Plant Kingdom

- Chlorophyll

- Undergo photosynthesis

- 2 stages of life

- Longest living organisms on Earth

- Cell wall

Nonvascular Plant

- No specialized tissues for transport

1. Nonvascular

2. Vascular

General Characteristics

2 Types of Plants

- Smaller in size

- Rely on diffusion for water and nutrients

1. Seedless

- Has specialized tissues for transport

3. Angiosperm

2. Gymnosperm

- Composed of systems: Root, Stem, Leaves

Vascular Plants

3 Types of Vascular Plants

1. Monocots

- Produces flowers and fruit

2. Dicots

- Seeds are contained within fruit

Angiosperm

2 Types of Angiosperms

Seedless

- Usually woody (Ex: Trees)

- Contain a vascular system but produce no seeds

Gymnosperm - Do NOT produce flowers

- Needle-like leaves

- Bundles of vascular tissue in rings

- Leaves with branching veins

- Two cotyledons

- Flower parts in fours or fives

Dicot

- Flower parts in threes

Monocots

- One cotyledon

- Leaves with parallel veins

Cotyledon

- Bundles of vascular tissue are scattered

- Seed leaf

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

- Flowers are adapted for sexual reproduction

- Pollen catches on stigma

- Plant fertilization Pollination

- Occurs within flowers

- Tube grows through style to the ovules

- Sperm fuses with egg to create new plant

- Fruit swells and ripens

- After fertilization, ovule develops into a seed

- Ovary develops into a fruit

- Some animals eat fruit and spread seeds

From Flower to Plant

- Sprouting of a seed

- Germination occurs when seed is planted in a suitable environment

- Some seeds become dormant

Germination

From Seed to Plant

- Plant life cycles are complex

- Phase when sex cells are produced Gametophyte

- Fertilization occurs with sperm and egg

- Phase when spores are produced

- Sperm fertilizes a spore

Alternation of Generations

Sporophyte

- Above-ground stems develop

2. Tubers

- Falls off and begins growing on its own

1. Plantlets

3. Runners

Asexual Methods of Reproduction

- Tiny plants grow along edge of leaves

Plantlets

- New plants develop called runners

Runners

- Produces new plants

- Underground stems develop

Tubers

Seed Plant Structure

- Transports water and minerals

1. Xylem

2. Keep plants secure in ground

- Transports food

2. Phloem

Xylem

Phloem

1. Absorb water and minerals from soil

3. Store extra food

2 Types of Vascular Tissue

3 Main Functions of Roots

3. Store extra materials

1. Support the plant body

- Main function is to produce food

- Soft, thin, and flexible

2. Transport materials

Woody Stem

Herbaceous Stem

- Rigid, made of wood and bark

- Outer covering

3 Main Functions of Stems

Leaves

Cuticle

- Prevents water loss

- Tiny openings on leaves

- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

Stomata

- Layer right inside of cuticle

- Allow light to pass through

Epidermis

- Under the upper epidermis

- Where the majority of photosynthesis occurs Palisade Layer

- Below the palisade layer

- Provides space for gases to flow freely

Spongy Layer

- Contains xylem and phloem

- Composed of a filament and anther

- Protects the flower bud

- Male reproductive structure

Sepal - Modified leaves

- Brightly colored leaf-shape

Flowers

Petal

- Attracts animals

Stamen

- Anther contains pollen

- Male sex cellsPollen

- Contain sperm

- Female reproductive structure

- Contains ovule and eggs

- Composed of a stigma, style, and ovary

Ovary

Pistil

- Catches pollen for fertilization

- Ovary and ovule develop into fruit and seeds