please take out your chapter 3 reading assignment
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Check your work!Module 6:1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. E
Module 7:1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. E 6. D 7. C
Module 8:1. B 2. C 3. D 4. E 5. C
End of Chapter MC1. D 10. E2. D 11. E3. B 12. B4. C 13. C5. D 14. A6. A 15. A7. E 16. B8. A 17. E9. B 18. B
Levels of OrganizationLiving things can be studied at many levels:In Ecology,we will study everythingaboveindividuals
Levels of OrganizationBiosphere: Our earth! Biome: areas of biosphere that have similar
climate, plants, and animalsEcosystem: collection of living and non-living
things that make up an environment
BiosphereDesertBiome
Old Growth Forest Ecosystem
Levels of OrganizationCommunity: populations of different species
living together (ex: humans and bacteria living together)
Population: group of one species living together
Species: a group of organisms that can only breed with each other
Community of macaws, grasses, insects…
Population of prairie dogs (a species)
What do Ecosystems Need?For ecosystems to thrive, its
members need energy and matterMatter = liquid, solid, and gas ‘stuff’Energy moves in a one-way flow,
while matter recycles. Today’s focus = energy
Energy for EcosystemsThe sun provides the initial energy
for ecosystemsPlants harvest sunlight and turn light
energy into chemical energy (glucose)This is called photosynthesisCO2 + H2O + light glucose + O2
In an ecosystem, we call plants producers
Energy for EcosystemsChemical energy (glucose) stored in plants is
passed on to herbivores, which eat the plantsChemical energy in herbivores (protein, fat,
sugar) is passed on to carnivores, which eat the herbivores
This forms a food chain/web.
ENERGY ALWAYS FLOWS THE SAME WAY THROUGH AN
ECOSYSTEM:
Sun Producers Consumers
Energy does not recycle. It is lost as heat when organisms burn it off!
How is the chemical energy used?Plants AND consumers
use the energy in sugar for cellular respiration.
Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
It’s converted to a smaller, more useable molecule called ATP, which is converted to kinetic energy.
Players in the Food WebPlants are called producers, and also
autotrophsAutotroph = makes own food using sunlight
First level consumers eat producersSecond level consumers eat first level
consumers, and so onConsumers are also called heterotrophs (get food/energy from outside source)
Other PlayersDetritivores (mites, snails, and worms) feed on
dead matterDecomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead matter
Practice TimeWatch the Planet Earth video clipMake a food web on your whiteboardLabel producers (P), 1st, 2nd, 3rd level
consumers, detritivores, decomposers (inferred)
Put a star next to heterotrophs
Trophic LevelsEach step along a food chain or web is called
a trophic levelProducers are the first trophic levelConsumers make up the second, third, and
higher trophic levelsTrophic levels are the order in which energy
is eaten
Label your whiteboard organisms with trophic levels!
Energy PyramidsThe energy that producers and consumers
can possibly make and pass on can be represented in an energy pyramid
Because producers photosynthesize and are numerous, they are on the bottom of the pyramid
Measures of Energy in EcosystemsGross Primary Productivity (GPP) =
total solar energy captured by plants (ONLY ABOUT 1%)
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = total energy captured minus the energy used by producers for their own respiration (what’s left over for consumers!)
NPP = GPP – Respiration by Producers
Practice Problem A forest has an NPP of 1.4 kg C/m2/year
and the rate of cellular respiration is 2.4 kg C/m2/year. What is the GPP?
NPP = GPP – Respiration1.4 = GPP – 2.4GPP = 1.4 + 2.4 = 3.8 kilograms of
Carbon per square meter per year
Ecological EfficiencyProportion of energy that is passed between trophic levels, after cellular respiration
10% on average!
How much energy is at each level?
1000 Cal
100 Cal
10 Cal
1 Cal
900 Cal as heat
9 Cal as heat
90 Cal as heat
Data from Energy BucksAmount of Energy taken in:
Final Amount of Energy Available:
12751275 Grasses 242
Crickets 159
Frogs 63
Hawks 18
TOTAL 482
Which number is NPP? GPP? How could we find total respiration?
At which level is the most biomass located?
Biomass= total mass of living matter in an area
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Biomass
Same as pyramid of energy
More mass in bottom trophic levels
1000 grams
600 grams
200 grams
100 grams
EcoColumnsTime to add consumers to your ecosystem! Do steps 15-17 We already collected baseline readings, so we
will take our next set of data next weekRecord what you add/subtract in your data
table