Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change Part 1

NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series

A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a VieW to strengthening links between scientific communities.

The Series IS published by an International board of publishers In conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

A Life Sciences B Physics

C Mathematical and Physical Sciences

D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences

F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology

Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York

Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London

Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris and Tokyo

Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 243

Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change Part 1

edited by

M. E. Schlesinger Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.

Kluwer Academic Publishers

Dordrecht / Boston / London

Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change (Part 1) Erice, Italy 11-23 May 1986

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

PhysIcally-based nlodel11ng and slIlIulatlon of cl1mate and cl1matlc change proceedIngs of the NATO Advanced Study InstItute held In Erlce, Italy. 11-23 May 1986 I edIted by ME SchlesInger.

p em. -- {NATO AS! serIes SerIes C, Mathelllatlcal and phYSIcal sCIences, no. 243)

Papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Inst 1 tute on Pnyslcal1y-Based ModellIng and SImulation of ClImate and [Ilmatlc Change.

:::ncludEs bibliographies and Index

(v 2 I

1 CllmatcioQy --MathernatTC;]: Is--Corgresses 2 Cllmat.c changes--rcta~hE:mat lea I 'liode IS--CO'lgresses 3 Atmospnerlc

Clrc,J 1 11 tiD n--Ma thema t 1 C1I I n'.ode 1 s --Co ng r ess es £I Dc e 11 n -a t III as phere lnteractlon--Mathematlcal models--Congresses I SchleSinger, M E (Mlchael E I II NATO Advanced Study Ir;stltute on PhYSically -Based Mooel1lng and Slmu~at1on of Climate anc ClimatiC Change 11986

Er1ce, $lcll\,) III Series OC980 P4B 1988 55~ 6'072 4--dc19 88 13468

CIP

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7867-2 e-ISBN: 978-94-009-3041-4 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3041-4

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk, and MTP Press.

Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.

In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

All Rights Reserved © 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1988

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

ALL ASI SERIES BOOKS PUBLISHED AS A RESULT OF ACTIVITIES OF THE SPECIAL PROGRAMME ON

GLOBAL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE GEO-SCIENCES

This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Worlcshop held within the programme of activities of the NATO Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences running from 1983 to 1988 as part of the activities of the NATO Science Committee.

Other books previously published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are

BUAT·MENARD, P. (Ed.) - The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (CI8S) 1986

CAZENAVE, A. (Ed.) - Earth Rotation: Solved and Unsolved Problems (CI87) 1986

WIllEBRAND, J. and ANDERSON, D. L. T. (Eds.) - Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere (CI90) 1986

NICOllS, c. and NICOllS, G. (Eds.) - Irreversible Phenomena and Dynamical Systems Analysis in Geosciences (CI92) 1986

PARSONS, 1. (Ed.) - Origins of Igneous Layering (C 196) 1987

LOPER, E. (Ed.) - Structure and Dynamics of Partially Solidified Systems (E12S) 1987

VAUGHAN, R. A. (Ed.) - Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology (C201) 1987

BERGER, W. H. and LABEYRIE, L. D. (Eds.) - Abrupt Climatic Change - Evidence and Implica­tions (C216) 1987

VISCONTI, G. and GARCIA, R. (Eds.) - Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere (C213) 1987

SIMMERS, 1. (Ed.) - Estimation of Natural Recharge of Groundwater (C222) 1987

HELGESON, H. c. (Ed.) - Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes (C218) 1987

CUSTODIO, E., GURGUJ, A. and LOBO FERREIRA, J. P. (Eds.) - Groundwater Flow and Quality Modelling (C224) 1987

ISAKSEN, 1.S.A (Ed.) - Tropospheric Ozone (C227) 1988

Chiesa San Giovanni, EPioe by David Warrilow

To the memory of Fred Luther

TABLE OF roNTENTS

FOREWORD

PREFACE

LIST OF LECTURERS

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

VOLUME I

PART I - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Section 1 - Introduction

xiii

xv

xix

xx].

GATES, W. L. - Climate and the Climate System 3

SIMMONS, A. J. and L. BENGTSSON - Atmospheric General Circulation Models: Their Design and Use for Climate Studies 23

Section 2 - Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Dynamics

ARAKAWA, A. - Finite-Difference Methods in Climate Modeling

BOURKE, W. - Spectral Methods in Global Climate and Weather Prediction Models

Section 3 - Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Physical Processes

FOUQUART, Y. - Radiative Transfer in Climate Models

LAVAL, K. - Land Surface Processes

SELLERS, P. J., Y. MINTZ, Y. C. SUD and A. DALCHER - A Brief Description of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB)

SOMMERIA, G. - Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary Layer in Large-Scale Atmospheric Models

79

169

223

285

307

331

x TABLE OF CONTENTS

TIEDTKE, M. - Parameterization of Cumulus Convection in Large-Scale Models

SUNDQVIST, H. - Parameterization of Condensation and Associated Clouds in Models for Weather Prediction and General Circulation Simulation

PART II - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE OCEAN AND SEA ICE

HAN, Y.-J. - Modelling and Simulation of the General

375

433

Circulation of the Ocean 465

HIBLER, W. D. - Modelling Sea Ice Thermodynamics and Dynamics in Climate Studies 509

PART III - METHODS OF COUPLING ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN AND ICE MODELS

BRYAN, K. - Efficient Methods for Finding the Equilibrium Climate of Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models 567

HASSELMANN, K. - Some Problems in the Numerical Simulation of Climate Variability Using High-Resolution Coupled Models 583

INDEX 615

VOLUME II

PART IV - DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SIMPLIFIED CLIMATE MODELS

NORTH, G. R. - Lessons from Energy Balance Models 627

SCHLESINGER, M. E. - Quantitative Analysis of Feedbacks in Climate Model Simulations of CO2-Induced Warming 653

SALTZMAN, B. - Modelling the Slow Climatic Attractor 737

MACCRACKEN, M. C. and S. J. GHAN - Design and Use of Zonally-Averaged Climate Models 755

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART V - VALIDATION OF CLIMATE MODELS

OORT, A. H. - Climate Observations and Diagnostics

WIGLEY, T. M. L. and B. D. SANTER - Validation of General Circulation Climate Models

PART VI - APPLICATION OF GENERAL CIRCULATION CLIMATE MODELS

xi

813

841

CROWLEY, T. J. - Paleoclimate Modelling 883

BRYAN, K. and S. MANABE - Ocean Circulation in Warm and Cold Climates 951

PHILANDER, S. G. H. and N.-C. LAU - Predictability of El Nino 967

CHERVIN, R. M. - Predictability of Time-averaged Atmospheric States 983

MITCHELL, J. F. B. - Simulation of Climate Change due to Increased Atmospheric C02 1009

CHERVIN, R. M. - On the Relationship Between Computer Technology and Climate Modelling 1053

INDEX 1069

POREWORD

The Geo-Sciences Panel is a synonym for the Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences. This Programme is one of the special programs established by the NATO Science Committee to promote the study of a specific topic using the usual NATO structures, namely, Advanced Research Workshops, Advanced Study Institutes, Conferences, Collaborative Research Grants, Research-Studies and Lecture Visits. The aim of the Programme is to stimulate and facilitate international col­laboration among scientists of the member countries in selected areas of global transport mechanisms in the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and asthenosphere, and the interactions between these global transport processes.

Created in 1982, the Geo-Sciences Panel followed the Air Sea­Interactions Panel which was very successful in reviewing mechanisms at the air-sea-ice interface. Initially the Geo-Sciences Panel recognized the importance of magma chambers, ore deposits, geochemical cycles, seismic activity and hydrological studies. However, the Panel was rap­idly convinced that the climate system is one of the most important sys­tems in which to promote research on global transport mechanisms. Consequently, the Panel welcomed the organization of a course on Physically Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change. This course was launched in Belgium in 1984 during both the Liege colloquium on Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models and the Louvain-la­Neuve General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society. Rapidly scientists recognized that this course was timely and would be well­received by the climate community, especially by junior researchers in this multi- and inter-disciplinary field.

The Panel then asked Professor M. E. Schlesinger to organize the course. On behalf of the Panel, I am pleased to thank him for accepting this time-consuming task, and for succeeding in having the best lectur­ers in this field and the most active and bright young scientists as participants.

The Geo-Sciences Panel is proud that this course was a real success owing to the efforts of the Director, the Organizing Committee, the lec­turers and all the participants. The Panel is grateful to the Ettore Majorana Centre for the local organization and for the marvelous envir­onment, including the weather.

xiii

A. Berger Representative of the

NATO Geo-Sciences Panel

PREFACE

This book is the culmination of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change which was held at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Italy during 11-23 May 1986. The motivation for this Advanced Study Institute (ASI) originated from the fact that a hierarchy of physically-based mathematical models of the Earth's climate has been and is being developed to quantitatively investigate the Earth's past, present and potential future climates. These models have and are being applied, for example, to understand the causes of the ice ages which have occurred with a period of about 100,000 years during the last two million years, to study the predictability of climate on the timescale of 1 to 3 months with particular attention on the worldwide El Nino phenomena, and to project the potential climatic consequences of the increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases. These studies have shown a great potential toward the development of a comprehensive theory of climate. However, the development, testing and application of the necessary physically-based mathematical climate models requires the dedicated efforts of an increasing number of spe­cially trained and highly motivated scientists. Thus the objective of the ASI was to provide this training and motivation through a course taught by internationally recognized experts on physically-based model­ling and simulation of climate and climatic change.

This book contains 26 chapters within its two volumes. Each volume is divided into three parts. Volume I contains "Design and Development of Physically-Based Models of the Atmosphere," "Design and Development of Physically-Based liodels of the Ocean and Sea Ice," and "Methods of Coupling Atmosphere, Ocean and Ice Models." Volume II contains "Design, Development and Application of Simplified Climate Models," "Validation of Climate Models," and "Application of General Circulation Climate Models." Twenty-four of the chapters are based on the lectures present­ed at the ASI. Each of these chapters is followed by the discussion which ensued following the lecture. The remaining two chapters were solicited after the ASI to increase the completeness of this book.

xv

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Andre Berger, Bo Doos, Lawrence Gates, Abraham Oort and Robert Sadourny for their guidance and assistance as members of the ASI Organizing Committee. I also thank the staff of the Ettore Majorana Centre, Diana Gibson and Jennifer Santer for their help in the planning and conduct of the ASI. I express special graditude to Naomi Weidner for her efforts in retyping all of the chapters and in maintaining the high quality of this book.

The Advanced Study Institute was sponsored by NATO under the auspices of the Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, the Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, and the Sicilian Regional Government.

Michael E. Schlesinger 23 December 1987

PARTICIPAM1'S OF THE ADVAliCED STUDY INSTITUTE xvii

LECTURERS

AIlAKAWA, A. Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

BENGTSSON, L. European Cent.re for Medium Range

Weather 'Forecasts Shinfield Park Reading, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9AX

BERGER, A. Inst.ltute 0' Aatronollie et de Geophyalque Universite Cnholique de Louvain Chemin du eye lot ron. 2 Louvain-Ia-Neuve, BELGIUM 11-1348

BOURKE, W. P. Bureau of Meteorology Research Cent re G.P.O. Box 1289 K Melbourne, Victoria AUSTRALIA 3001

BRYAN, K. Geophysical Fluid Dynallics Laboratory/NOAA Princeton University P.O. Box 308 Princeton, NJ 08540, USA

CHERVIN, R. M. National Center for Atmospheric Research P.O. Box 3000 Boulder, CO 80307, USA

CROWLEY, T. J. Laboratory for AtllOspheres NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 613 Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

FOUQUART, Y. UnlYeraite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille U • E. R. de Physique Fondamenule BaUaent P.5 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cedex, FRANCE 59655

GATES, W. L. OepartaeDt of AtllOspberlc SCiencel Oregon State University CorvalliS, OR 97331, USA

HASSELllANN, K. Max Planck Institute fur Heteorologla Bundesstrasse 5S 2 Hamburg 13, PRe

HIBLER, W. D. Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755, USA

LAVAL, K. Laboratoire de Heteorologie Dynaaique Ecole Normal Superieure 24 Rue Lhomond Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE 75231

HACCRACKEN, M. C. Atmosphere Geophysical Seiencea Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808 Livermore, CA 94550, USA

MINTZ, Y. Laboratory for AtlDOspheres NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 611 Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

KITCHELL, J. F. B. Me~eorological Office, Ket. 0.20 London Road Bracknell, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOM RG122SZ

OORT, A. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA Princeton Unlvers1t.y P.O. Box 308 Princeton, NJ 08542, USA

SALTZMAN, B. DeptartBent of Geology & Geophysics Yale Unlversity Box 6666 New Haven, CT 06511, USA

SCHLESINGER, M. E. Department of Ataospheric SCiences Oregon St.ate Unlverslty CorvalUs, OR 97331, USA

SOMMERIA, G. European Centre for "ediult Range

Weat.her Poreeast.. Shinfield Park Reading, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9AX

SUNDQVIST, H. Unlversltetet I Bergen Geofya1ak Institutt Avdeling B Bergen, NORWAY 5000

xx LIST OF LECTURERS

TIEDTKE, M. European Centre for Mediull Range

Weather Forecasts Shin! ield Park Reading, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9AX

WIGLEY, T. M. L. CUIDuic Research Unit University of East AngUa Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM NR4 7TJ

PARTICIPANTS

ADRIAN 1 , A. lostieuta Flstes dell' Atmosfera C.N .R. Via G. GaHlei C.P. 27 00044 FrascaU, ITALY

ALBERTAZZl, E. Department. of Meteorology University of lIaryland College Park, liD 20742, USA

ALEXANDER, II. Depart.ment of Heteorology University of Wisconsin-Madison 1225 West Dayton Street lIadlson, WI 53706, USA

ALMEYDA, G. F. Desert Research Institute University of Nevada P.O. Box 60220 Reno, NY 89506, USA

ARNAULT, S. LPDAfORSTOII UPMC T15-5e 4 Place JUBsteu 75230 Pari. Cedex OS, FRANCE

AVILA, L. Rosentlel School of Marine & Atmospheric SCience University of Hlam1, K.P.D Division 4600 Rlckenbacker Causeway lIialli, FL 33149, USA

BATTISTI, D. S. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, AK-40 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA

BENTILLO, 1. G. Department of Heteorology and Oceanography University of the Philippines DllillUln, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES

BIGG, G. R. Hooke Institute for Atmospheric Research University of Oxford Park. Road Oxford, UNITED KINGDOII OXI 3PU

BRAINE-BONNAIRE, T. Laboratolre de Heceorologle Dynamlque Ecole Normal Superleure 24, Rue Lnomond Pari. Cedex OS, FRANCE 75231

BRANKOVIC, C. European Centre for Medium Range

Weather Forecasts Shlnfleld Park Reading, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOII RG2 9AX

BRIGGS, P. Department. of Geography Trent. University Peterborough Ontario, CANADA K9J 7B8

BRUHL, C. Max-Planck-Institut. fUr Chemie Postfach 3060 0-6500 lIainz, FRG

BUDIN, G. R. Department of At.m.ospheric Physics Clarendon Laborat.ory Parks Rd. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOII OXI 3PU

CHAN, E. Department of Geography Division of lIeteorology University of Alberta

xxi

Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2H4

CONGEDUTI, F. CHRtlFA c.p. 27 00044 Frascati Rome, ITALY

DA CUNHA, L. V. NATO SCientific Affairs Division North Aclantic Treuy Organization BOlllO Bruxelles, BELGIUII

DALFES, N. Laboratolre de Heteorologle Dynallllque Ecole Poly technique Rout.e Depart.mentale 36 Palai.eau Cedex, FRANCE 91128

DAVEY, II. K. Meteorology Office Unit Hooke Inst.itute Clarendon Laborat.ory OXford, UNlTm KINGDOM OXI 3PU

DELECLUSE, P. Laboratolre d' Ocean. Dynamlque at de CllIIAt: Unlverslt:e Paria 6 Tour 14.15 - 5e etage 4, Place JU881eu 75230 Pari. Cedex OS, FRANCE

xxii

DELUISI, J. J. GMCC ERL/NOAA 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80303, USA

DEROME, J. Department of Meteorology McGill University 805 Sllerbrooke St. Wen Montreal, Quebec, CANADA H3A 2K6

DIREN, A. Valldecesme Kassambasi Sokak No: 9, Dalre: 6 Beslktas, Istanbul, TURKEY

FENNESSY, M. J. Department of Meteorology University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA

FICHEFET, T. Inatitut D1Aatronomie at de Geophyslque Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 Louvain-La-Neuve, BELGIUM 11-1348

FORTELIUS, C. Depart~nt of Meteorology University of Helsinki Hallltuokatu 11-13, FINLAND

FRANCHITO, S. H. Inn. de Pesqulsas Espaciais Av. dos Astronautas, 1758-CP 515 Sao Jose Dos Campos-SP, BRAZIL 12200

FREI, A. New York University Department of Applled SCience Barney Building 26-36 Stuyvesant St. New York, NY 10003, USA

FUJII, H. Institute of Computer Science Kyoto Sangyo University Kyoto 603, JAPAN

GASPAR, P. A. Centre National de Recherches Heteorologiques UDC 42 Ave. G. Coriolls 31057 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE

GENTHON, C. CEN/SACLAY IRDl/DESICP Dept. de Physlco-Chlmle/LODYC Glf-Sur-Yvette Cedex, FRANCE 91191

GHAN, S. J. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory L-257 Li vermore, CA 94550, USA

GIESE, B. S. NOAA/PMEL/OCRD 7600 Send Pt. Way NE Seattle, WA 98105, USA

GOBBI, G. P. CNR

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Inst. Di nSica Dell'Atmosfera Casella Postale 27 00044 Frascatl, ITALY

GOODMAN, B. M. Center for Cllmatic Research University of Wisconsin-Madison 1225 West Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706, USA

GRIFFITHS, C. 1 Towyn Rd. Blaenau FFESTINIOG Gwynedd N. Wales, UNITED KINGDOM

HAMRUD, M. European Centre for Medium Range

Weather Forecasts Shinfleld Park Reading, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9Al1:

HARVEY, D. Department of Geography University of Toronto 100 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, CANADA M5S lAl

HENDERSON-SELLERS, A. Department of Geography The University of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Li verpool, UNITED KINGDOM L69 3BX

HENDON, H. H. CSIRO, Division of Atmospheric Research Privat.e Bag No. 1 Mordlalloc, Victoria, AUSTRALIA 3195

HIRST, A. C. Depart.lDent of Meteorology Universit.y of Wiaconsin-Madison 1225 West Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706, USA

INCECIK, S. Department. of Met.eorology Istanbul Technical Unlvers1ty Ucak ve Uzay B1l1mlerl Fukult ... l Haslak-Istanbul, TURKEY

JIANG, X. Depart. ... nt. of Atmospheric SCiences Oregon St.at.e Univerait.y Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

JUNG, H. J. Cent.er for Applied Climat.e

& Environment.al St.udiea Uni vera 1 ty of Munster Robert Koch Str. 26 0-4400 Muns ter, FRe

KARACA, II. Depart.lDent of AtlDOspheric SCiences University of California, Los Angeles Loa Angeles, CA 90024, USA

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

KATrENBERG, A. Department of Oceanographic Research Royal Netherlands Heteor. Inst. P.O. Box 201 3730 AE de B11t, NETHERLANDS

KAYHAZ, Z. Istanbul Teknlk Universiteai Ucak ve Uzay Bll1m1erl Fakulteai "sslak, Istanbul, TURKEY

KRISTJANSSON, J. E. Geophysical Inatitute, Dept. B University of Bergen Bergen, NORWAY 5000

LAGOS, P. Joint Institute for the Study of the

Atmos. & Oeean University of Washlngt.on Seattle, WA 98195, USA

LE TREUT, H. Laborltolre de Heteorologle Dynamlque 24 Rue LholDond 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE

HAROTZKE, J. Instltut fur Heereskunde an der Unlveralry Kiel Dusternbrooker Weg 20 D2300 Klel 1, FRG

HARSHALL, S. E. Campus Box 260 Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, USA

MARSIAT, I. Inst1tut D' Astronomle et de Geophysique Unlvlverslte Cathollque de Louvaln Chemin du eyelocron, 2 11-1348 Louvain-Ia-Neuve, BELGIUH

MARX, L. Department of Meteorology University of Maryland College Park, HD 20742, USA

HCGUFFIE, K. Department of Geogrpahy The Univ. of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOH L69 3BX

HEAD, C. T. Department of Oceanography UnIversIty of Southa.peon Southampton, UNITED KINGDOII 509 5NH

1I0RCRETrE, J .-J • NCAR-ASP RID. 503 P.O. Box 3000 Boulder, CO 80307, USA

HUREAU, R. Royal Netherlands lIeteorological Institute P.O. Box 201 3730 AE de Bll t, NETHERLANDS

IIURPHREE, T. Atmospheric Science Group Department of Land, Air, & Water Research Hoagland Hall University of Californla Davis, CA 95615, USA

KYSAR, L. A. Climate Research Group Department of Meteorology McGill Uni versl ty Hontreal, Quebec, CANADA H3A 2K6

O'BRIEN, E. Universit.y of Miami HPO Division 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Hlami, FL 33149, USA

OH, J.-H. Department of AtlDOspherlc Sclences Oregon St.ate University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

OWEN, J. A. Heteorologlcal Office, Met 0.13 Loadon Road

xxiii

Bracknell, BerkShire, UNITED KINGDOH RG12 2SZ

PITARI, G. Instituto de Pislca Univ. Degli Studi Dell'Aquila 67100 L'Aqulla, ITALY

PITIIAN, A. J. Department of Geography University of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM L69 3BX

PNEUHATICOS, J. D. University of Patras Department. of Physics Atmospheric Physics Lab Rioa-Patras, GREECE

ROBERTSON, A. W. Laboratoire de Physique at Chimi Harines Unlversite P. & II. Curie 4, Place JU8s1eu Tour 24-25 5 Etage Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE 75230

ROCKWITZ, K.-D. Institut fur Geophys. und lIeteorologle Der Univ. zu Koeln 0-5000 Koeln 41, FRG

ROTACH, M. GeographischeB !nBt. ETH Wlnterhurerlt.ra... 190 Zurich, SWITZERLAND CH-8057

xxiv

SANCHO, P. Department.o de Fislca Facultad de Qulmlca Universldad de la Laguna, Tenerlfe Canary Islands. SPAIN

SANTER, B. Climatic Research Unit University of East Anglla Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM NR4 7TH

SANTER, J. 21 Woodland Rd. Auburn, MA 0150 I, USA

SAUSEN, R. Meteorologisches Institur. Unlversltat Hamburg Bundesstrasse 55 2 Hamburg 13, FRG

SCHUHMACHER, P. Geog. lost. ETH Wlnterthurerstrasse 190 Zurich, SWITZERLAND CH-8057

SIMONOT, J .-Y. Laboratoire de Meteorologle Dynamlque Ecole Normale Superleure 24, Rue Lhomond Paris Cedex OS, FRANCE 75231

SMITH, L. Department of Atmospheric Sciences Foothills Campus Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA

TEIXEIRA, M. E. Rua de Dlas Cainarlm Esguelra A vei ro, PORTUGAL 3800

THOMAS, G. Department of Geography University of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM L69 3BX

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

THOMAS, K. J. H. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Brook Road Wormley, Godalming Surrey, UNITED KINDGOM GU8 SUB

TRICOT, C. Institut d 'Astronomie et de Geophysique Universite Cathollque de Louvain Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, BELGIUM

VAN YPERSELE, J .-P. Instftut d I Astronomfe et de Geophyslque Universite Catholique de Louvain Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 B-I348 Louvain-La-Neuve, BELGIUM

WAJSOWICZ, R. Hooke Institute for Atmospheric Research Claredon Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM OXI 3PU

WARRILOW, D. A. Meteorological Office, Met 0.20 London Road Bracknell, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOM RG122SZ

WILLIAMS, R. G. School of Environmental Science University of East Anglia Norwich, Norfolk, UNITED KINGDOM NR4 lTJ

ZHANG, K. Institute of Atmospheric Physics Academia Sinica P.O. Box 2718 Beij lng, CHINA

ZHOU, Z.-C. Department of Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

ZIMMERMAN, P. Max Planck Institute fur Chemie Postfach 3060 D-6500 Mainz, FRG