planning srategies presented by : thelma l. gestopa ms. marjorie r. rola, ph.d. professor/instructor...
TRANSCRIPT
PLANNING SRATEGIES
Presented by :
THELMA L. GESTOPA
MS. MARJORIE R. ROLA, Ph.D. Professor/Instructor
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
•Planning Strategies versus Strategic Planning
•Historic Growth and Contemporary Development: Lessons and Controversies•Sources of Economic Growth
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
PLANNING STRATEGIES
•Used to define the planning steps that a system is to perform and the sequence in which to perform them.•Each comprises one or more methods that represent the individual planning steps. •Example : Awareness on Reproductive Health
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
STRATEGIC PLANNING
•A process; defining the strategy, direction and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. •Understand the current position of the organization: ask “What do we do?” “For whom do we do it?” “How do we excel?” vision, mission•Example : 1987 power shortage; 1998 Asian Crisis
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
ECONOMIC GROWTH
•Steady process; productive capacity of the economy increased overtime to bring about rising levels of national output and income.
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
Historic Growth and Contemporary Development
•Sources of Economic Growth
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
Capital Accumulation: • physical capital stock, • infrastructure,• human capital
Population and Labor Force Growth:
•productive workers
Technology: • new and improved ways of accomplishing production processes
Historic Growth and Contemporary Development
•Production Possibility Curve (for a given amount of capital, labor and technology) maximum attainable output combination of any two bundles of commodities when all resources are fully and efficiently employed.
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
Historic Growth and Contemporary Development
•When does PP curve shift?
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
Parallel Shift:For given technology, both capital and labor
double
Biased Shift: for given technology, only capital or only labor double
Types of Technological Progress
•Neutral : when higher output levels are achieved with the same quantity and combinations of factor inputs•Saving : when a given level of output can be achieved with less quantity of labor or capital (labor saving; capital saving)•Augmenting : When the quality of capital or labor is upgraded (embodied technological progress – labor or capital augmenting
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
KUZNET’s Six Characteristics of Modern Growth
1.High rates of growth of per capita output and population;2.High rates of increase in total factor productivity (TFP);
3.High rates of structural transformation in the economy;
4.High rates of social and ideological transformation
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
KUZNET’s Six Characteristics of Modern Growth
5. Propensity of developed countries to reach out to the rest of the world for markets and raw materials;
6. Limited spread of economic to only a third of world’s total factor productivity (TFP);
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
Modern GrowthOn average between 1770 and 2000, countries
that are now industrialized have:
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
real GNP growth of 3 % per yearpopulation growth of 1 % per yearPer capita output of 2 % per year
The number of years it takes to double:real GNP . . . 23 yrspopulation . . . 70 yrs
per capita output . . . 35 yrs
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (TFP) Why so IMPORTANT?
•Output per unit of all inputs;•Measures efficiency within which all inputs are used;•Represents TECHNOLOGY•So important it accounts for about 50 % to 75 %of historical growth per capita in industrialized economies
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION INVOLVES
• Rationality - opinions about economic strategies and policies should be logical inferences based on the knowledge of relevant facts.•Economic Planning. Search for a rationally coordinated system of policy measures that can bring abut development .
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION INVOLVES
• Social and Economic Equalization - promotion of equality of opportunities. • Improved Institutions and Attitudes - enhanced systems of administration and law; finding value in efficiency, integrity, etc.
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
COMPARISON : INITIAL CONDITIONS
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
Poor Countries Today Rich Countries Today When they were Poor
Different Initial Conditions
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola If poor and rich countries had similar initial
conditions, then there would be conditional convergence in their income developing countries would be catching up
What allows catching up?
Leapfrogging/transfer and use of already invented technology
Marginal decreasing returns in capital/higher rate of accumulation of physical capital
Developing countries are not catching up
MALAYSIA’s CONDITION IN 2000
•2020 Vision Entry to the Millennium•One of the top performing developing country since 1960s•GNI per capita $8,360 •GNP per capita growth rate 4.5%•Agriculture GDP 12%•Exports GDP 110%
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
MALAYSIA’s CONDITION IN 2000
•Female labor force share 37 %•Illiteracy rate 13 %•Mortality under age 5: 10 per 10,000 live births•Child malnutrition 20 %•Human Development Index 0.774 (high)•Population 23.5 M•Annual Population growth rate 2.5%
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
MALAYSIA’s CONDITION IN 2000
•High diverse ethnicity Malay 50 %, Chinese 33 %, Hindu, etc 17 %•POLITICALLY STABLE; FLEXIBLE INSTITUTIONS•Econ dev strategy: EduHealthEmp•Rich in resources; land•Well-educated workforce•British colony until 1957
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
CONCLUSION
The economic growth of a nation has significant relation with the leaders’ political will, strength and experties and sincere governance. The strategies for which the country is striving and the means it is seeking to get there depends likewise on how the branches of the government are performing.
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
CONCLUSION
Unity among the leaders and the citizenry will show the determination of all in aiming for true economic development.
Copying or replicating strategies of other countries, if feasible, and for as long as it will truly justify and serve the purpose can be a priority or a main option.
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola
End of presentation . . .
Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola