POSITIVENEGATIVE

HIGH AROUSAL

LOW AROUSAL

Elated

Sleepy

Angry

Sad

Proud

Satisfied

Interested

Annoyed

Surprised

Fatigued

Afraid

Ashamed

Emotions are Valenced

Common-Sense Theory

Stimulus Perception EmotionBodily Arousal

Hottie ExcitementSweating

Racing Heart

William James’ Theory

Stimulus PerceptionBodily

ArousalEmotion

Hottie ExcitementSweating

Racing Heart

Current Two-Path Theory

Stimulus Perception

ThoughtfulInterpreter

Emotion

QuickInterpreter

Bad!

Actor

FEARRelief

EmotionSM

SM:

A life-long pattern of social and emotional inadequacy.

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

HappyAngry

AfraidSurprised

Disgusted

Mean C

orr

ela

tion w

ith N

orm

als

SM

Control

EmotionFacial Expressions

Neutral Anger Disgust Fear

Happy Sad Surprise Neutral

EmotionFear

heart rate

Decreased appetite

Increased startle

Defecation

Decreased pain reactivity

motor activity

Rodent

Increase heart rate

Decreased appetite

Increased startle

Increased motility

Decreased pain reactivity

Decrease motor activity

Central State of

Fear

Human

W. W. Norton

W. W. Norton