plagas citricos
TRANSCRIPT
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Plagas de Cítricos
Juan Cabrera La Rosa, Ph.D.
2013
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Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic Ene Feb Mar
Cosecha Descanso Floración Cuajado de Frutos
Desarrollo de Frutos
Etapas Fenológicas del Cultivo
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Principales Plagas Cítricos
• Moscas de la fruta
• Mosca blanca lanuda
• Queresa coma
• Pulgón negro
• Minador de los cítricos
• Enrollador de los brotes
• Acaro del tostado
• Arañita roja
• Ceratitis capitata
• Anastrepha fraterculus
• Aleurothrixus floccosus
• Lepidosaphes beckii
• Toxoptera aurantii
• Phyllocnistis citrella
• Argyrotaenia sphaleropa
• Phyllocoptruta oleivora
• Panonychus citri
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Moscas de la fruta (Diptera, Tephritidae)
• Mosca mediterránea, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann).
• Mosca sudamericana, Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann
• Otras especies: A. serpentina, A. distincta.
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Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
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Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann
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Moscas Blancas (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) • Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell)
• Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
• Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood
• Aleurodicus coccolobae
• Aleurocanthus woglumii Ashby
• Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back)
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Adultos
Aleurothrixus floccosus Bemisia tabaci Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Aleurocanthus woglumii
Aleurodicus coccolobae
Aleurotrachelus trachoides
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Puparios
Aleurothrixus floccosus Bemisia tabaci Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Aleurocanthus woglumii
Aleurodicus coccolobae
Aleurotrachelus trachoides
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Estados de desarrollo de la mosca blanca lanuda, Aleurothrixus floccosus
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99.5 % envés hojas 99.9 % en la misma hoja
90 % sobrevivencia
Distancia 2 mm
Naranjo, 2007
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Amitus spinifera Cales noacki
Controladores Biológicos
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Queresas (Hemiptera, Diaspididae)
• Queresa coma, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman)
• Queresa redonda, Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan)
• Piojo harinoso, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)
• Queresa verde, Coccus viridis (Green)
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Aphytis lepidosaphes Aphytis roseni
Controladores Biológicos
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Pulgones (Hemiptera, Aphididae)
• Pulgón negro, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer)
• Pulgón marrón, Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldi
• Pulgón verde de los cítricos , Aphis spiraecola Pagenstecher
• Pulgón del algodonero, Aphis gossypii Glover
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Virus de la Tristeza de los Cítricos
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Minador de los cítricos (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)
• Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton
• Problema en viveros, plantas jóvenes, plantas con riego tecnificado y variedades con amplio brotamiento (ej. Limoneros).
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Enrollador de los brotes (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)
• Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick)
• Asociado con varias especies frutales en Sudamérica.
• Problemas en cítricos, durazneros y peras.
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Trichogramma exiguum Trichogramma pretiosum
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Acaro del Tostado (Acarina, Eriophyiidae)
• Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead)
• Rápida reproducción y daños directos a hojas, brotes y frutos.
• Daño en frutos evita el crecimiento de los mismos.
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Arañitas rojas (Acarina, Tetranychidae)
• Arañita roja Panonychus citri
• Arañita roja Tetranychus urticae
• Producen decoloraciones en las hojas, defoliación y caída de frutos.
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Stethorus picipes Euseius tularensis
Controladores Biológicos
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Estrategias del Manejo Integrado de Plagas
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Prácticas Culturales
• Recojo y quema de frutos infestados (moscas de la fruta).
• Lavados con agua y detergente a alta presión (moscas blancas)
• Poda de ramas infestadas (queresas).
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Control Etológico
• Uso de trampas con melaza y/o luz (enrollador de los brotes).
• Uso de trampas con atrayentes (moscas de la fruta).
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Control Biológico
• Liberaciones de Cales noacki y Amitus spiniferus (Aleurothrixus floccosus).
• Liberaciones de Aegeniaspis citricola (Phyllocnistis citrella).
• Conservación de parasitoides Aphytis lepidosaphes (Lepidosaphes beckii), Aphytis roseni (Selenaspidus articulatus)
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Control Químico
• Uso selectivo de insecticidas y acaricidas
• Abamectina (Minador de los cítricos).
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Enrollador)
• Imidacloprid (moscas blancas, queresas, pulgones, minador de los cítricos).
• Spirodiclofen (arañitas rojas)