PHYSICS PROGRAMME ADVANCED LEVEL FOR TEACHER TRAINEES OPTION INTRODUCTION Education is one of many sectors where Rwanda, a developing corn try, has difficulties. Teacher training should have as its fundamental objective proper teacher training to enable teachers to improve the intellectual level (general knowledge) of the population. In order to realize tins objective, the Physics course should aim at i) Giving the learner knowledge that will permit him has it easy when teaching elementary science and technology in primary schools. ii) Preparing the student for further studies in Physics related disciplines. iii) Familiarizing the learner with applications of Physics so that he can easily manipulate products of modern technology. II. GENERAL ORIENTATION This Physics programme for Teacher Training section is intended to contribute in the formation of students who wish to join teaching profession. The main objective of this programme is not only to give the students the necessary knowledge of understanding the natural phenomena and being able to explain them but also make him acquire spirit of precision, rigor and exactness that he will need during his studies and in his profession

Ill. GENERAL OBJECTIVES The general objectives of Physics programme for Advanced Level Teacher Training Section are:

• Give the students necessary knowledge for understanding the physical environment in which they live.-

• Contribute to the whole formation of the students. – • Give the students a knowledge which they need during theft studies or in theft

professional work.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this chapter, the learner should be able to: -Recognize the phenomenon of reflection. -Utilize a plane mirror to solve specific practical problems -- Cite the defects of spherical mirrors. -State the laws of refraction. -- Recognize the phenomenon of refraction. - Explain the phenomenon of total reflection. -- Explain apparent depth. -- -Solve problems involving refraction. -- Describe a prism. -- State prism formulae. -- Utilize a prism for: - measuring refractive index -- analyzing a beam of light -- Solve problems related to a prism. -- Describe a lens. -- Give the properties of lenses -- Cite properties of lenses. -- Determine experimentally the focal length and the position of focal point of a lens. -- Establish the lens formulae. -- State the sign convention of lenses. -- Draw a diagram of an eye, photographic camera, slide projector and magnifying glass.

Weeks Content

Method

Perform experiments and establish the formulae math-

Perform experiments and establish the formulae mathematically

- Perform experiments using prisms

- State the defects of lenses and how they occur.

Draw diagrams showing the functions of optical instruments

ELECTRICITY CHAPTER I: ELECTROSTATICS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to:

- Describe electrostatic charging of materials. - State the two types of charges. - State coulomb‘s Law. - Draw electric field patterns. - Distinguish between conductors and insulators. - Establish the relationship between electrostatic field and potential difference.

4 weeks

PART II : ELECTRICITY:

CHAPTER 1: ELECTROSTATICS

1.1. Electrification by: Friction; contact and induction 1.2. Distribution of charge on the surface of a conductor 1.3. Electric charge and coulomb’s Law 1.4. The concept of electric field 1.5. Electric intensity and lines of force: (i) Isolated charges (ii) Unlike charges (iii) Like charges 1.6. Electrostatic potential 1.7. Potential difference 1.8. Electric potential energy 1.9. Relationship between electrostatic field and potential difference

- Perform experiments of electrification

- Mention the uniform distribution on a regular surface and on a sharp point - Give the formular for two point charges - Give the characteristics of the vector of the electric fled for an electric charge - Represent diagrammatically the lines of force

- Define electrostatic potential and bring the idea of potential difference

- Establish this relationship mathematically

CHAPTER II: DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRICITY

SPEC INC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic; the learner should be able UC’:

Draw simple electric circuits. Set up simple electric circuits. Define electric potential c4fference. Define the intensity of electric current. State some sources of electric current. Set up electric circuits involving ammeters and voltmeters. Define electromotive force; potential difference and the internal resistance. Apply Ohm‘s Law to solve problems. Determine the effective resistance of resistors in series and in parallel. Measure of resistance. State Kirchoff’s Laws. Determine the e.m.f; resistance; internal resistance and potential difference of a combination of cells. Calculate the energy consumed in a circuit or part of the circuit. Calculate the power consumed in a circuit or part of the circuit.

7 weeks

PART II: DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRICITY Review of elements of simple electric circuits and their respective role. Potential difference - Definition of potential difference - Potential difference as a scalar quantity - Measurement of potential difference: The voltmeter Resistors and cells Intensity of electric current - Mechanism of metallic conduction: The ammeter Ohm’s Law Kirchoff’s Laws Rheostat and potential divider Combination of resistances (series; parallel) Sources of electric current - e.m.f.; internal resistance and potential difference across a cell - Combination of cells in series. Electric energy and power.

Perform experiment to measure p.d. using a voltmeter Measure experimentally and use an ammeter to determine current Establish the formula I=nAve - Establish mathematically Ohm’s Law; Resistivity and Kirchoff’s Law - Establish the formulae relating e.m.f. internal resistance, external resistance and p.d.

3 weeks

PART II: Energy problems in the world and how people try to solve them.

Give the functions of each source of energy:

i) Nuclear reaction

ii) Thermal power station

iii) Hydro Electric power station

iv) Installation of wind operated machine

vi) Geothermal installation

vii) Solar installation

PART III: ENERGY PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD AN]) HOW PEOPLE TRY TO

SOLVE THEM: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:

- Give different forms of energy. Give the chain of transformation of energy in:

- • A nuclear reactor • A thermal power station

- • An hydro-electric power station - A digester - - Explain the function of - • Digester - Windmill Geothermal installation - • Solar installation for cooking and lighting

PHYSICS PROGRAMME FOR S.5.

PART I: MECHANICS

A. MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND KINEMATICS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to: - Define measurement of physical quantities. - State the fundamental physical quantities. - Recognize the fundamental physical quantities and the derived quantities. - Define displacement; speed, velocity and acceleration. - Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities. - Determine velocity and acceleration. - Derive the equations of linear motion. - Plot and interprete the graphs of motion. - Describe the motion under gravity. - Define circular motion; angular velocity; periodic time; frequency and centripetal acceleration.

3 weeks 4 weeks

FIRST PART : MECHANICS

CHAPTER I

Measurement of physical quantities: - The meaning of physical quantities - Definition of measurement - Fundamental and derived quantities - Dimensions of physical quantities - The international system of units (S.I.)

CHAPTER II: KINEMATICS

2.1. Motion in a straight line - Average velocity and instantaneous velocity - Average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration Vector and scalar quantities - Uniform motion in a straight line - Uniform acceleration

- Free fall

Derive and apply the equations of uniformly rated motion Utilization of graphical method in solving problems involving uniformly accelerated motion

2.2. Uniform circular motion:

- Angular velocity - Linear velocity - Periodic time; frequency - Centripetal acceleration

Give examples of circular motion

- Show the relationship between acceleration, linear or angular velocity and the radius

- Solve problems related to circular motion

B. DYNAMICS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to:

- State Newton‘s Laws of motion. - Distinguish between internal and external forces acting on a system. - Define inertia: centripetal and centrifugal forces. - Define linear momentum. - Define impulse. - Give examples of propulsion by reaction. - Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Solve problems involving the Law of conservation of linear momentum. - Define; work; energy and power. - State the principle of conservation of mechanical energy. - Give examples of transformation of K.E. to P.E. and vice versa - Solve problems involving; work; energy and power and conservation of mechanical energy.

Weeks Content Method

4 weeks

CHAPTER III: DYNAMICS OF A POINT

3.1. Newton’s Laws of motion - Introduction : mass and inertia - Newton’ s first law of motion: the principle of inertia - Newton’s second law of motion i) Resultant of internal forces ii) Resultant of external forces iii) Relationship between the resultant external force and acceleration iv) Formula: Force = mass x acceleration - Newton’s third law of motion : the principle of action and reaction Examples of application of Newton’s laws of motion (1) Movement on an inclined plane with or without friction (ii) Horizontal motion on a rough surface (iii) Forces of inertia - Uniform motion in a circle: centripetal and centrifugal forces

- Determine experimentally the acceleration of linear motion

- - Solve problems related to each of the three Newton’s laws of motion

2 weeks

2 weeks

3.2. Linear momentum - Definition of linear momentum: - Conservation of linear momentum - Generalization of Newton’s second law:

dt

dp= F

Definition of impulse - Application: Propulsion by reaction - Inelastic collision (head-on) ‘ - Elastic collisions (not head-on) 3.3. Work. Energy and power Review of the idea of work, Kinetic and potential - energy - Gravitational potential energy - Elastic potential energy - Conservation of mechanical energy - Power :Definition; formula and its S.I.units _______________

Emphasize that linear momentum is a vector Give examples of : - Elastic collision (head-on) Jet engine; recoiling gun; and lawn spray Give many exercises related to work, energy and power

STATICS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to:

- State the conditions of equilibrium of solids under the action of two or more parallel forces.

- State the conditions of equilibrium of solids under the action of three or more non-parallel forces.

- Solve the problems involving equilibrium of objects.

- Explain the equilibrium of a body on a horizontal plane; an inclined plane and when suspended.

- Give concrete examples of a body in a stable equilibrium under the action of several concurrent forces.

- Give concrete examples of a body in a stable equilibrium unstable and neutral equilibrium.

Chapter IV: STATICS

5.1. Equilibrium of solids

- Conditions of equilibrium of: - A body in equilibrium under the or more parallel forces - A body in equilibrium under the or more non-parallel forces

5.2. Examples - Equilibrium of a body on a horizontal plane - Equilibrium of a body on an inclined plane - Equilibrium of a suspended object

5.3. Application: - The beam balance

Show experimentally the three conditions of equilibrium Perform experiments for each case of equilibrium Give exercises on each case of equilibrium

PART II: HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to:

- Describe a thermometer.

- State materials whose physical properties vary with temperature.

- Determine experimentally the specific heat capacity of a substance by: Electrical method and by method of mixtures.

- Define linear expansion; cubic and superficial expansion.

- Solve problems related to expansion.

- Explain the properties of matter in terms of the forces between molecules and the energy they possess.

- State Hooke‘s law.

- State the assumptions of kinetic theory.

- Mention three variables of the state of a perfect gas.

- Derive the equation relating the pressure of a gas with its density and the RM S.

- Describe experiments that illustrate Boyle(s Law; Charles Law and pressure Law. - Solve problems involving the laws of a perfect gas. - Derive the equation of a perfect gas.

PART II HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER I : THERMAL EFFECTS

1.1. Temperature 1.2. Measurement of temperature 1.3. Scales of temperature in term of measurable physical properties that change with temperature

5 weeks 1.4. Measurement of heat: - Measurement of heat capacity and specific heat capacity by: i) Electrical method ii) Method of mixtures 1.5. Thermal expansion: - Linear expansion - Cubic expansion - Superficial expansion

Give examples of the thermometers: - Liquid in glass thermometers - Constant volume gas thermometers - Electrical resistance thermometer - Optical pyrometers - Thermal electric thermometers - Specify the measurable physical quantity for each type of thermometer. - Introduce the coefficient of linear, superficial and cubic expansion - Give some examples of superficial expansion.

5weeks CHAPTER II: KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

2.1. Basic assumptions of Kinetic theory 2.2. Forces acting between molecules 2.3. SOLIDS - The nature of solids - Cohesion and adhesion - Ductitility and malleability - Elasticity - Hooke’s Law and elastic modulus

2.4. LIQUIDS - The nature of liquids - Cohesion and adhesion in liquids - Surface tension - The shape of liquid surfaces - Capillarity 2.5. GASES - The nature of gases - Kinetic Theory of gases - Kinetic and molecular interpretation of the pressure of an ideal gas

- Study experimentally - Study experimentally -Establish mathematically the formulae

PART I WAVES:

SPECIFIC ABJECTIVES

Instruments.

PHYSICS PROGRAMME FOR 5.6

By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to: Use a stroboscope to determine the frequency of a vibrating system. Use oscilloscope to measure amplitude; frequency and phase of signal. Manipulate the low frequency generators. Give advantages and disadvantages of resonance. Give the characteristics of waves. Explain the phenomena of refraction of waves. Explain the phenomena of reflection of waves. Explain the conditions of interference of waves. Explain the conditions of diffraction. Interprete wave patterns of interference. Interprete wave patterns of diffraction. Give the positions of nodes and antinodes of stationary waves. Give conditions of obtaining stationary waves. Give the characteristics of sound Explain Dopier effect Give examples string musical of string musical Give examples of musical pipe instruments. Explain the nature of electromagnetic waves. Give the characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Describe the phenomena of polarization

3 weeks 3 weeks

CHAPTER I: PROPAGATION OF WAVES

- The concept of waves - Types of waves - Characteristics of waves - Reflection and refraction of waves - The principle of superposition - Interference and diffraction

- Stationary waves

CHAPTER II: SOUND WAVES - The nature of sound waves Characteristics of sound - Beats and its phenomena - Doppler effect

Musical instruments:

- Musical scales -Vibration of strings

-Sound in pipes

- Study wave properties using a ripple tank - Show stationary waves on a vibrating string and in the Kundt’s Dust Tube - Show different types of musical instruments

3 weeks

CHAPTER III: ELECTROMAGNEUC WAVES

-Nature of electromagnetic waves - Electromagnetic wave scale

- Particular case: Visible waves • Interference • Diffraction • Polarization

- Experimental treatment of interference; diffraction and polarization for light waves

ALTERNATING CURRENT

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to: - Define alternating current - Give the conditions of production of induced current - State the factors that influence the magnitude of induced e.m.f - State Lenz‘s Law. - Calculate the quantity of induced electric charge. - Demonstrate that mechanical energy in a rolating rectangular coil in a magnetic field is transformed into electrical energy. - Give at least two practical examples of induced e.mf - Define alternating current. - Explain the production of A.C. - Explain the meaning of: frequency; amplitude; and phase of an A.C. - Explain the meaning of root mean square and peak values. - Establish an equation relating root mean square and peak value for a sinusoidal A.C. - Explain the effect of resistance; capacitance and inductance on current - Illustrate the conditions in an A-C. circuit with a phaser (vector) diagram. - Explain the phase lag or phase lead between the current and the applied potential difference. - Determine power in an A-C circuit.

5 weeks

PART II: ALTERNATING CURRENT CHAPTER 1: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - Magnetic flux -Conditions for generation of induced current - Direction of induced current

- Lenz’s Law - Magnitude of induced e.m.f. - Intensity of induced current. - Flux linkage - Quantity of induced electric charge - Transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy - Induced e,m,f. and force on moving electrons Applications: -Dynamo

- Transformer - Self induction

- Perform a qualitative experiment for production of induced current - Show the apparatus and give relevant block diagrams

5 weeks

CHAPTER II: ALTERNATING CURRENT

- Definition: properties and production of alternating current - The Root mean square and peak values of alternating current - Relationship between the r.m.s. and peak values for a sinusoidal A.C. - Lead and Lag - Impedance diagrams - Study the L,R,C series circuit - Power in A.C. circuit

-Perform a qualitative experiment for showing the effect of a coil in a circuit? - Use oscilloscope for showing potential difference a cross the elements in the circuit and the current intensity

MODERN PHYSICS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic; the learner should be able to: - Describe the structure of the atom. - Explain the formation of spectro lines. - Explain the principle of C.R.O. and TV tubes. - Explain the production of X-rays. - State the properties of X-rays. - Explain the uses and dangers of X-rays. Describe the photoelectric effect - Explain the factors affecting the photoelectric emission. - Explain the applications of the photoelectric effect. - Apply the equation: E = hf to calculate the energy of the photoelectrons.

- Apply the Einstein’s law of photoelectric effect (hf= hfo + 2

1 mv2).

- Describe a semiconductor. - Distinguish between P and n types of semiconductors. - Describe voltage-current characteristics of diodes and transistors. - Explain the everyday use of junction diodes and transistors. - Give practical applications of the diodes and transistors. - Explain the principle and uses of Laser.

1 week 1 week 1 week

PART III: MODERN PHYSICS

CHAPTER I: THE ATOM

- Structure of the atom

- Energy levels and formation of spectral lines - Cathode rays: Cathode Ray oscilloscope and TV tubes

CHAPTER II: X-Rays

- Production of X-rays; X-ray tubes - Properties of X-rays; uses and dangers soft and hard K-rays - X-rays as part of the electromagnetic spectrum CHAPTER III: PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT - Photoelectric effect : photons; work functions and plank’s constant - Factors affecting photoelectric emission; photocurrent and kinetic energy of the photoelectron - Applications : Photocells

- Treat Bohr’s atomic model only - Study X-rays theoretically - illustrate the phenomena of photoelectric effect with solar plate.

Weeks Content Method

CHAPTER IV: ELECTRONICS

6 weeks

- Semiconductors Charge carriers and electron-hole - The p >> and n >> types of semiconductors formation; majority charge carrires - Junction diodes : Flow of charge carrires; biasing; symbols; characteristics and uses - The npn>> and (pnp)> junction transistors; symbols; charge carriers; biasing; characteristics and amplification factor - Applications Electric rectification; amplification; transistor and switch - Simple radio receiver and transmitter block diagram for transmitter and receiver,

- Plot the characteristics of the diode - Plot the characteristics of a transistor - Perform experiments showing different uses of diodes and transistors.

½ week

CHAPTER V: LASER (Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiations) - Main junctions and uses of Laser

- Explain how a Laser works and its application

IV. EVALUATION APPROACH

At the end of forms four and five there should be a promotional examination besides other tests that should be given at the completion of every chapter. At the end of form six there should be one theory examination paper on topics tanght in year four, five and six.

V. RECOMANDATIONS

The physics commission recommends to the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education the following:

1) To furnish all secondary schools the basic Physics equipment for teaching practicals as soon as possible. 2) To organize seminars for secondary school teachers and if possible organize these seminars regularly. 3) To furnish all secondary schools reference books for Physics teachers. 4) The Ministry should encourage the writting of physics manuals suitable to this programme. 5) Setup a structure of making a fallow-up and evaluating the effectiveness of teaching this programme. 6) Reduce the teaching load per week for Physics teachers so as to enable them have enough time to prepare practicals.

Ed. Fac. des Sciences a I’U.N.R.; Manuel de Physique Générale Tome II, André Turcotte. Hatier, Physique, classe delêre CDE, AM. Dégurse; L. Rosenfeld-Gipch; L. Soulié et T. Zemb. H.E.B.; Advanced Level Physics M.Nelkon and P. PORKER 10. Calms International Texbooks, Principles of physics, M. Nelkon 11. I-{olt, Rinehard and Winston, Modem Physics, John E. Williams; H.Clark Metcalfe; Frederick E. Trinidein andRaiph W. Lefler. 12. H.E.B., Ordinary Level Physics, A.F. Abbot and Sir JohnCockcroft. 13. Nelson, The World of Physics, John AVISON 14. Macmillan Publishers, Physics P.N. Bishop. is. John Murray, Physics for today and tomorrow, Tom Duncan. 16. Nathan, Physique 2e, Adolphe Tomasino et Main Pénigand

PHYSICS COMMISSION

Chairman

Secretaries

Members

Jean Chrysostome NSANZABERA Vénant MUTAGANTJA (English) - Silas MIJRERAMANZI (French) -EugéneRUKEBA - Eugene YARAMBA

- Charles NIJAMIRA - James MUNYABURANGA

Lycée de Kigali Lycée de Kigali U.N.R.

Insparrondi BUTARE G.S.N.D. DE CIteaux D.P.E.S. Kigali D.P.E.S Kigali