poster fshn 492 final

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Probiotic intervention on the microbiome regarding inflammatory gut disease: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Ally Biernat, Sarah Haynes, Jana Horn Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition December 2015 Abstract Probio’cs are classified as live bacterial microorganisms that have the capability to posi’vely alter the bacteria popula’on in the human intes’ne, that aids in diges’on of food and nutrients. 1 These bacteria species have been classified as the gut microbiome. In pa’ents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is an overgrowth in the popula’on of harmful bacteria which cause the gut to produce an inflammatory response against itself. 2 This autoimmune response leads to ’ssue damage which causes severe diarrhea, cons’pa’on, cramping, pain and malabsorp’on. 3 Current research has been geared towards the varying mechanisms of which probio’cs can be used as complementary, therapeu’c treatments for IBD in addi’on to other medica’ons. Objec+ves 1. Describe the e’ology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn’s disease, and ulcera’ve coli’s. 2. Discuss the microbiome and probio’cs as it relates to Crohn’s disease and ulcera’ve coli’s. 3. Iden’fy probio’cs as treatment for Crohn’s disease and ulcera’ve coli’s. Introduc+on and Background It is currently es’mated that 1 million individuals in America have inflammatory bowel disease. 4 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, immunemediated illness, characterized by periods of remission and flareups. The two most commonly diagnosed clinical subgroups of IBD include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcera’ve coli’s. Crohn’s disease is characterized by discon’nuous and transmural lesions of the intes’nal wall, which lead to malfunc’on of the intes’ne. Ulcera’ve coli’s is characterized by the presence of localized inflamma’on and superficial lesions in the colon, usually in the lower colon. 5 The e’ology of IBD is currently unknown and there is no known cure for this debilita’ng gut disease. Recent treatments include cor’costeroids, aminosalicylates and immunomodulators, and an’TNFα humanized an’bodies. Although these treatments induce and maintain clinical remission, the adverse side effects of the drugs on other areas of the body outweigh the ability to use them longterm. 5 Since these treatments are not effec’ve longterm, research is being developed regarding the func’on of microorganisms that u’lize the gut to aid in diges’on. It was discovered that aUer birth, bacteria, which encompass the microbiome, densely colonize the gastrointes’nal tract. There are over 100 trillion microorganisms that reside in the average adult large intes’ne. 5 IBD pa’ents have been found to experience dysbiosis in the microbiome, meaning there is a imbalance of the host’s gut bacteria which allows pathogenic bacteria to cul’vate in the GI tract. 6 Physiological Aspects Probio’cs func’on through different mechanisms that include the ability to increase short chain faZy acid produc’on and butyrate produc’on, produce an’bacterial substances, improve the ’ght junc’ons of the gut epithelial cells, and displace pathogenic or proinflammatory bacteria. 2 Through these mechanisms, probio’cs can advance the healing process of damaged intes’nal cells. Probio’cs also aide in immune system improvement by increasing the produc’on rate of an’gendetec’ng dendri’c cells, Tcells, and an’inflammatory cytokines such as TGF and IL10. 2 Increasing these immune responses will also trigger secretory IgA, which helps to maintain the intes’nal mucosa from further damage. In a study involving the yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii in conjunc’on with mesalamine (a drug used to prevent intes’nal flareups) resulted in fewer relapses of diarrhea caused by an’bio’cs and Clostridium difficle, an oUen overgrown, harmful bacterium in pa’ents with IBD. 7 Related Nutrients Pa’ents with Crohn’s disease or ulcera’ve coli’s exhibit signs of decreased gut func’on including a decrease in the ability of the gut to absorb nutrients. Many that are diagnosed with IBD also report decreased food intake due to the fear of later symptoms and consequently the majority of pa’ents with IBD are malnourished. 3 Studies have shown pa’ents with IBD are commonly deficient in vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, iron, calcium and zinc. 3 There is no correla’on between the severity of deficiencies and dura’on of disease; all IBD pa’ents exhibit deficiencies. 3,8 It is important for pa’ents with IBD to eat a wellbalanced, healthful diet to receive as many vital nutrients as possible. It is also recommended for those suffering with IBD to take supplements of vitamin A, E, and C. A study has shown that with supplementa’on of vitamin A in the diet, diarrhea in pa’ents nearly subsided. Vitamin E and C were given to pa’ents with high oxida’ve stress and it helped to improve their status and decrease the stress. 3,6 Applica+ons In order for a microorganism to be classified as a probio’c, it must undergo strict and specific func’onal tes’ng to ensure the beneficial effects and promote increased health, treatment, or preven’on of specific diseases including Crohn's and ulcera’ve coli’s. 2 Probio’cs such as Lactobacillus helve7cus, and Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917, have the poten’al to minimize signs and symptoms in those suffering with IBD, because the gut microbiome has been proven to be one of the most adaptable and modifiable organs of the body. 9, 10 Conclusion Inflammatory Bowel Disease can be a very debilita’ng disease that affects a large amount of the popula’on. While medica’ons have been developed to help control the signs and symptoms of IBD, probio’cs have been proven to aid in the healing process of the gut. Probio’cs help limit future onsets of inflamma’on and painful effects of the disease such as cons’pa’on, diarrhea and malabsorp’on. Acknowledgments A special thanks to Dr. Tiffany Weir and Graduate Mentor Tessa Komine. References 1. Viladomiu M, Hontecillas R, Yuan L, Lu P, BassaganyaRiera J. Nutri’onal protec’ve mechanisms against gut inflamma’on. J Nutr Biochem.2013 June; 24(6): 929939. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio. 2013.01.006. 2. Head K, Jurenka J. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Part I: Ulcera’ve Coli’s – Pathophysiology and Conven’onal and Alterna’ve Treatment Op’ons. Alterna7ve Medicine Review [serial online]. August 2003;8(3):247283. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 13, 2015. 3. Head K, Jurenka J. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Part II: Crohn's Disease – Pathophysiology and Conven’onal and Alterna’ve Treatment Op’ons. Alterna7ve Medicine Review [serial online]. December 2004;9(4):360401. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 13, 2015. 4. Strisciuglio C, Miele E, Giugliano F, Vitale S, Andreozzi M, Vitale A, Catania M, Staiano A, Troncone R, Cianfrani C. Bifidobacteria Enhance An’gen Sampling and Processing by Dendri’c Cells in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Inflamm Bowel Dis.2015; 21(7): 14911498 DOI: 10.1097/ MIB.0000000000000389 5. Kaplan GG. The global burden of IBD: from 2015 to 2016. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Sep 1. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.150 6. Orel R, Kamhi Trop T. Intes’nal microbiota, probio’cs and prebio’cs in inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 2014;20(33):1150511524. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11505. 7. Rong J, Zheng H, Liu M, et al. Probio’c and an’inflammatory aZributes of an isolate Lactobacillus helve7cus NS8 from Mongolian fermented koumiss. BMC Microbiology. 2015;15:196. doi: 10.1186/s1286601505252. 8. Sullivan G, Kelly P, O’Halloran C, et al. Probio’cs: An Emerging Therapy. Current Pharmaceu7cal Design. 2005; 11(1): 310. doi: 10.2174/1381612053382368 9. Boudeau J, Glasser AL, Julien S, et al. Inhibitory effect of probio’c Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 on adhesion to and invasion of intes’nal epithelial cells by adherentinvasive E. coli strains from isolated pa’ents with Crohn’s disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeu7cs. 2003; 18(1): 4556. doi: 10.1046/j.13652036.2003.01638.x 10. Guslandi M, Mezi G, Sorghi M, Testoni PA.Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease. Diges7ve Diseases and Sciences. 2000; 45 (7):14621464. doi:10.1023/A: 1005588911207 Figure:Ostaff MJ, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. An’microbial pep’des and gut microbiota in homeostasis and pathology. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2013; 5(10): 14651483. Doi: 10.1002/emmm.201201773 hZp://embomolmed.embopress.org/content/5/10/1465#sec13

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Page 1: Poster FSHN 492 final

Probiotic intervention on the microbiome regarding inflammatory gut disease: Crohn's disease and ulcerative

colitis Ally Biernat, Sarah Haynes, Jana Horn

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition December 2015

Abstract        Probio'cs  are  classified  as  live  bacterial  microorganisms  that  have  the  capability  to  posi'vely  alter  the  bacteria  popula'on  in  the  human  intes'ne,  that  aids  in  diges'on  of  food  and  nutrients.1  These  bacteria  species  have  been  classified  as  the  gut  microbiome.  In  pa'ents  with  inflammatory  bowel  disease  (IBD),  there  is  an  overgrowth  in  the  popula'on  of  harmful  bacteria  which  cause  the  gut  to  produce  an  inflammatory  response  against  itself.2  This  autoimmune  response  leads  to  'ssue  damage  which  causes  severe  diarrhea,  cons'pa'on,  cramping,  pain  and  malabsorp'on.  3  Current  research  has  been  geared  towards  the  varying  mechanisms  of  which  probio'cs  can  be  used  as  complementary,  therapeu'c  treatments  for  IBD  in  addi'on  to  other  medica'ons.    

Objec+ves  1.  Describe  the  e'ology  and  pathogenesis  of  inflammatory  bowel  diseases,  

Crohn’s  disease,  and  ulcera've  coli's.  2.  Discuss  the  microbiome  and  probio'cs  as  it  relates  to  Crohn’s  disease  and  

ulcera've  coli's.  3.  Iden'fy  probio'cs  as  treatment  for  Crohn’s  disease  and  ulcera've  coli's.    

Introduc+on  and  Background                  It  is  currently  es'mated  that  1  million  individuals  in  America  have  inflammatory  bowel  disease.4  Inflammatory  bowel  disease  (IBD)  is  a  chronic,  immune-­‐mediated  illness,  characterized  by  periods  of  remission  and  flare-­‐ups.  The  two  most  commonly  diagnosed  clinical  subgroups  of  IBD  include  Crohn’s  disease  (CD)  and  ulcera've  coli's.              Crohn’s  disease  is  characterized  by  discon'nuous  and  transmural  lesions  of  the  intes'nal  wall,  which  lead  to  malfunc'on  of  the  intes'ne.  Ulcera've  coli's  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  localized  inflamma'on  and  superficial  lesions  in  the  colon,  usually  in  the  lower  colon.5  The  e'ology  of  IBD  is  currently  unknown  and  there  is  no  known  cure  for  this  debilita'ng  gut  disease.  Recent  treatments  include  cor'costeroids,  aminosalicylates  and  immunomodulators,  and  an'-­‐TNF-­‐α  humanized  an'bodies.  Although  these  treatments  induce  and  maintain  clinical  remission,  the  adverse  side  effects  of  the  drugs  on  other  areas  of  the  body  outweigh  the  ability  to  use  them  long-­‐term.  5                Since  these  treatments  are  not  effec've  long-­‐term,  research  is  being  developed  regarding  the  func'on  of  microorganisms  that  u'lize  the  gut  to  aid  in  diges'on.  It  was  discovered  that  aUer  birth,  bacteria,  which  encompass  the  microbiome,  densely  colonize  the  gastrointes'nal  tract.  There  are  over  100  trillion  microorganisms  that  reside  in  the  average  adult  large  intes'ne.5  IBD  pa'ents  have  been  found  to  experience  dysbiosis  in  the  microbiome,  meaning  there  is  a  imbalance  of  the  host’s  gut  bacteria  which  allows  pathogenic  bacteria  to  cul'vate  in  the  GI  tract.6  

Physiological  Aspects                    Probio'cs  func'on  through  different  mechanisms  that  include  the  ability  to  increase  short  chain  faZy  acid  produc'on  and  butyrate  produc'on,  produce  an'bacterial  substances,  improve  the  'ght  junc'ons  of  the  gut  epithelial  cells,  and  displace  pathogenic  or  pro-­‐inflammatory  bacteria.2  Through  these  mechanisms,  probio'cs  can  advance  the  healing  process  of  damaged  intes'nal  cells.  Probio'cs  also  aide  in  immune  system  improvement  by  increasing  the  produc'on  rate  of  an'gen-­‐detec'ng  dendri'c  cells,  T-­‐cells,  and  an'-­‐inflammatory  cytokines  such  as  TGF  and  IL-­‐10.2  Increasing  these  immune  responses  will  also  trigger  secretory  IgA,  which  helps  to  maintain  the  intes'nal  mucosa  from  further  damage.  In  a  study  involving  the  yeast,  Saccharomyces  boulardii  in  conjunc'on  with  mesalamine  (a  drug  used  to  prevent  intes'nal  flare-­‐ups)  resulted  in  fewer  relapses  of  diarrhea  caused  by  an'bio'cs  and  Clostridium  difficle,  an  oUen  overgrown,  harmful  bacterium  in  pa'ents  with  IBD.7      

Related  Nutrients                    Pa'ents  with  Crohn’s  disease  or  ulcera've  coli's  exhibit  signs  of  decreased  gut  func'on  including  a  decrease  in  the  ability  of  the  gut  to  absorb  nutrients.  Many  that  are  diagnosed  with  IBD  also  report  decreased  food  intake  due  to  the  fear  of  later  symptoms  and  consequently  the    majority  of  pa'ents  with  IBD  are  malnourished.3  Studies  have  shown  pa'ents  with  IBD  are  commonly  deficient  in  vitamin  A,  vitamin  E,  thiamin,  riboflavin,  folic  acid,  iron,  calcium  and  zinc.3  There  is  no  correla'on  between  the  severity  of  deficiencies  and  dura'on  of  disease;  all  IBD  pa'ents  exhibit  deficiencies.  3,8                It  is  important  for  pa'ents  with  IBD  to  eat  a  well-­‐balanced,  healthful  diet  to  receive  as  many  vital  nutrients  as  possible.  It  is  also  recommended  for  those  suffering  with  IBD  to  take  supplements  of  vitamin  A,  E,  and  C.  A  study  has  shown  that  with  supplementa'on  of  vitamin  A  in  the  diet,  diarrhea  in  pa'ents  nearly  subsided.  Vitamin  E  and  C  were  given  to  pa'ents  with  high  oxida've  stress  and  it  helped  to  improve  their  status  and  decrease  the  stress.3,6  

Applica+ons                    In  order  for  a  microorganism  to  be  classified  as  a  probio'c,  it  must  undergo  strict  and  specific  func'onal  tes'ng  to  ensure  the  beneficial  effects  and  promote  increased  health,  treatment,  or  preven'on  of  specific  diseases  including  Crohn's  and  ulcera've  coli's.  2  Probio'cs  such  as  Lactobacillus  helve7cus,  and  Escherichia  coli  strain  Nissle  1917,  have  the  poten'al  to  minimize  signs  and  symptoms  in  

those  suffering  with  IBD,  because  the  gut  microbiome  has  been  proven  to  be  one  of  the  most  adaptable  and  modifiable  organs  of  the  body.  9,  10  

Conclusion          Inflammatory  Bowel  Disease  can  be  a  very  debilita'ng  disease  that  affects  a  large  amount  of  the  popula'on.  While  medica'ons  have  been  developed  to  help  control  the  signs  and  symptoms  of  IBD,  probio'cs  have  been  proven  to  aid  in  the  healing  process  of  the  gut.  Probio'cs  help  limit  future  onsets  of  inflamma'on  and  painful  effects  of  the  disease  such  as  cons'pa'on,  diarrhea  and  malabsorp'on.      

Acknowledgments    A  special  thanks  to  Dr.  Tiffany  Weir  and  Graduate  Mentor  Tessa  Komine.    

References  1.  Viladomiu  M,  Hontecillas  R,  Yuan  L,  Lu  P,  Bassaganya-­‐Riera  J.  Nutri'onal  protec've  mechanisms  

against  gut  inflamma'on.  J  Nutr  Biochem.2013  June;  24(6):  929-­‐939.  doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.01.006.    

2.  Head  K,  Jurenka  J.  Inflammatory  Bowel  Disease  Part  I:  Ulcera've  Coli's  –  Pathophysiology  and  Conven'onal  and  Alterna've  Treatment  Op'ons.  Alterna7ve  Medicine  Review  [serial  online].  August  2003;8(3):247-­‐283.  Available  from:  Academic  Search  Premier,  Ipswich,  MA.  Accessed  October  13,  2015.  

3.  Head  K,  Jurenka  J.  Inflammatory  Bowel  Disease  Part  II:  Crohn's  Disease  –  Pathophysiology  and  Conven'onal  and  Alterna've  Treatment  Op'ons.  Alterna7ve  Medicine  Review  [serial  online].  December  2004;9(4):360-­‐401.  Available  from:  Academic  Search  Premier,  Ipswich,  MA.  Accessed  October  13,  2015.  

4.  Strisciuglio  C,  Miele  E,  Giugliano  F,  Vitale  S,  Andreozzi  M,  Vitale  A,  Catania  M,  Staiano  A,  Troncone  R,  Cianfrani  C.  Bifidobacteria  Enhance  An'gen  Sampling  and  Processing  by  Dendri'c  Cells  in  Pediatric  Inflammatory  Bowel  Disease.Inflamm  Bowel  Dis.2015;  21(7):  1491-­‐1498  DOI:  10.1097/MIB.0000000000000389  

5.  Kaplan  GG.  The  global  burden  of  IBD:  from  2015  to  2016.  Nat  Rev  Gastroenterol  Hepatol.  2015  Sep  1.  doi:  10.1038/nrgastro.2015.150  

6.  Orel  R,  Kamhi  Trop  T.  Intes'nal  microbiota,  probio'cs  and  prebio'cs  in  inflammatory  bowel    disease.  World  Journal  of  Gastroenterology :  WJG.  2014;20(33):11505-­‐11524.  doi:

10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11505.    7.  Rong  J,  Zheng  H,  Liu  M,  et  al.  Probio'c  and  an'-­‐inflammatory  aZributes  of  an  isolate  Lactobacillus  

helve7cus  NS8  from  Mongolian  fermented  koumiss.  BMC  Microbiology.  2015;15:196.  doi:10.1186/s12866-­‐015-­‐0525-­‐2.  

8.  Sullivan  G,  Kelly  P,  O’Halloran  C,  et  al.  Probio'cs:  An  Emerging  Therapy.  Current  Pharmaceu7cal  Design.  2005;  11(1):  3-­‐10.  doi:  10.2174/1381612053382368  

9.  Boudeau  J,  Glasser  AL,  Julien  S,  et  al.  Inhibitory  effect  of  probio'c  Escherichia  coli  strain  Nissle  1917  on  adhesion  to  and  invasion  of  intes'nal  epithelial  cells  by  adherent-­‐invasive  E.  coli  strains  from  isolated  pa'ents  with  Crohn’s  disease.  Alimentary  Pharmacology  and  Therapeu7cs.  2003;  18(1):  45-­‐56.  doi:  10.1046/j.1365-­‐2036.2003.01638.x  

10. Guslandi  M,  Mezi  G,  Sorghi  M,  Testoni  PA.Saccharomyces  boulardii  in  maintenance  treatment  of  Crohn’s  disease.  Diges7ve  Diseases  and  Sciences.  2000;  45  (7):1462-­‐1464.  doi:10.1023/A:1005588911207  

Figure:Ostaff  MJ,  Stange  EF,  Wehkamp  J.  An'microbial  pep'des  and  gut  microbiota  in  homeostasis  and  pathology.  EMBO  Molecular  Medicine.  2013;  5(10):  1465-­‐1483.  Doi:  10.1002/emmm.201201773  hZp://embomolmed.embopress.org/content/5/10/1465#sec-­‐13