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中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三) Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA (三)- 1 第三課 第三課 第三課 第三課:加拉太書保羅的 加拉太書保羅的 加拉太書保羅的 加拉太書保羅的「新觀點 新觀點 新觀點 新觀點」 加拉太書的信息: 「由於我的福音不是來自人乃是源自神,由於你們的經驗舊 約都顯示我們能成為神末世子民的一份子是憑著在基督理的信 心,而不是靠行律法,(對此這幾乎是個旁白或附錄),並且由 於聖靈而不是律法才是肉體的題的真正解藥,這在你們所領 受的福音信息中仍是肯定的,所以不要透過行割禮而受到律法 的軛的挾制。」 在本課程中 在本課程中 在本課程中 在本課程中,你將 你將 你將 你將: ˙探索保羅達加拉太人書的結構、內文神學 ˙開始深度分析對保羅的「新觀點」的研讀。 閱讀 閱讀 閱讀 閱讀 湯姆.賴特的《再思保羅神學爭議》(What Saint Paul Really Said波西爾,七~八章 Schreiner,五~六章 《保羅及其書信辭典》(Dictionary of Paul and His Letters中建議閱讀的文章: Galatians, letter to theApostasy, Falling awayCurse, accursed, anathemaGospelJealousy, ZealAuthorityJerusalemGentilesJudaizersWorks of the LawLawCircumcisionFleshFaithAbrahamJustificationAdoption, SonshipFreedom, libertyFruit of the SpiritVirtues and VicesNew Nature and Old NatureLaw of Christ

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  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 1

    第三課第三課第三課第三課::::加拉太書和保羅的加拉太書和保羅的加拉太書和保羅的加拉太書和保羅的「「「「新觀點新觀點新觀點新觀點」」」」 加拉太書的信息: 「由於我的福音不是來自人乃是源自神,由於你們的經驗和舊約都顯示我們能成為神末世子民的一份子是憑著在基督理的信心,而不是靠行律法,(對此這幾乎是個旁白或附錄),並且由於聖靈而不是律法才是肉體的問題的真正解藥,這在你們所領受的福音信息中仍是肯定的,所以不要透過行割禮而受到律法的軛的挾制。」

    在本課程中在本課程中在本課程中在本課程中,,,,你將你將你將你將::::

    ˙探索保羅達加拉太人書的結構、內文和神學

    ˙開始深度分析對保羅的「新觀點」的研讀。

    閱讀閱讀閱讀閱讀

    湯姆.賴特的《再思保羅神學爭議》(What Saint Paul Really Said) 波西爾,七~八章

    Schreiner,五~六章

    《保羅及其書信辭典》(Dictionary of Paul and His Letters)中建議閱讀的文章:

    “Galatians, letter to the” “Apostasy, Falling away”

    “Curse, accursed,

    anathema”

    “Gospel”

    “Jealousy, Zeal” “Authority”

    “Jerusalem” “Gentiles”

    “Judaizers” “Works of the Law”

    “Law” “Circumcision”

    “Flesh” “Faith”

    “Abraham” “Justification”

    “Adoption, Sonship” “Freedom, liberty”

    “Fruit of the Spirit” “Virtues and Vices”

    “New Nature and Old Nature” “Law of Christ”

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 2

    並按課程大綱順序,閱聽第三課(上)。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 3

    加拉太書加拉太書加拉太書加拉太書::::概述與背景概述與背景概述與背景概述與背景

    這封書信所提到的主要問題之一是什麼?

    保羅在這封給加拉太人的書信裡如何呈現自己?

    目的地目的地目的地目的地

    加一 2:「給加拉太的各教會。」

    加三 1:「無知的加拉太人哪!」

    加一 6:「我希奇你們這麼快離開那藉著基督之恩召

    你們的……。」

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 4

    保羅的第一次宣教旅行保羅的第一次宣教旅行保羅的第一次宣教旅行保羅的第一次宣教旅行::::南加拉太南加拉太南加拉太南加拉太

    Gordon Smith 的 地 圖 , 網 址 : http://www.ccel.org/bible/phillips/

    JBPhillips.htm

    詹姆斯•史考特(James Scott)提議,根據猶太人在創世記十章

    中所讀出來的列國的圖表,保羅和他那時代人,會將「加拉太的」

    一詞用來指什麼人?

    我認為,這封信是在

    第一次宣教旅行後,

    但在耶路撒冷會議之

    前,約主後四十八~

    四十九年時,寫給南

    加拉太地區的。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 5

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 6

    保羅寫這封信是為了叫加拉太人既不要接受割禮和舊約和與之相關的摩西律法,更不要接受宣傳這信息的新教師們,而要繼續忠信於福音的信息。

    加拉太書的大綱加拉太書的大綱加拉太書的大綱加拉太書的大綱

    問安(一 1-5)

    引言(一 6-10)

    I. 自傳式申論:保羅的福音是源自神,不是來自人。(保羅不

    是仰賴耶路撒冷使徒的差派。)(一 11~二 21)

    A. 論點:他的信息是源自神而不是來自於人。(一 11-12)

    B. 早期跟耶路撒冷沒有接觸。(一 13-24)

    C. 與耶路撒冷的第一次接觸(二 1-10):他們肯定了他的

    使命與信息。

    D. 保羅對彼得的責備(二 11-21)

    II. 根據經驗和舊約所做的辯論(三 1~四 31):經驗和舊約

    聖經兩者都顯示稱義是因著信,不是因行律法。

    A. 依據加拉太人的經驗的辯論(三 1-5):他們是因信心受

    了聖靈,不是因行律法。

    B. 依據舊約聖經的辯論(三 6~四 31):舊約應許神是憑

    人的信心來算他為義(請特別看創世記中亞伯拉罕的故

    事),並指出無法遵行律法的將受到咒詛,那些尋求以

    行律法稱義的都將受到咒詛(請特別看申命記二十七

    26)。

    III. 按前面的辯論來辯解的勸誡:不要接受割禮和律法,當

    靠聖靈的力量順著聖靈而行。(五 1~六 10)

    A. 警告不要回頭作受挾制的奴隸。(五 1-12)

    B. 將肉體釘死並順著聖靈而行的需要。(五 13-24)

    C. 闡明何謂順著聖靈而行的規勸。(五 25~六 10)

    附筆結尾(六 11-18)

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 7

    加拉太書中的相反論點與二元論加拉太書中的相反論點與二元論加拉太書中的相反論點與二元論加拉太書中的相反論點與二元論

    以下填空:

    「不是這樣,乃是那樣!」 1)

    2) 不順著福音行,順著福音行。

    3)

    4) 因行律法受聖靈,因信受聖靈。

    5)

    6) 奴隸,兒女。

    7)

    8) 現在的耶路撒冷,天上的耶路撒冷。

    9)

    10) 在律法之下,在聖靈引導之下。

    11)

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 8

    我們如何瞭解我

    們自己、我們與

    神以及與環繞在

    我們周圍世界的

    關係都要根據我

    們與基督的關係

    以及我們參與國

    度計畫的狀況來

    定義。

    「我們這生來的猶太人,不是外邦的罪人;既知道人稱義不是因行律法,乃是因信耶穌基督,連我們也信了基督耶穌,使我們因信基督稱義,不因行律法稱義;因為凡有血氣的,沒有一人因行律法稱義。」

    加二 15-16

    凱恩帕博士認為,整封信中最重要的二元論是末世論的二元論。說明

    保羅如何在他對摩西律法的瞭解下,發展這個主題和其重要含義。

    加拉太書二章加拉太書二章加拉太書二章加拉太書二章 15151515----16161616 節節節節::::好好好好、、、、壞和稱義壞和稱義壞和稱義壞和稱義

    保羅為什麼要指出猶太人/義人相對於外邦人/罪人的重疊二元論?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 9

    二章二章二章二章 16161616 節的交叉配置結構節的交叉配置結構節的交叉配置結構節的交叉配置結構

    (我們這生來的猶太人,不是「外邦的罪人」)既知道:

    A 人稱義不是因行律法

    B 乃是因信耶穌基督

    C 連我們也信了基督耶穌

    B1 使我們因信基督稱義

    A1 不因行律法稱義;

    因為凡有血氣的,沒有一人因行律法稱義

    上述的交叉配置,如何顯出設在經文第一句中的二元論的問題?

    在早期的猶太教文獻與最早期的基督教文獻中,稱義是什麼意

    思?

    「耶和華啊,求你聽

    我的禱告,留心聽我

    的懇求,憑你的信實

    和公義應允我。求你

    不要審問僕人;因為

    在你面前,凡活著的

    人沒有一個是義的。」

    詩一四三 1-2

    決定稱義的基礎(以及誰曾或誰會被神稱為義),也就是決定了我們與神的關係的基礎,同樣也決定了神所救贖之百姓的界線,以及整個基督徒團契的恰當範圍。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 10

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 11

    4QMMT4QMMT4QMMT4QMMT 的翻譯見的翻譯見的翻譯見的翻譯見附錄的附錄的附錄的附錄的 AAAA----11111111――――AAAA----13131313。。。。

    比較凱恩帕博士所言的「行律法」的意思和龍耐克(Richard

    Longenecker)所做的解釋。

    在昆蘭文獻 4QMMT 中,「行律法」指的是什麼?

    凱恩帕博士認為,保羅在加拉太書中與之爭鬥的假教師們,他們的目

    的是什麼?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 12

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 13

    如果我們對「行律法」的分析是正確的,是否表示保羅的信息跟

    靠好行為得救的教導並不互相抵觸?為什麼是或為什麼不是?

    如果用「基督的信實」來解釋加拉太書二章 15-16 節中模糊的子

    句是正確的話,那麼,「基督的信實」是指什麼?

    「信了基督」是什麼意思?

    「亞伯蘭信耶和華,耶和華就以此為他的義。」

    ― 創十五 6

    「……惟義人因信得

    生。」

    ― 哈二 4

    我們或許該根據經文中段那句清楚的表達,來翻譯看起來不清楚的表達,不清楚的是「因信基督」或「基督的信實」,中間清楚的是「我們也信了基督」。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 14

    「基督釋放了我

    們,叫我們得以

    自由。所以要站

    立得穩,不要再

    被奴僕的軛挾

    制。」

    加五 1

    「我為主被囚的

    勸你們:既然蒙

    召,行事為人就

    當與蒙召的恩相

    稱。」

    弗四 1

    「所以,你們若真與基督一同復活,就當求在上面的事;那裏有基督坐在神的右邊。」

    西三 1

    根據凱恩帕博士在本堂課最後所做的結論,對上面所列出稱義教義的

    綱要,提出一些在未來的基督徒生活與團契中的應用。

    請繼續閱聽第三課(下)。

    加拉太書五章加拉太書五章加拉太書五章加拉太書五章::::自由和聖靈自由和聖靈自由和聖靈自由和聖靈

    列出下列每節經文中的陳述與命令。

    加五 1

    陳述: 命令:

    弗四 1

    陳述: 命令:

    西三 1

    陳述: 命令:

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 15

    說肉體和靈是末世論的範疇而非人類學的範疇,是什麼意思?

    從上下文來看,保羅在加五 17 所說的「愛」是什麼意思?

    羅馬書七章和加拉太書五章 17 節的差別是什麼?

    「弟兄們,你們蒙召

    是要得自由,只是不

    可將你們的自由當作

    放縱情慾的機會,總

    要用愛心互相服事。」

    加五 13

    「因為全律法都包在

    「愛人如己」這一句

    話之內了。你們要謹

    慎,若相咬相吞,只

    怕要彼此消滅了。」

    加五 14-15

    「因為情慾和聖靈相

    爭,聖靈和情慾相

    爭,這兩個是彼此相

    敵,使你們不能做所

    願意做的。但你們若

    被聖靈引導,就不在

    律法以下。」

    加五17-18

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 16

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 17

    保羅說,如果這

    些事標示出你的

    人生,那麼無論

    你如何宣稱自己

    信基督,都是讓

    人質疑的……信

    基督是作基督徒

    的記號,但是有

    某些特定的行

    為,是會損害宣

    稱信靠耶穌基督

    的信用的。

    加拉太書五章加拉太書五章加拉太書五章加拉太書五章 19191919----21212121 節節節節::::肉體的惡行肉體的惡行肉體的惡行肉體的惡行

    情慾的事都是顯而易見的,就如姦淫、污穢、邪蕩、拜偶像、

    邪術、仇恨、爭競、忌恨、惱怒、結黨、紛爭、異端、嫉妒(有

    古卷加:凶殺二字)、醉酒、荒宴等類。我從前告訴你們,現

    在又告訴你們,行這樣事的人必不能承受神的國。

    列出能夠分的三大類的「肉體的工作」。

    根據保羅和他那時代的猶太人的想法,外邦人最主要的墮落是什麼?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 18

    加拉太書五章加拉太書五章加拉太書五章加拉太書五章 22222222----26262626 節節節節::::聖靈的果子聖靈的果子聖靈的果子聖靈的果子

    聖靈所結的果子,就是仁愛、喜樂、和平、忍耐、恩慈、良善、

    信實、溫柔、節制。這樣的事沒有律法禁止。凡屬基督耶穌的

    人,是已經把肉體連肉體的邪情私慾同釘在十字架上了。我們

    若是靠聖靈得生,就當靠聖靈行事。不要貪圖虛名,彼此惹氣,

    互相嫉妒。

    解釋保羅告訴他的讀者「當靠聖靈行事」是什麼意思。

    因信稱義與靠聖靈而活因信稱義與靠聖靈而活因信稱義與靠聖靈而活因信稱義與靠聖靈而活

    因信稱義提醒了我們與神以及與其他信徒的關係的基礎。我們

    已經從這邪惡的世代,從我們罪惡的本性中,被釋放得自由

    了;靠著聖靈我們可以抵擋它的力量。我們得自由為的是要用

    愛心互相服事。跟隨聖靈,祂引導我們行出基督徒群體當有的

    健康與合一的行為。

    這些是有益於建立和諧的社群中人際關係的美德。

    關於加拉太書額外的關於加拉太書額外的關於加拉太書額外的關於加拉太書額外的

    要點要點要點要點,,,,見附錄見附錄見附錄見附錄 AAAA----15151515 頁頁頁頁

    的的的的 Additional Notes Additional Notes Additional Notes Additional Notes

    onononon PaulPaulPaulPaul’s Letter to s Letter to s Letter to s Letter to

    thethethethe GalatiansGalatiansGalatiansGalatians

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 19

    書籍引用:桑德斯(E P Sanders)的著作《保羅和巴勒斯坦的猶太教:宗教模式的比較》 ( P a u l a n d P a l e s t i n i a n J u d a i s m : A C o m p a r i s o n o f P a t t e r n s o f Religion )(London: S C M , 1 9 7 7 )

    關於新觀點的保羅的額外討論與參考書目,見附錄的 A-17~A24 頁:Perspectives on Perspectives on Perspectives on Perspectives on thethethethe New New New New PerspectivePerspectivePerspectivePerspective on on on on Paul and SelectPaul and SelectPaul and SelectPaul and Select Bibliography on Bibliography on Bibliography on Bibliography on thethethethe New New New New

    對保羅的對保羅的對保羅的對保羅的「「「「新觀新觀新觀新觀點點點點」」」」

    「盟約的宗教行為」(covenantal nomism)這個專有詞彙是什麼意

    思?

    為什麼有些人會認為「新觀點」暗中破壞了宗教改革?

    為什麼凱恩帕博士認為「新觀點」不一定破壞了宗教改革?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 20

    Perspective onPerspective onPerspective onPerspective on Paul.Paul.Paul.Paul.

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 21

    有些學者申論過,桑德斯藉由忽略 和 來選擇他

    對早期猶太教的證據。

    在眾學者中,Frederick Avemarie,Peter Schulmacher 和卡森

    (D. A. Carson)曾經申論,許多桑德斯所用的參考的資料,都

    朝向哪兩個不同的觀點?

    根據 Frank Thielman 以及湯姆•賴特的看法,對保羅而言,耶穌

    所解決的困境是什麼?

    桑德斯預先假定第二

    聖殿時期的猶太教是

    同質性的,但證據卻

    不這樣認可。(第二聖

    殿時期的猶太教)是

    很多樣性的。

    文獻中所反映出來的

    狀況,比較是反映出

    受過教育的和公告的

    觀點,它們通常跟普

    羅大眾所持的觀點是

    不同的。因此,第二

    聖殿時期所存在的律

    法主義,可能多過文

    獻所呈現反映出來

    的。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 22

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 23

    書籍引用:

    Mark Adam Elliot,

    The Survivors of

    I s r a e l : A

    Reconsideration

    of the Theology of

    P r e - C h r i s t i a n

    Judaism (Grand

    Rapids, Mich.:

    Eerdmans, 2000)

    根據許多猶太人在第二聖殿時期所持的揀選觀,Mark Elliot 做了什

    麼申論?

    根據課程的講義和你個人的閱讀,對「新觀點」的保羅做出評論。

    哪些「新觀點」的要點與你對第二聖殿時期以及保羅的閱讀是一致

    的?哪些要點與證據又是不一致的?

    第三課結束。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    第三課:加拉太書和保羅的「新觀點」 加拉太書的信息: 「由於我的福音不是來自人乃是源自神,由於你們的經驗和舊約都顯示我們能成為神末世子民的一份子是憑著在基督理的信心,而不是靠行律法,(對此這幾乎是個旁白或附錄),並且由於聖靈而不是律法才是肉體的問題的真正解藥,這在你們所領受的福音信息中仍是肯定的,所以不要透過行割禮而受到律法的軛的挾制。」 在本課程中,你將: ˙探索保羅達加拉太人書的結構、內文和神學 ˙開始深度分析對保羅的「新觀點」的研讀。 閱讀 湯姆.賴特的《再思保羅神學爭議》(What Saint Paul Really Said)波西爾,七~八章 Schreiner,五~六章 《保羅及其書信辭典》(Dictionary of Paul and His Letters)中建議閱讀的文章:

    “Galatians, letter to the” “Apostasy, Falling away” “Curse, accursed, anathema” “Gospel” “Jealousy, Zeal” “Authority” “Jerusalem” “Gentiles” “Judaizers” “Works of the Law” “Law” “Circumcision” “Flesh” “Faith” “Abraham” “Justification” “Adoption, Sonship” “Freedom, liberty” “Fruit of the Spirit” “Virtues and Vices” “New Nature and Old Nature” “Law of Christ”

    並按課程大綱順序,閱聽第三課(上)。

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 1

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    加拉太書:概述與背景 這封書信所提到的主要問題之一是什麼? 保羅在這封給加拉太人的書信裡如何呈現自己?

    目的地

    加一 2:「給加拉太的各教會。」 加三 1:「無知的加拉太人哪!」 加一 6:「我希奇你們這麼快離開那藉著基督之恩召

    你們的……。」

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 2

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    保羅的第一次宣教旅行:南加拉太

    Gordon Smith 的地圖,網址:http://www.ccel.org/bible/phillips/ JBPhillips.htm 詹姆斯•史考特(James Scott)提議,根據猶太人在創世記十章中所讀出來的列國的圖表,保羅和他那時代人,會將「加拉太的」一詞用來指什麼人?

    我認為,這封信是在

    第一次宣教旅行後,

    但在耶路撒冷會議之

    前,約主後四十八~

    四十九年時,寫給南

    加拉太地區的。

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 3

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 4

    保羅寫這封信是為了叫加拉太人既不要接受割禮和舊約和與之相關的摩西律法,更不要接受宣傳這信息的新教師們,而要繼續忠信於福音的信息。

    加拉太書的大綱 問安(一 1-5) 引言(一 6-10) I. 自傳式申論:保羅的福音是源自神,不是來自人。(保羅不

    是仰賴耶路撒冷使徒的差派。)(一 11~二 21)A. 論點:他的信息是源自神而不是來自於人。(一 11-12)B. 早期跟耶路撒冷沒有接觸。(一 13-24) C. 與耶路撒冷的第一次接觸(二 1-10):他們肯定了他的

    使命與信息。 D. 保羅對彼得的責備(二 11-21)

    II. 根據經驗和舊約所做的辯論(三 1~四 31):經驗和舊約聖經兩者都顯示稱義是因著信,不是因行律法。

    A. 依據加拉太人的經驗的辯論(三 1-5):他們是因信心受了聖靈,不是因行律法。

    B. 依據舊約聖經的辯論(三 6~四 31):舊約應許神是憑人的信心來算他為義(請特別看創世記中亞伯拉罕的故事),並指出無法遵行律法的將受到咒詛,那些尋求以行律法稱義的都將受到咒詛(請特別看申命記二十七26)。

    III. 按前面的辯論來辯解的勸誡:不要接受割禮和律法,當靠

    聖靈的力量順著聖靈而行。(五 1~六 10) A. 警告不要回頭作受挾制的奴隸。(五 1-12) B. 將肉體釘死並順著聖靈而行的需要。(五 13-24) C. 闡明何謂順著聖靈而行的規勸。(五 25~六 10)

    附筆結尾(六 11-18)

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 5

    加拉太書中的相反論點與二元論 以下填空: 「不是這樣,乃是那樣!」 1) 2) 不順著福音行,順著福音行。 3) 4) 因行律法受聖靈,因信受聖靈。 5) 6) 奴隸,兒女。 7) 8) 現在的耶路撒冷,天上的耶路撒冷。 9) 10) 在律法之下,在聖靈引導之下。 11)

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 6

    我們如何瞭解我

    們自己、我們與

    神以及與環繞在

    我們周圍世界的

    關係都要根據我

    們與基督的關係

    以及我們參與國

    度計畫的狀況來

    定義。 「我們這生來的猶太人,不是外邦的罪人;既知道人稱義不是因行律法,乃是因信耶穌基督,連我們也信了基督耶穌,使我們因信基督稱義,不因行律法稱義;因為凡有血氣的,沒有一人因行律法稱義。」

    加二 15-16

    凱恩帕博士認為,整封信中最重要的二元論是末世論的二元論。說明保羅如何在他對摩西律法的瞭解下,發展這個主題和其重要含義。 加拉太書二章 15-16 節:好、壞和稱義 保羅為什麼要指出猶太人/義人相對於外邦人/罪人的重疊二元論?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 7

    二章 16 節的交叉配置結構

    (我們這生來的猶太人,不是「外邦的罪人」)既知道:

    A 人稱義不是因行律法B 乃是因信耶穌基督C 連我們也信了基督耶穌

    B1 使我們因信基督稱義

    A1 不因行律法稱義; 因為凡有血氣的,沒有一人因行律法稱義

    上述的交叉配置,如何顯出設在經文第一句中的二元論的問題?

    在早期的猶太教文獻與最早期的基督教文獻中,稱義是什麼意

    思?

    「耶和華啊,求你聽

    我的禱告,留心聽我

    的懇求,憑你的信實

    和公義應允我。求你

    不要審問僕人;因為

    在你面前,凡活著的

    人沒有一個是義的。」

    詩一四三 1-2

    決定稱義的基礎(以及誰曾或誰會被神稱為義),也就是決定了我們與神的關係的基礎,同樣也決定了神所救贖之百姓的界線,以及整個基督徒團契的恰當範圍。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 8

    4QMMT 的翻譯見附錄的 A-11─A-13。

    比較凱恩帕博士所言的「行律法」的意思和龍耐克(Richard Longenecker)所做的解釋。 在昆蘭文獻 4QMMT 中,「行律法」指的是什麼? 凱恩帕博士認為,保羅在加拉太書中與之爭鬥的假教師們,他們的目的是什麼?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 9

    如果我們對「行律法」的分析是正確的,是否表示保羅的信息跟靠好行為得救的教導並不互相抵觸?為什麼是或為什麼不是? 如果用「基督的信實」來解釋加拉太書二章 15-16 節中模糊的子句是正確的話,那麼,「基督的信實」是指什麼? 「信了基督」是什麼意思?

    「亞伯蘭信耶和華,耶和華就以此為他的義。」

    ― 創十五 6

    「……惟義人因信得

    生。」

    ― 哈二 4

    我們或許該根據經文中段那句清楚的表達,來翻譯看起來不清楚的表達,不清楚的是「因信基督」或「基督的信實」,中間清楚的是「我們也信了基督」。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    「基督釋放了我

    們,叫我們得以

    自由。所以要站

    立得穩,不要再

    被奴僕的軛挾

    制。」

    加五 1

    「我為主被囚的

    勸你們:既然蒙

    召,行事為人就

    當與蒙召的恩相

    稱。」

    弗四 1

    「所以,你們若真與基督一同復活,就當求在上面的事;那裏有基督坐在神的右邊。」

    西三 1

    根據凱恩帕博士在本堂課最後所做的結論,對上面所列出稱義教義的綱要,提出一些在未來的基督徒生活與團契中的應用。 請繼續閱聽第三課(下)。 加拉太書五章:自由和聖靈 列出下列每節經文中的陳述與命令。 加五 1

    陳述: 命令:

    弗四 1

    陳述: 命令:

    西三 1

    陳述: 命令:

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA.

    This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA (三)- 10

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 11

    說肉體和靈是末世論的範疇而非人類學的範疇,是什麼意思? 從上下文來看,保羅在加五 17 所說的「愛」是什麼意思? 羅馬書七章和加拉太書五章 17 節的差別是什麼?

    「弟兄們,你們蒙召

    是要得自由,只是不

    可將你們的自由當作

    放縱情慾的機會,總

    要用愛心互相服事。」

    加五 13

    「因為全律法都包在

    「愛人如己」這一句

    話之內了。你們要謹

    慎,若相咬相吞,只

    怕要彼此消滅了。」

    加五 14-15

    「因為情慾和聖靈相

    爭,聖靈和情慾相

    爭,這兩個是彼此相

    敵,使你們不能做所

    願意做的。但你們若

    被聖靈引導,就不在

    律法以下。」

    加五17-18

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 12

    保羅說,如果這

    些事標示出你的

    人生,那麼無論

    你如何宣稱自己

    信基督,都是讓

    人質疑的……信

    基督是作基督徒

    的記號,但是有

    某些特定的行

    為,是會損害宣

    稱信靠耶穌基督

    的信用的。

    加拉太書五章 19-21 節:肉體的惡行

    情慾的事都是顯而易見的,就如姦淫、污穢、邪蕩、拜偶像、

    邪術、仇恨、爭競、忌恨、惱怒、結黨、紛爭、異端、嫉妒(有古卷加:凶殺二字)、醉酒、荒宴等類。我從前告訴你們,現在又告訴你們,行這樣事的人必不能承受神的國。

    列出能夠分的三大類的「肉體的工作」。 根據保羅和他那時代的猶太人的想法,外邦人最主要的墮落是什麼?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 13

    加拉太書五章 22-26 節:聖靈的果子

    聖靈所結的果子,就是仁愛、喜樂、和平、忍耐、恩慈、良善、信實、溫柔、節制。這樣的事沒有律法禁止。凡屬基督耶穌的人,是已經把肉體連肉體的邪情私慾同釘在十字架上了。我們若是靠聖靈得生,就當靠聖靈行事。不要貪圖虛名,彼此惹氣,互相嫉妒。

    解釋保羅告訴他的讀者「當靠聖靈行事」是什麼意思。

    因信稱義與靠聖靈而活

    因信稱義提醒了我們與神以及與其他信徒的關係的基礎。我們

    已經從這邪惡的世代,從我們罪惡的本性中,被釋放得自由了;靠著聖靈我們可以抵擋它的力量。我們得自由為的是要用愛心互相服事。跟隨聖靈,祂引導我們行出基督徒群體當有的健康與合一的行為。

    這些是有益於建立和諧的社群中人際關係的美德。 關於加拉太書額外的

    要點,見附錄 A-15 頁的 Additional Notes on Paul’s Letter to the Galatians

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 14

    書籍引用:桑德斯(E P Sanders)的著作《保羅和巴勒斯坦的猶太教:宗教模式的比較》 (Paul and Palestinian J u d a i s m : A C o m p a r i s o n o f Patterns of Religion )(London: SCM, 1977) 關於新觀點的保羅的額外討論與參考書目,見附錄的 A-17~A24 頁:Perspectives on the New Perspective on Paul and Select Bibliography on the New Perspective on Paul.

    對保羅的「新觀點」 「盟約的宗教行為」(covenantal nomism)這個專有詞彙是什麼意思? 為什麼有些人會認為「新觀點」暗中破壞了宗教改革? 為什麼凱恩帕博士認為「新觀點」不一定破壞了宗教改革?

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 15

    有些學者申論過,桑德斯藉由忽略 和 來選擇他對早期猶太教的證據。 在眾學者中,Frederick Avemarie,Peter Schulmacher 和卡森(D. A. Carson)曾經申論,許多桑德斯所用的參考的資料,都朝向哪兩個不同的觀點? 根據 Frank Thielman 以及湯姆•賴特的看法,對保羅而言,耶穌所解決的困境是什麼?

    桑德斯預先假定第二

    聖殿時期的猶太教是

    同質性的,但證據卻

    不這樣認可。(第二聖

    殿時期的猶太教)是

    很多樣性的。 文獻中所反映出來的

    狀況,比較是反映出

    受過教育的和公告的

    觀點,它們通常跟普

    羅大眾所持的觀點是

    不同的。因此,第二

    聖殿時期所存在的律

    法主義,可能多過文

    獻所呈現反映出來

    的。

  • 中心學坊 神學課程 保羅書信(三)

    書籍引用: Mark Adam Elliot, The Survivors of I s r a e l : A Reconsideration of t he Theo logy o f P r e - C h r i s t i a n J u d a i s m ( G r a n d R a p i d s , M i c h . : Eerdmans, 2000)

    根據許多猶太人在第二聖殿時期所持的揀選觀,Mark Elliot 做了什麼申論? 根據課程的講義和你個人的閱讀,對「新觀點」的保羅做出評論。 哪些「新觀點」的要點與你對第二聖殿時期以及保羅的閱讀是一致的?哪些要點與證據又是不一致的? 第三課結束。

    Translated by permission of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA USA. This Chinese Edition, Copyright © 2004 by CentriHall, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA

    (三)- 16

  • 3-1

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Lecture 3: Galatians and the“New Perspective” on Paul

    The message of Galatians: “Since my gospel is not of human origin but divine, and since your experience and the Scriptures show that we have become members of God’s eschatological people by faith in Christ and not by the works of the law (and since the Spirit is the true remedy for the problem of the flesh and the law is not), remain firm in the gospel message that you received, and do not accept

    the yoke of the law through circumcision.”

    During this lecture you will:• Explore the structure, content, and theology of Paul’s letter to the

    Galatians.• Begin to analyze in-depth the “New Perspective” reading of Paul.

    Reading:Read all of N. T. Wright, What Saint Paul Really SaidRead Polhill, chapters 7-8Read Schreiner, chapters 5-6Suggested articles from the Dictionary of Paul and his Letters: “Galatians, letter to the” “Apostasy, Falling away” “Curse, accursed, anathema” “Gospel” “Jealousy, Zeal” “Authority” “Jerusalem” “Gentiles” “Judaizers” “Works of the Law” “Law” “Circumcision” “Flesh” “Faith” “Abraham” “Justification” “Adoption, Sonship” “Freedom, liberty” “Fruit of the Spirit” “Virtues and Vices” “New Nature and Old Nature” “Law of Christ”

    Listen to Lecture 3a, and follow along in the notebook.

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-2 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Galatians: Overview and Background

    What is the one of the key questions addressed in this letter?

    How does Paul present himself in the letter to the Galatians?

    Destination

    Gal 1:2: “To the churches of Galatia.”

    Gal 3:1: “You foolish Galatians!”

    Gal 1:6: “I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting the one who called you in the grace of Christ . . . ”

  • 3-3

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    James Scott suggests that, based on Jewish readings of the Table of Nations in Genesis 10, Paul and his contemporaries would have considered the term “Galatians” to refer to which people?

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    Paul’s First Missionary Journey: Southern Galatia

    My suggestion is that the letter was written to southern Galatia after the first missionary journey but just before the Jerusalem Council, around A.D. 48 or 49.

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-4 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Outline of Galatians

    • Greeting (1:1-5)

    • Introduction (1:6-10)

    I. Autobiographical argument: Paul’s gospel is of divine origin, not human. (Paul is not dependent upon the Jerusalem apostles.) (1:11-2:21) A. Thesis: His message is of divine, not human, origin. (1:11- 12) B. The initial lack of contact with Jerusalem (1:13-24) C. The first contact with Jerusalem (2:1-10): they affirmed his message and mission. D. Paul’s rebuke of Peter (2:11-21)

    II. Arguments based on experience and Scripture (3:1-4:31): Both experience and the Scriptures show that justification is by faith and not by the works of the law. A. The argument based on the Galatians’s experience (3:1-5): They received the Spirit by faith, not by works of the law. B. The argument based on Scripture (3:6-4:31): Scripture promised that God would justify people by faith (see especially the story of Abraham in Genesis) and indicates that failure to keep the law has resulted in a curse on those who seek justification by that means (see especially Deut 27:26).

    III. Exhortations justified by the previous argumentation: Do not accept circumcision and the law, but live by the power and orientation of the Spirit. (5:1-6:10) A. Warning not to return to slavery (5:1-12) B. The need to crucify the flesh and walk in the Spirit (5:13- 24) C. Exhortations that clarify what it means to walk in the Spirit (5:25-6:10)

    • Epistolary Postscript (6:11-18)

    Paul wrote this letter in order that the Galatians might accept neither circumcision and the covenant and law of Moses associated with it nor the teachers who were propagating that message, but would remain faithful to the gospel message.

  • 3-5

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Oppositions and Dualisms in Galatians

    Fill in the chart below:

    “Not this, but this!”

    1)

    2) Not gospel walking gospel walking

    3)

    4) Spirit received by works of law Spirit received by faith

    5)

    6) Slaves Sons

    7)

    8) The present Jerusalem The Jerusalem above

    9)

    10) Under law Led by the Spirit

    11)

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-6 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Dr. Ciampa suggests that the most important dualism in the letter is the eschatological dualism. Explain how Paul developed this theme and its significance for his understanding of the Mosaic law.

    Galatians 2:15-16: The Good, the Bad, the Justified

    Why did Paul refer to the overlaid dualisms of the Jews/righteous versus the Gentiles/sinners?

    How we understand ourselves, our relationship with God and with the world around us needs to be defined in terms of our relationship with Christ and our participation in his kingdom project.

    “We who are Jews by birth and not ‘Gentile sinners’ know that a man is not justified by observing the law, but by faith in Jesus Christ. So we, too, have put our faith in Christ Jesus that we may be justified by faith in Christ and not by observing the law, because by observing the law no one will be justified.”

    -Gal 2:15-16 (NIV)

  • 3-7

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Chiastic Structure of 2:16

    [We who are Jews by birth and not ‘Gentile sinners’] know that: A a person is not justified by works of the law B but by faith in Jesus Christ C So we, too, have believed in Christ Jesus B1 that we may be justified by faith in Christ A1 and not by works of the law because no one will be justified by works of the law

    How does the chiasm above (ABCB'A') reveal the problem with the dualism set up in the first line of the verse?

    What does justification mean in the context of early Judaism and earliest Christianity?

    “O Lord, hear my prayer, listen to my cry for mercy; in your faithfulness and righteousness come to my relief. Do not bring your servant into judgment, for no one living is righteous before you.”

    -Ps 143:1-2 (NIV)

    To determine the basis of justification (and who then has been/will be justified by God) is to determine the basis of our relationship with God as well as the true boundaries of God’s redeemed people and the proper limits for full Christian fellowship.

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-8 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Compare Dr. Ciampa’s suggestion for the meaning of “works of the law” with Richard Longenecker’s explanation.

    What does “works of the law” refer to in the Qumran document 4QMMT?

    What does Dr. Ciampa suggest was the goal of the false teachers that Paul was combatting in his letter to the Galatians?

    For a translation of 4QMMT, see pp. A-11–A-13 in the appendix.

  • 3-9

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    If our analysis of “works of the law” is correct, does this mean that Paul's message does not contradict the teaching of salvation by good works? Why or why not?

    What would the “faithfulness of Christ” refer to if this were the correct interpretation of the potentially ambiguous phrase in Gal 2:15-16?

    What does it mean to believe in Christ?

    “Abram believed the Lord, and he credited it to him as righteousness.”

    -Gen 15:6 (NIV)

    “. . . the righteous will live by his faith.

    -Hab 2:4 (NIV)

    We should probably interpret the potentially ambiguous expression—“faith in Christ” or “faithfulness of Christ”—in light of the unambiguous expression in the middle: “We believed in Christ.”

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-10 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Building on Dr. Ciampa’s closing comments for this portion of the lecture, suggest some further implications that the doctrine of justification as outlined above has for Christian living and fellowship.

    Listen to Lecture 3b and continue.

    Galatians 5: On Freedom and the Spirit

    List the indicative and the imperative in each of the following verses.

    Gal 5:1

    Indicative:

    Imperative:

    Eph 4:1

    Indicative:

    Imperative:

    Col 3:1

    Indicative:

    Imperative:

    “It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery.”

    -Gal 5:1

    “As a prisoner of the Lord, then, I urge you to live a life worthy of the calling you have received.”

    -Eph 4:1

    “Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above, where Christ is seated at the right hand of God.”

    -Col 3:1 (NIV)

  • 3-11

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    What does it mean to say that the Spirit and the flesh are eschatological rather than anthropological categories?

    From the context, what did Paul mean by “love” in Gal 5:14?

    What is the difference between Romans 7 and Gal 5:17?

    “You, my brothers, were called to be free. But do not use your freedom to indulge the sinful nature; rather, serve one another in love.”

    -Gal 5:13 (NIV)

    “The entire law is summed up in a single command: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself. ’ If you keep on biting and devouring each other, watch out or you will be destroyed by each other.”

    -Gal 5:14-15 (NIV)

    “For the sinful nature desires what is contrary to the Spirit, and the Spirit what is contrary to the sinful nature. They are in conflict with each other, so that you do not do what you want. But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law.”

    -Gal 5:17-18 (NIV)

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-12 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Galatians 5:19-21: Works of the Flesh

    The acts of the sinful nature are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery; idolatry and witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions and envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God. (NIV)

    List the three categories into which the “works of the flesh” can be classified.

    What, according to Paul and most Jews of his day, would be considered the primary failings of Gentiles?

    Paul says that if these things mark your life, then whatever claim you have of faith in Christ is questionable. . . . Faith in Christ is the mark of being a Christian, but there are certain behaviors that can undermine the credibility of a claim to have faith in Jesus Christ.

  • 3-13

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Galatians 5:22-25: Fruit of the Spirit

    But the fruit of Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. Against such things there is no law. Those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desires. Since we live by the Spirit, let us keep in step with the Spirit. Let us not become conceited, provoking and envying each other. (NIV)

    Explain what Paul means by telling his readers to “keep in step with the Spirit.”

    Justification by faith and living by the SpiritJustification by faith reminds us of the basis of our relationship with God

    and with other believers. We have been set free from bondage to this evil age, from the bondage of our sinful human nature; by the Spirit we can resist its power. We have been set free to serve each other in love, following the Spirit who leads us to behave in a way that promotes the health and unity of the

    Christian community.

    For additional notes on Galatians (not covered in the lecture), see p. A-15 in the appendix: Additional Notes on Paul’s Letter to the Galatians

    These are virtues that are conducive to interpersonal relationships for building a harmonious community.

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-14 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    The “New Perspective” on Paul

    What does the term “covenantal nomism” mean?

    Why do some people believe the “New Perspective” undermines the Reformation?

    Why does Dr. Ciampa suggest the New Perspective does not necessarily undermine the Reformation?

    Work Cited:E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion (London: SCM, 1977)

    For additional discussion of the New Perspective on Paul and a bibliography, see pp. A-17–A-24 in the appendix: Perspectives on the New Perspective on Paul and Select Bibliography on the New Perspective on Paul.

  • 3-15

    Paul and His Letters

    ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    Some scholars have argued that Sanders makes selective use of the evidence for early Judaism by ignoring _________ and __________.

    Friedrich Avemarie, Peter Stuhlmacher, and D. A. Carson among others have argued that many of the Jewish works Sanders consults turn on what two different foci?

    According to Frank Thielman and N. T. Wright, what for Paul was the plight to which Jesus was the solution?

    Sanders presupposes a homogeneity in Second Temple Judaism that is not warranted by the evidence. [Second Temple Judaism] was a variegated reality.

    The positions reflected in the literature may reflect more educated and informed perspectives that are frequently different from those held by the public at large. So there may have been much more legalism in Second Temple Judaism than the literature reflects.

  • Paul and His Letters

    3-16 ©2004 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

    What is Mark Elliot’s argument regarding the view many Jews had of election in Second Temple times?

    Based on the lecture materials and your reading, assess the “New Perspective” on Paul. Which elements of the “New Perspective” do you find consistent with your reading of Second Temple Judaism and Paul? Which elements seem inconsistent with the evidence?

    End of Lecture 3b.

    Work Cited:Mark Adam Elliot, The Survivors of Israel: A Reconsideration of the Theology of Pre-Christian Judaism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2000)

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