political administration in the middle east before the 20 th century a very brief snapshot
TRANSCRIPT
Political Administration in the Middle East before the
20th Century
A very brief snapshot
Pre-Ottoman politics
7th century: Rise of Islam and Islamic Empires
Umayyad Empire, 661-750 (capital at Damascus)
Abbasid Empire, 749-1258
(capital at Baghdad) Other dynasties & the
Mongols
Ibn Battuta, a 14th century traveler from Tangiers.
Who were the Ottomans?
Founded & ruled one of the world’s biggest and longest-lived empires
1300-1918 Muslim Turkish dynasty: Osmanlılar
Encompassed territory from Europe to N. Africa Mehmet the Conquerer riding his horse in
front of Aya Sofia church after conquering Constantinople in 1453. Source: http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/album/picturesindex.html
A map of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire
A map of the contraction of the Ottoman Empire
Source: Encyclopedia Brittanica, from http://www.naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/
Map of the Ottoman Empire at its height
About the Empire
Loosely administered Muslim empire
Sultan as Caliph, or protector of the Faith (but not seen as divine)
Multi-National, Multi-lingual, Multi-Ethnic Turks, Arabs, Greeks, Kurds, Jews, Armenians, Bulgarians,
Albanians, Croats, Serbs, etc. Until 1850, 50% of the Empire’s population lived in the Balkans State did NOT attempt to create cultural conformity.
Multiple religions within the empire Christians and Jews given special status as “people of the
book”, or Dhimmis
Ottoman Political Administration
The Sultan/Caliph Grand Vizier and the
bureaucracy (Istanbul) Ottoman Army Governors (Local notables)
ruled the provinces By 18th-19th century most
drawn from powerful local families
Ulema –religious elite
A miniature portrait of Sultan Murat III, from the 16th c.
Source:
http://history.binghamton.edu/hist275/Map%20List.htm
The state’s role
Defend the borders of the empire
Protect the faith (Islam)
Collect taxes
Maintain public peace
An illuminated page from the Quran by Ahmet Karahisari , from the Topkapi Palace collection.
Socio-political groups in the Ottoman Age
Settled peasants and villagers
Tribes Nomads Prominent local
families Guilds & merchants Local religious orders
and religious leadersPicture of a Bulgarian woman in 19th century finery. Source: Ottoman archives from the Turkish Library.
Socio-political groups
Ottoman officials – governors, judges, financial officials, rural police
Classes: the working classes and the wealthy; the rulers and the ruled
From the Turkish National Library/Ottoman Cultural Heritage by Pictures
A woman of Topkapi Palace, 19th century. The painting is entitled “Palace lady” and is painted by Pierre D. Guilement, from the Dolmabahce Palace Collection.
The status of women
Two worlds (haremlık and selamlık)
Varying status, but generally viewed as subservient to men & in need of protection
Upper-class women tended to veil; working women often did not
Connections between state and society
Taxes Administration-
state-provincial relations Codes of Law
Standards for conduct and dress
Religious institutes and religious frameworks Administered schools,
social welfare programs, courts, etc.
The Grand Husseini Mosque in Amman, Jordan, originally built in the 7th century.
State-minority relations under the Ottomans
Dhimmi status for Christians and Jews Forced conversions discouraged Special protection 2nd class status Head tax on non-Muslim males Periodic persecution
The Millet system Christian & Jewish communities largely self-
governing, with head of community as liaison between the sultan and the community
An evolving Empire:Main phases of Ottoman rule
Classical Period (1300-1683) Rise, expansion and consolidation Political power primarily in hands of the Sultan
Middle Period (1680s-1798) Ottoman integration into the world economy; territorial retraction
Shift in power from sultan to offices of the vizier Provinces virtually autonomous
Long 19th century (1798-1918) Emergence of the modern Ottoman state
State under pressure from Imperialist Europe Redefinition in status of religious minorities and women Newly centralized State: State begins taking over many new tasks
The flight of Hazerfan Ahmet Çelebi from the Tower of Galata. Source: http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/album/picturesindex.html
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_A painting by Levni of an 19th c. female subject of the Empire.
An Ottoman map of Istanbul, from Topkapi Palace, Istanbul.