 6A

ALSNR Risk Matrix

Category 5e Cabling Supports NBASE-T

• NBASE-T limits are the same as Category 5e for NEXT and Return Loss– However – 5 Gigabit limits are based on

Category 5e limits extrapolated out to 250 MHz

• To be sure that your existing cabling will support 2.5 and 5 Gigabits you

need to compare your test results to limits out to 250 MHz

• How was your cabling certified? To What Standard?– Did you store your test data?

You need to be able to evaluate!

• For 2.5G Base-T you need your Cat 5e test results

– Your tests must pass

– For PoE use, check your Resistance

• For 5G Base-T you will need extended results out to 250MHz

– We can see that with NEXT

– We can also test for it

27

Single Pair Ethernet – 802.3cg

• 10 Mbps

• 1 KM

• 10 connectors

• Building Sensors and Automation applications

• Multiple candidates for a connector

• Some limits are in the testers today, more coming

– 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1

To Conclude

• New standards are going to drive what products we use in our physical layers

– Best to get it right sooner, rather than later – be prepared

• We are going to be facing higher speeds over our cabling

• We are going to be transferring higher power over copper cabling

• We have a new link model to contend with – MPTL

• We are going to be using less pairs.

• Will your current cabling allow all this to happen?