Unit 1 Terms

Maize: Corn grown by the Iroquois and other Native Americans. This crop was part of the Three Sister farming system, also planted with beans and squash.

Pueblo Indians: A tribe of Native American people who resided in permanent dwellings in the Southwestern United States, relying on agriculture that was irrigated by man-made ducts and canals. They encountered the Spanish in the 16th century and were named after the Spanish word “pueblo” which means “village.”

Iroquois Confederation: The Iroquois Confederation developed the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors, Native American (the Algonquin Confederation) and European alike, for well over a century. Located in the Northeast, they were the closest thing to Aztec/Incan Empires in N America.

Mestizo: A part of the Spanish caste system, this term referred to someone who was born of one Native American parent and one European parent

Zambo: A part of the Spanish caste system, this term referred to someone who was born of one Native American parent and one African parent

Columbian Exchange: The exchange that occurred between the new world and the old, including diseases such as small Pox and other goods such as horses, cows, sugar, silver, etc. between Europe and America starting with Christopher Columbus. Neither culture was ever the same afterward.

Portuguese Slave Trade: Also known as the Atlantic Slave Trade, the Portuguese were the first to begin shipping slaves to the Americas in the 16th century to sell them into labor.

Encomienda System: Spanish could enslave Native Americans if they Christianized them. Essentially a form of slavery. Opposed by Las Casas.

Columbus: Italian who sailed with 3 small ships from Spain; October 12, 1492 sighted Bahamas (San Salvador) and thought he had found the “Indies” → Native Americans known as Indians. Returned to Hispanola with 17 ships. Sought gold and slaves.

Bartolome de Las Casas: Spanish missionary that opposed the encomienda system and denounced Spanish actions and atrocities toward Native Americans in the new world.

Spanish Mission System: The Spanish set up various missions in order to spread Christianity to the “heathen” Native Americans, including 21 in California. Father Serra founded the first 9 of these. These were not popular among the Natives who were reluctant to abandon their culture.

Cheyenne Indians: This group of Native Americans lived in the Great Plains and were more mobile (semi-nomadic), with greater emphasis on hunting/gathering, than settled tribes like the Pueblos. After the Spanish arrived, they became primarily a horse culture. The Cheyenne people were often allied with the Arapaho.

Arapaho Indians: This group of Native Americans lived in the plains of Colorado and Wyoming and was closely allied with the Cheyenne people.

Comanche Indians: Similar to above groups.

Atlantic Economy: The Atlantic Economy was heavily tied to Triangular Trade (see that definition.) Included Europe, Africa and eastern North America.

Pope's Rebellion: 1680, New Mexico. Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed a score of priests and hundreds of settlers against efforts to suppress native religious customs. Drove out the Spanish and kept them out for 50 years!

Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494, The Pope divided New World between Catholic countries Portugal and Spain. Portugal received land to east of line, Spanish to west. That’s why they speak Portuguese in Brazil!

Enrichment:

Juan de Onate : was a Spanish Conquistador in the early 1600s who became the governor of what is now New Mexico after leading explorations into the lower Great Plains. He cut off the feet of Acoma Pueblo Indians who resisted Spanish occupation and enslaved the rest.

Pizarro: Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish Conquistador in the early 1500s who conquered the Incan Empire

Incans: was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America and was located in what is now Peru; they were in the height of their power in the 13th century; they mainly worshiped their Sun God.

Cortes: was a Spanish conquistador in the early 16th century who was responsible for conquering the Aztec Empire and most of Mexico.

Aztecs: was a powerful empire in Mexico that extended its power throughout Mexico until it was taken over by Cortes.

Unit 2 Terms

Protestant Reformation: Christian reform movement that established Protestantism; began in Europe in 1517. Led by German friar Martin Luther and John Calvin who found fault with the Catholic Church.

Elizabeth I: Protestant Queen of England; ascended to English throne in 1558 before Protestantism became dominant in England. Rival of Catholic Spain; secret financial backer of Sir Francis Drake, privateer.

Virginia Company of London: joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I for settlement in the New World; granted Englishmen the same rights overseas as at home in England. Jamestown financed by VG of L. Sent De La Warr to fight Indians in 1610.

Jamestown: First permanent English settlement in New World. Virginia. 1607.

Powhatans/Powhatan Confederacy: Chieftain Powhatan dominated alliance of native tribes along the James River; large group of Powhatans interacted with Jamestown settlers; strained atmosphere with De La Warr in 1610 → 2 Anglo-Powhatan Wars. Powhatans crushed.

Virginia House of Burgesses: 1619, two-house representative self-government born in Virginia (the same year as slavery arrived, ironically.) Authorized by London Company it was the first mini-parliament on American Soil. Distrusted by James I, which led to his removal of the Virginia Company's charter.

The Chesapeake: Consisted of Virginia and Maryland; unhealthy; full of Malaria, Dysentery, and Typhoid. 10 yrs less in life expectancy. Early immigrants were mostly single men with

scarce number of women; few families; partner usually died within 7 yrs of marriage. Tobacco= main crop; lots of indentured servants and later African slaves.

Headright system: gave 50 acres of land to masters who paid the transatlantic passage of a laborer (indentures servant); in Virginia and Maryland. Most beneficial to the master. Contributed to growth of huge plantations.

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676, ~1,000 Virginians broke out over Governor William Berkeley's failure to retaliate for a series of Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Led by Nathaniel Bacon, a 29 year old planter. Murdered Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, set fire to the capital. Berkeley hung 20+ rebels. Significance: Plantation owners turn more toward slaves after this.

Indentured servants: displaced farmers looking for employment in the new world mortgaged their labor to Chesapeake masters/plantation owners in exchange for transatlantic passage and eventual “freedom dues”

African Chattels: the slaves brought over to America were referred to as “chattel” because they were treated as commodities instead of people

Triangular Trade: 3 port trade between Africa, the West Indies, and New England; included the bartering of slaves, molasses, and rum.

Massachusetts Bay Colony: was a non-separatist Puritan English settlement governed by John Winthrop (see his definition for more information.)

Puritans: advocates of purification of Church of England; many from economically and commercially depressed woolen districts of England. Felt the Anglican Church was too closely aligned to Catholicism.

Mayflower: ship with Puritan Separatists going from Holland to the New World; at sea for 65 days; missed its destination; arrived in New England in 1620 with 102 people.

Mayflower Compact: proto-constitution drawn up and signed by Pilgrim leaders before landing because they weren't landing within the domain of the Virginia Company. Agreement to submit to majority.

Plymouth Bay: Massachusetts site chosen by Separatist Pilgrims; outside the domain of the Virginia Company. Governed by William Bradford.

King Philip’s War: 1675, “King Phillip” (Massasoit's Son, Metacom) formed an alliance with other tribes and assaulted English Villages throughout New England; ended in 1676: 52 Puritan towns attacked and 12 destroyed. New England Indians annihilated.

Beaver Wars: fought in the mid-17th century between the Iroquois and French-backed Mohawk Indians in order for the Iroquois to expand trade with the Dutch and English; was extremely bloody and the Iroquois were successful.

Chickasaw Wars: fought in the mid-18th century between the English-backed Chickasaw Indians and the French–backed Choctaw Indians; the French were trying to control the Mississippi River but the Chickasaw were successful in stopping them; this was formally ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

Dominion of New England, 1686: created by Royal authority; included all of New England; expanded 2 yrs later to include NY and E and W Jersey. Worked to bolster colonial defense in case of war with the Indians; dealt with trade. Led by appointed governor Sir Edmund Andros. HQ in Puritan Boston. Resented by colonists. Ended with Glorious Revolution of 1688.

Navigation Laws: sought to stitch England's overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling American trade with countries not ruled by the British Crown.

Wool Act: 1699, the British Parliament restricted the American export of wool products to only British markets.

Molasses Act: 1733, the British Parliament imposed a six pence tax per gallon of molasses that was important from a non-British source; this was to ensure that British sources of molasses were cheaper than French molasses.

Salutary neglect: new monarchs William and Mary, after England's Glorious Revolution (1688), relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade. Ex.: the much-resented Navigation Laws were only weakly enforced.

Lord Baltimore: founded Maryland in 1634 for financial profit and as a Catholic refuge.

Maryland Act of Toleration: 1649, guaranteed toleration to all Christians but the death penalty to Jews and Atheists. Intended to protect future Catholic minority against future Protestant majorities.

William Penn: attracted to the Quaker faith at 16 though his father disapproved; led to persecution. In 1681, received a grant of fertile land from the King to repay a debt owed to his father by the Crown → Pennsylvania (“Penn's Woodland”); best advertised colony.

Quakers: Christian sect considered dissenters. "Quaked” when under deep religious emotion. “Religious Society of Friends;” offensive to both religious and civil authorities; refused to support the established Church of England with taxes; wouldn't take oaths; held deep convictions. Often persecuted.

Pennsylvania: one of the middle colonies ; had fertile soil and broad land expanse. NY, NJ, PA= “bread colonies” due to their heavy exports of grain. Rivers; fur trade; ethnically mixed; religious tolerance.

Great Awakening: Religious revival 1730s and 1740s, ignited in Northampton, Massachusetts by Jonathan Edward. Introduced a new style of preaching; included George Whitefield who spoke of human helplessness and divine omnipotence. “New Light” churches stressed emotionalism over reason. Taught salvation was open to all.

John Locke: a philosopher who was credited with many ideas that the Founding Fathers used in the Declaration of Independence; some of these were equality and unalienable rights, role of gov’t., duty of the people, etc.

Republicanism: it was republican values that helped inspire the leaders of the American Revolution; this is the idea that government is headed by someone who is elected by the people instead of by divine right; it is rule by people

Staple Crops: certain crops such as rice, sugar, and tobacco were a major part of the American economy along with other items such as fur; this follows with mercantilism in which these goods would be exported from America.

For enrichment:

Anne Hutchinson/antinomianism: challenged Puritan orthodoxy; mother of 14 children; banished after trial in Massachusetts Bay Colony for high heresy; she and all but one of her family members were killed in NY. Antinomianism was the assertion of Anne that leading a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or of man.

John Winthrop: Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor; successful attorney and manor lord in England. Believed that he had a calling from God to lead a new religious experiment. “We shall be as a City upon a Hill.”

Salem Witchcraft Trials: Salem, Massachusetts; a group of adolescent girls accused older women of “bewitching” them. 1692, 20 individuals killed (19 hanged) and 2 dogs hanged. Ended in 1693 when the governor's wife was accused.

Roger Williams: Separatist who wanted a clean break with the corrupt Church of England. Was a popular Salem minister until considered a threat to Puritanism with “radical, unrestrained ideas.” Felt that the Indians deserved fair compensation. Fled to Rhode Island in 1636. In 1639 founded the first Baptist Church in RI which had complete religious freedom and no oaths, taxes for the church, or compulsory attendance.

Half-Way Covenant: 1662, admitted to baptism (not full communion) unconverted children of existing members of the church. Weakened the distinction between the “elect” and the others; gradually erased the distinction entirely.

Lord de la Warr: Spring of 1610 arrived in Virginia and took harsh action against Powhatan Indians by orders of Virginia Company. Used “Irish tactics” to defeat them.

James Oglethorpe: one of Georgia's founders, philanthropist and soldier-statesman. He repelled Spanish attacks. Interested in prison reform.

Georgia: “buffer state” founded in 1733 as the last of 13 colonies planted; intended to act as a buffer colony to protect the valuable Carolinas from the Spanish in Florida and from the French in Louisiana. Debtors’ haven.

New England Town Meetings: (New England Federation) 1643, formed by four colonies banding together (Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered valley settlements) to defend against foes or potential enemies including the Indians, French, and Dutch; dealt with inter-colonial problems; given 2 votes per colony; exclusive Puritan club. Significance?

AP US HistoryUnit 3 Terms

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)- between Britain, France, and Spain over the Ohio River Valley and Canada. Britain wins, France loses nearly all its North American holdings in 1763. Treaty of Paris, 1763- ended the Seven Years' War; allowed France to keep land in the West Indies; British got Canada and Ohio River Valley

Pontiac's Uprising (rebellion)- Ottawa Chief and Indians attack villages in the Ohio Valley following French and Indian War.

Proclamation of 1763- British wouldn't allow settlement beyond Appalachian Mts because of Indian problem evidenced by Pontiac’s Rebellion.

Mercantilism- wealth=power; the idea that a country's wealth could be measured in gold or silver; it had to export more than it imported; the colonies were expected to furnish England with tobacco, sugar, and ship masts, but to refrain from exporting woolen cloth or beaver hats and buy manufactured goods exclusively from England.

Navigation Laws- 1650, were aimed at rival Dutch shippers; all commerce to and from England could only be transported in British vessels; European goods destined for America first had to land in Britain where they would take a profit slice; American merchants had to ship “enumerated” products (ex. tobacco) exclusively to Britain.

Virtual Representation vs. Actual Representation- virtual representation is what the colonists had in Parliament, no physical participation but members considered their interests when voting. Actual representation was what they wanted, to have colonists sit in Parliament.

Quartering Act, 1765- required certain colonies to provide food and quarters (housing) for British troops. Originally intended to aid in collection of Townshend duties.

Sugar Act, 1765- the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for the Crown; increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies; the colonists' protests led to the substantial lowering of the duties.

Stamp Act- 1765, was imposed by PM Grenville to raise revenues to support the new military force; mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps to certify payment of the tax; stamps were required on bills of sale for 50 trade items such as certain commercial and

legal documents, playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of landing, and marriage licenses.

Stamp Act Congress, 1765- brought together 27 delegates from 9 colonies to New York City; drew up a statement of rights and grievances and beseeched both the King and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act; was ignored in England and made little splash in America.

Sons/Daughters of Liberty- groups of patriotic individuals who took the law into their own hands; cried “Liberty, Property, and NO Stamps;” enforced the non-importation agreements against violators, often with a generous coat of tar and feathers; ransacked the houses of unpopular officials and confiscated their money; hanged effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles. Leaders?

Sam Adams- was a master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; from Boston and the 2nd cousin of John Adams; organized local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts; formally formed the 1st Committee of Correspondence in Boston in 1772 → 80 towns in their colony speedily set up similar organizations; kept British opposition alive → led to inter-colonial committees of correspondence.

Boston Massacre- evening of March 5, 1770, ~60 townspeople set upon a squad of ~10 redcoats; one was hit with a club and one was knocked down; troops opened fire and killed or wounded 11 “innocent” citizens; Crispus Attucks was the first to die; later John Adams was the defense attorney for the soldiers and only 2 redcoats were found guilty of manslaughter; the soldiers were released after being branded on the hand, Inflames anti-British sentiment.

John Adams- served as the defense attorney for soldiers at Boston Massacre; played a large role in the Continental Congress; helped sway colleagues to a revolutionary course.

Boston Tea Party- Dec. 16, 1733, a band of Bostonians disguised themselves as Indians, boarded docked tea ships at the Boston Harbor, and smashed open 342 chests before dumping their contents into the harbor; they were angry for having to buy tea with a tax from England to save the British East India Company from bankruptcy.

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts- 1774, a series of acts passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party to chastise Boston in particular, but also Massachusetts in general; included the Boston Port Act which closed the harbor until damages were paid for; swept away many chartered rights of Massachusetts; allowed officials who killed colonists to be sent to Britain for trail.

Quebec Act- 1774, was passed at the same time as the Intolerable Acts; resolved to administer 60,000 French subjects in Canada; guaranteed the French their Catholic religion; allowed them to retain their old customs (which did not include representative assembly or trial by jury in civil cases); extended the old boundaries of Quebec south, all the way to the Ohio River. Seen as omen for the future by suspicious colonists.

Continental Congress, 1774- in response to the Intolerable Acts; met in Philadelphia to consider ways of addressing colonial grievances; 12 of 13 colonies represented (not Georgia); consisted of 65 distinguished men, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry; deliberated for 7 weeks; not a legislative, but a consultative body; created The Association, which called for a complete trade boycott with Britain.

Declaration of Rights- statement/list of grievances drawn up by the first Continental Congress; a solemn appeal to British American colonies, the King, and the British people.

2nd Continental Congress- May 1775, Served as colonial government through much of the war; hardly developed into more than a debating society and grew feebler as time went on; adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776; passed the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781.

Common Sense- published in 1776, was one of the most influential pamphlets ever; written by the radical Thomas Paine; a bestseller that sold 120,000 copies within just a few months; believed that using common sense, it was obvious that “little” Britain shouldn't have control over “large” America. Made many adopt the revolutionary cause.

Salutary Neglect- Britain didn't follow through with the enforcement of the Navigation Laws; not enforcing rules. Policy begun in 1688 after the Glorious Revolution.

Loyalists/Patriots- Loyalists, aka “Tories,” were colonists loyal to the King; comprised 16% of Americans; were often Anglicans and educated or wealthy; least numerous in New England; Patriots were American rebels; were prosperous in New England. Other attributes?

Thomas Jefferson- drafted the Declaration of Independence, a Virginian lawyer; was recognized as a brilliant writer; credited John Locke with many ideas in the Dec. of Ind. Declaration of Independence- July 4, 1776, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, contains a theory of gov’t ala John Locke (equality and unalienable rights, role of gov’t., duty of the people, etc.) and a list of crimes committed by George III.

Treaty of Paris- 1783, a peace treaty in which the British formally recognized the independence of the United States; added generous boundaries including Ohio Valley; kept priceless fishery share in Newfoundland; restored Loyalist property.

George Washington- Magnificent leader, called the “Indispensible Man,” American General; crossed the Delaware River on Christmas Day in 1776 before moving on to Trenton on December 26; surprised and captured 1,000 Hessians. Lost some critical battles but held the Army together.

Articles of Confederation- adopted in 1777, ratified in 1781; linked States to joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs; made Congress the chief agency of the government; included no executive branch; each state was given 1 vote; subjects of importance

required the support of 9 states; unanimity was required to amend; provided Congress no power to regulate commerce or collect taxes.

Land Ordinance 1785 - stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest would be sold to pay off the national debt; townships were to be divided into 36 sq. mi with the 16th section to benefit public schools.

Northwest Ordinance 1787 was related to the governing of the Old Northwest; allowed first a territory which could become a state when it had 60,000 inhabitants; forbade slavery in the Old Northwest.

Shays' Rebellion- 1786, in Western Massachusetts; impoverished backcountry farmers, many Revolutionary War veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies; led by Captain Daniel Shays; the men demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and the suspension of property takeovers; collapsed, but sent fear of anarchy through colonies and pointed to inadequacy of Articles of Confed.

Alexander Hamilton- New Yorker who kept hope alive at the Annapolis Convention by summoning a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation; a “demigod” and advocate of a powerful central government; the 1st Secretary of the Treasury (under Washington); known for his Financial Program, and leader of the Federalist Party.

Constitutional Convention

James Madison, Father of the Constitution- a student of the government and considered Father of the Constitution, wrote the Bill of Rights; from Virginia. Later President.

Virginia Plan- “the large state plan;” stated that representation in both houses of a bicameral congress should be based on population, which would naturally give large states an advantage.

New Jersey Plan- “the small state plan;” called for equal representation of States in a unicameral congress, regardless of size and population, as under the existing Articles of Confederation.

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)- by Roger Sherman, larger states were conceded representation by population in the House of Representatives and smaller states were appeased by equal representation in the Senate; each state would have 2 senators; every tax bill or revenue bill had to originate in the House.

3/5ths Compromise- slaves were to count as 3/5ths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives, where population mattered and when determining how much taxes a State would be assessed.

Slave Trade Compromise- while most of the states wanted to shut off the African slave trade, South Carolina and Georgia required labor in their rice fields, etc.; the convention stipulated that the slave trade might continue until the end of 1807, when Congress

could (and did) shut it down; all new state constitutions except for Georgia's, forbade overseas slave trade.

Federalists/Anti-Federalists- Federalists wanted a stronger federal government; included leaders like George Washington and Alexander Hamilton; were typically wealthier, more educated, and better organized. Anti-Federalists opposed a strong federal government; included leaders like Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry; were usually of poorer class and one-horse farmers.

The Federalist- a series of articles anonymously written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison for New York newspapers; a biased commentary on the Constitution to encourage ratification; sold in book form as The Federalist; the most famous article was Madison's No. 10, which refuted conventional wisdom that it was impossible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory.

George Washington- General, war hero, and 1st President; was unanimously drafted by the Electoral College in 1789; left Mount Vernon for New York City (the temporary capital); took the oath of office on April 30, 1789; established the Cabinet. Set the precedent for future Presidents.

Cabinet (Hamilton, Jefferson, Knox)- established by President Washington; though not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, it evolved in Washington's administration; Secretary of the Treasury- Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of State- Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of War- Henry Knox. How many members in the current cabinet? Be the first to tell Mr. Gillard and win a prize.

Bill o' Rights- adopted as a group in 1791, written by James Madison; the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. You should know them!

Hamilton's Financial Program- wanted to bolster the national credit; 1790. Plan included Assumption of all state and national debt; tariffs; an excise tax on a few domestic items such as Whiskey; and a Bank of the United States.

Bank of the US- proposed by Hamilton; was reluctantly approved by Washington after receiving much opposition from Jefferson; was modeled by the Bank of England; proposed a powerful private institution with the government as the major stockholder; said that federal treasury deposits and federal funds would stimulate business; proposed to print urgently needed paper money; led to a debate over Constitutional justification.

Whiskey Rebellion- 1794, in SW Pennsylvania; challenged the new national government; people affected by Hamilton's excise tax on Whiskey were upset because they had used it as a means of exchange; they boldly tarred and feathered revenue officers; Washington led ~13,000 troops with the encouragement of Hamilton to crush the rebellion. Showed the power of the new government, as opposed to the Shays’ Rebellion debacle under the Articles.

Republican Motherhood- elevated women to a new prestigious role as special keepers of the national conscience; women were expected to teach their families the ideas and duties of the Republic.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793- issued by President Washington shortly after the outbreak of war between Britain and France; proclaimed the American government's official neutrality, ending alliance with France.

Jay's Treaty, 1794- the British promised (again) to evacuate their forts; consented to pay for damages of recent seizures of American ships; did not mention anything regarding the future seizures or supplying Indians with weapons; the US was to pay debts still owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts. Treaty regarded as a failure!

Pickney's Treaty, 1795- with Spain; included free navigation of the Mississippi and territory of North Florida. Regarded as a success!

Strict vs. Liberal construction of the Constitution- Jefferson: strict → the Constitution forbids what it does not allow; Hamilton: liberal → the Constitution allows what it does not forbid. National Bank was one issue.

Democratic-Republicans- Jeffersonians; relaxed and weak-voiced; mostly of middle-lower class; believed in a weak central government; had a strict interpretation of the Constitution; wanted to pay off national debt; favored agriculture and was supported in the South; pro-French.

Federalists- Hamiltonians; typically wealthy; believed in a strong central government; supported private enterprise; had a liberal interpretation of the Constitution; favored industry over agriculture; pro-British.

Alien, Sedition Acts- 1798, laws by Federalists. Federalist congress raised the resident requirements for aliens who wanted to become citizens, from 5 yrs to 14 yrs; the President was empowered to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace or to imprison them in times of hostility; the “lockjaw” Sedition Act was a direct slap at freedom of speech and press, saying that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or defamed its officials, would be heavily fined or imprisoned. Aimed at Democratic Republicans.

Virginia, Kentucky Resolves- Virginia (Madison), Kentucky (Jefferson); Jefferson was afraid of Federalists taking away more rights, so he secretly wrote a series of resolutions; both stressed the compact theory that individual states could judge if the federal government had overstepped its originally granted authority and could “nullify” laws they felt were unconstitutional.

UNIT 4 TERMS:

INDUSTRY/NATIONAL CULTURE

John Deere- 1837, produced a steel plow that broke the virgin soil of the West: sharp, effective, and light enough to be pulled by horses rather than oxen.

Sam Slater/Slater's Mill- 1791, Rhode Island. “Father of the Factory System.” British mechanic who memorized the plans for a textile machine in England and escaped to America. The first textile mill was on Blackstone River.

Eli Whitney- 1793, invented the Cotton Gin, 50x more efficient than the handpicking process. Made the raising of cotton profitable. South produced cotton → used by North. Reinvigorated the need for slaves again.

Cyrus McCormick- 1830s, contributed a horse-drawn mechanical mower-reaper. Was the “cotton gin to the Western farmers.” Reduced the need of 5 men to 1 man; plowmen scrambled to plant more fields of wheat.

Erie Canal- dug by New Yorkers led by Governor Dewitt Clinton, without federal aid. Linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. “Clinton's Big Ditch” began in 1817, stretched 363 mi.; completed in 1825. Reduced the cost and time of shipping; values of nearby land skyrocketed; new cities emerged.

Lowell, Massachusetts- “showplace factory” of The Boston Associates. Workers were primarily New England farm girls supervised both on and off the job. Stayed in company boardinghouses; and were escorted regularly to church. Forbidden to form unions. Worked 6 days a week, 12-13 hrs per day, were given low wages and dealt with grueling work conditions.

“Cult of Domesticity”- Described the role of women seen as fragile beings who should do house work and other domestic activities. Women were guardians of hearth and home. Domestic feminism described increasing power of women in the home. Smaller families became a woman's choice.

Seneca Falls Convention/Declaration of Sentiments- 1848, Seneca Falls, NY. Gathering of fighting feminists. Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments, which in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence declared that “all men and women are created equal.” One resolution formally demanded women's suffrage. Launched the modern women's rights movement.

Second Great Awakening- larger than the 1st; almost 100 yrs later. Countless converted; shattered and reorganized churches; numerous new sects; “camp meetings.” Methodists and Baptists reaped the most. Stressed personal conversion.

Charles Grandison Finney- the greatest preacher of the 2nd Great Awakening. Trained as a lawyer, but became a minister. 1830 and 1831, led massive revivals in NY. Denounced alcohol and slavery. President of Oberlin College.

Transcendentalist- movement in the 1830s, believed that truth “transcends” the senses and that every person possesses an inner light that can put him or her in direct touch with God, or the “Oversoul.” Individualistic, nature-based, intuitive. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman examples.

Ralph Waldo Emerson- best known Transcendentalist, from Boston. Trained as a Unitarian minister. Outspoken critic of slavery. Best known works?

Henry David Thoreau- Emerson's close associate; poet, mystic, Transcendentalist, nonconformist. Condemned a government that supported slavery, Refused to pay Massachusetts poll tax and was jailed for 1 night. His writings inspired Gandhi and MLK Jr.

Walt Whitman- poet from Brooklyn. Wrote Leaves of Grass (1855), a collection of poems celebrating individualism which handled sex with frankness. Collection banned in Boston. Highly romantic, emotional, and unconventional.

MARSHALL COURT:

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)- the college had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769, but New Hampshire saw fit to change it. Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand. Safeguarded business enterprise by sanctifying contracts.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by imposing a tax on its notes. John Marshall ruled against Maryland: “the power to tax is the power to destroy” which strengthened federal authority.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)- “Steamboat Case.” New York attempted to monopolize waterborne commerce between NY and NJ; Marshall reminded the state that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. A blow to states' rights.

Marbury v Madison: The principle of judicial review—the ability of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional—is established (1803).

JEFFERSON:

Louisiana Purchase- 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east as they could, for a maximum of $10 million. If this failed, they were to seek an alliance with Britain. Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana. Treaties were signed on April 30, 1803: France ceded Louisiana to the US for $15 million which doubled the size of the US.

Embargo Act: Jefferson orders complete cessation of foreign trade in response to British and French attacks on our shipping. Disaster! Replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act 1809- substitute for the Embargo Act; formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except Britain and France.

Hartford Convention/Death of the Federalists- convention in Hartford, Connecticut called for by Massachusetts when the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent; demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade; proposed constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states could be admitted or war was declared; one-term Presidency; no consecutive presidents from the same state. Disgraced with the Treaty of Ghent.

MONROE:

Era of Good Feelings- one party (Democratic Republicans) presided over by James Monroe. He was greeted warmly everywhere, even in New England.

Missouri Compromise 1820- Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a separate free state and prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30'.

Monroe Doctrine 1823- James Monroe's warning to European powers in his annual message to Congress on Dec. 2, 1823: called for non-colonization and nonintervention by European powers in the Western Hemisphere. Legality?

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty)- Spain ceded Florida and its claim to Oregon in exchange for the US ceding its claim to Texas (soon to become part of independent Mexico.)

Treaty of 1818- was negotiated by the Monroe administration with Britain: permitted Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with their Canadian cousin; fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana along the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods (in Minnesota) to the Rocky Mts.; provided for a 10 yr joint occupation of the Oregon Country without surrender from either side.

JACKSON

Cherokees of Georgia- considered one of the five “civilized” tribes. Made remarkable efforts to learn White ways: were slaveholders; adopted the

system of settled culture and private property; the Indian Sequoyah devised a Cherokee alphabet. 1808, the Cherokee National Council legislated a written code; 1827, adopted a written constitution for executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

Indian Removal Act of 1830- provided for the transplanting of all Indian tribes then resident east of the Mississippi. Primarily affected the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw and Seminole.)

Trail of Tears- refers specifically to the removal of the Cherokee Indians, even after their attempts to adapt to American culture and their successful Supreme Court case against Georgia. US Army forcibly removed 15,000 Cherokee from Southeastern US and marched them to Indian Territory (Oklahoma.) ~4,000 died on the 116-day journey.

Tariff of 1828 and Nullification- “Black Tariff,” “Tariff of Abominations.” Very high tariff to protect manufacturing. People of the South were heavy consumers of manufactured goods, but did little manufacturing themselves, so they hated the tariff. John Calhoun of South Carolina led the protesting and in1828 published The South Carolina Exposition, which proposed that states nullify the tariff. Jackson threatened them with force.

Whigs: New national party that forms various group who do not like “King Andrew” Jackson in late 1820s. Nationalistic. Leaders were Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Much in common with Federalists: strong central government, national bank, etc. Associated with Clay’s American System.

The American System- 1824, heightened nationalism. Planned program of Henry Clay and the Whig Party. 3 parts to develop a profitable home market: a strong central banking system to provide easy and abundant credit; a protective tariff so that eastern manufacturing would flourish; a network of roads and canals, especially in the Ohio Valley, to increase the flow of food stuffs and raw materials.

Bank of the United States- The principal depository of government funds and controlled much of its gold and silver. “Bank War” began when Henry Clay presented the early renewal of its charter to Congress, expecting Jackson to veto it and lose the election. Jackson deemed the Bank unconstitutional and the general public agreed with his veto. Clay got burned!

Acquisition of Texas

Remember the Alamo- Santa Anna trapped 200 Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio after Texas declared its independence in 1836 from Mexico. Led by Colonel W. B. Travis; Jim Bowie and Davie Crockett died there.

San Jacinto- where General Sam Houston's small army lured Santa Anna, near present-day Houston, Texas. April 21, 1836, Texans took advantage of the Mexican siesta and wiped them out. They captured Santa Anna and made him agree to withdraw Mexican troops, recognize Texan independence with the Rio Grande as the southwest boundary.

Recognition of Texas- Texas was recognized by the US as “The Lone Star Republic” in 1837. Texas officially petitioned for annexation in 1837 but not initially admitted as a state because it would have heightened the slavery issue.

AP US HistoryUnit 5 Terms

Cotton Kingdom- Economic spiral that included a new demand for slaves. Britain tied by threads of cotton to the South in dependence of cotton.

William Lloyd Garrison- 26 year old abolitionist. Published antislavery newspaper, The Liberator. 1st issue released New Year's Day, 1831. Advocated uncompensated emancipation and secession from slave-holding states.

American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)- Founded by abolitionist followers of Garrison, included Wendell Phillips, “The abolitionists' golden trumpet”. Wouldn't eat cane sugar or wear cotton because they were produced by Southern slaves.

Frederick Douglass- Considered the greatest black abolitionist. Escaped slavery in 1838 (21 years old). Discovered by abolitionists in 1841 through his powerful speech. 1845, published his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Self-educated. The son of a black slave woman and a white father. Looked to politics to end slavery.

American Nativists/Know-Nothing Party- Americans opposing the immigration into the US of the time (ex. Irish, Germans) for fear that they would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm the “native” stock. Political party of “nativists” that wanted restrictions on immigration and a naturalization law authorizing the deportation of alien paupers.

James K. Polk- Elected President in 1844, served 1 term. Democrat and pro-expansionist from Tennessee. America's first “dark-horse” candidate. Was sponsored by Andrew Jackson. “Young Hickory” set 4 clearly defined goals for his administration and accomplished them all. Lowered the tariff; restored the independent treasury; acquired CA; reached a settlement with Great Britain over Oregon.

Manifest Destiny- prominent in the presidential campaign of 1844, the feeling and sense of mission that God had “manifestly” destined Americans to conquer the entire hemisphere. Greatly swayed Expansionist Democrats. Was reflected in obtaining California, Oregon, and in the hopes of some to acquire Mexico and Canada.

California Gold Rush: 1848-1855 or so. Tens of thousands of miners, many from abroad, come as 49ers. Huge influx results in Statehood for California as part of the Compromise of 1850.

Compromise of 1850- California entered as a free state. Utah and New Mexico could decide their statuses of slavery through popular sovereignty. Texas ceded some of its land in return for the assumption of debt by the federal government. Ended slave trade in Washington DC. Created a harsh Fugitive Slave Law. Cotton Kingdom- Economic spiral that included a new demand for slaves. Britain tied by threads of cotton to the South in dependence of cotton, 75%.

Mormons: Religion founded by Joseph Smith based on the revelation of the Book of Mormon. Church of Latter-Day Saints organized in 1830. Mormons are persecuted and Smith is killed, leading to the Great March West to present-day Utah under Brigham Young in 1846. Practice of polygamy causes problems for the young church.

Matthew Perry- Commanded US dispatch warships sent to open Japan. With force and tact, persuaded the Japanese in 1854 to sign Kanagawa Treaty in 1854, opening several ports for trade and promising safety for shipwrecked Americans.

49th Parallel- 1846, Compromise line proposed by Polk with Britain for Oregon. Proposed by the British themselves. Initially, US wanted 54-40 and the Brits wanted the Columbia River.

John Slidell- 1845, dispatched by Polk to Mexico City as Minister. Instructed to offer a maximum of $25 million for California and the territory east, was rejected by Mexico.

Nueces River vs. Rio Grande- deadlock with Mexico over the question of boundary of Texas. The previous boundary of Texas was the Nueces River. Polk sent men between the rivers, hoping for attack, but nothing initially happened. Mexico eventually took the bait, giving Polk excuse for war.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848- signed by Nicholas P. Trist and forwarded to Washington. Confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and California. The US paid $15 million for the land and agreed to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico, $3,250,000. Total: $18,250,000.

Clay, Calhoun, Webster- “immortal trio/senatorial giants.” Clay and Webster (Whigs) fought for national unity. Calhoun (Democrat) championed the South. Their final showdown was over the Compromise of 1850. Calhoun died thinking the South was in trouble.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854- proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. Slavery was to be based on popular sovereignty in old Louisiana Purchase area. Kansas would presumably become a slave state; Nebraska would presumably become a free state. Hugely controversial because it overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Republican Party- the offspring of the Kansas-Nebraska issue. Included upset Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, and all foes of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Opposed expansion of slavery. Within 2 yrs, elected a Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives. The 1st purely sectional party.

Bleeding Kansas- Preview of the Civil War in Kansas. Pro- v anti-slavery forces fought for control, 300 killed. Slavery supporters created a government at Shawnee Mission while the Free-Soilers did the same at Topeka. Pres Buchanan supported admission of Kansas as slave state, but rejected by Congress.

Dred Scott decision: 1857. The Taney court rules that Scott, being a black man, is not a citizen and has no rights. The court goes further and decrees no territory may keep out slaves, fueling the argument over the expansion of slavery.

Election of 1860- hung on the issue of peace or civil war. Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrat), from Illinois; John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), from Kentucky, who favored the extension of slavery in the territories and Cuba; John Bell (Constitutional Union Party), from Tennessee; Abe Lincoln (Republican), from Illinois. Lincoln won the election with zero southern support, and as a result, the South seceded.

Secession- Dec. 1860, South Carolina unanimously seceded. Within 6 weeks, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded too. Later, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee seceded after Fort Sumter. Feb. 1861, the Confederate States of America was formally created in Montgomery, Alabama. Jefferson Davis was their President.

Jefferson Davis- In Feb. 1861 chosen as President of the Confederate States of America.

Border States- Slave states that stayed with the Union: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and (eventually) West Virginia. Crucial after the secession of 11 Southern states. Contained powerful population, manufacturing, navigation.

Homestead Act of 1862- passed by Republican Congress. Gave away free farm land in the west in 160 acre parcels for a small fee. Goal was to fill and domesticate the vast interior of the country.

Emancipation Proclamation- 1863, Lincoln declared that any Confederate States still in rebellion 100 days from the Emancipation's Issuance would lose their slaves. Did not affect border states or conquered southern states. Purpose was to strengthen the moral cause of the Union.

General William Tecumseh Sherman- marched to the sea through Georgia then into the Carolinas. Burned buildings, tore up railroads, and killed people in the streets to “make Georgia howl.” Practitioner of total was against civilians.

Election of 1864- Republican Party joined with the War Democrats to become the Union Party running Lincoln and VP Candidate Andrew Johnson, War Democrat from Tennessee. McClellan ran for Democrats. Northern soldiers were furloughed home to vote for Lincoln. Lincoln victorious.

Thirteenth Amendment- 1865, ratified by the states 8 months after the Civil War. Ended slavery throughout US.

Radical Reconstruction- Radical Republicans, led by Charles Sumner (Senate) and Thaddeus Stevens (House) wanted more land and education at the federal expense for blacks, which they didn't get. Wanted the 15th Amendment, which gave black men the vote, which they did get.

Thaddeus Stevens- House of Representatives: Congressman, Radical Republican. An unswerving friend of blacks. Leading figure on the Joint (House-Senate) Committee on Reconstruction.

Military Reconstruction Act- March 2, 1867, passed by Congress: divided the Confederacy into 5 military districts until the states had ratified the 14th Amendment (Blacks are citizens, repudiates Confederate debt, provides due process and penalizes States that deny black men the vote.) Purpose was to create a Southern electorate favorable to Republican goals.

Fifteenth Amendment- provided for black male suffrage: the right to vote shall not be denied because of race, color or previous condition of servitude. No mention of women.

Ku Klux Klan- “Invisible Empire of the South.” Founded in Tennessee, 1866. Consisted of Southern whites against “radical” rule. Intimidated blacks to stop them from voting.

Force Acts- passed to fight the KKK in 1870 and 1871. Allowed federal troops to stamp out much of the “lash law.”

Literacy Tests- given by Southern voting registrars to blacks as a requirement for voting. Purpose was to prevented blacks from voting.

Compromise of 1877- the result of Hayes's (R) victory in the Election of 1876 against Tilden (D). Democrats agreed that Hayes could take office in return for the withdrawal of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, the 2 states in which they. As a result of the removal of federal troops, a solid Democratic South formed-- state governments were quickly “redeemed” by whites.

Sharecropping, tenant farming: economic system that replaced slavery. Suited landless freedmen, who needed jobs, and plantation owners, who needed workers but had little money to pay them. Associated with the crop lien system in which tenants would receive credit against next season’s crop. Resulted in debt-peonage.

Plessey v Ferguson, 1896: The Supreme Court’s decision establishing the separate but equal principle. Upholds the legality of Jim Crow laws after the Civil War.

Sand Creek, Colorado, 1864/Chivington Massacre: Pitiless massacre of Native men, women and children performed by US troops under General Chivington as retaliation for Indian attacks. Chivington told his troops: “Kill them all… nits make lice.” Over 100 natives were killed though they flew a flag of truce and had been promised safe passage by the US government.

Little Big Horn/Custer’s Last Stand: Custer led a “scientific” expedition into the Black Hills of South Dakota where he discovered gold and this caused people to swarm the territory. The Sioux were outraged and attacked. Colonel Custer’s Seventh Cavalry was sent to return the Sioux to the reservation to suppress the uprising. Custer and 264 officers were wiped out when they attacked 2,500 warriors in Montana along the Little Big Horn River in 1876. This led to a series of battles in which the US Army hunted down the Native Americans.