poverty – environment mainstreaming in tajikistan

+

POVERTY – ENVIRONMENT MAINSTREAMING IN TAJIKISTAN

TRAINING Seminar

+Outline of the Seminar

Introduction

P-E Mainstreaming and MDGs

Relevance to Tajikistan

P-E Mainstreaming Process

Responsibilities for P-E Mainstreaming

+

INTRODUCTION

+What is Poverty-Environment (P-E) mainstreaming? “The process of integrating poverty-

environment linkages into policy making, budgeting and implementation processes at national, sub-national and sector level. A multi year, multi-stakeholder effort.”

A committed process of change in the culture and practicalities of institution

A means towards economic growth

JAN 2011UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN

+Why is Poverty – Environment (P-E) Mainstreaming necessary? Threat of irreversible damage to world

ecosystems and the goods and services they provide

Economy - Potential to increase economic revenues. Industries particularly affected

Affect on country’s net savings Health – occupational chemical and

household fuels cause up to 80% of diseases reported to World Health Organization

Achievement of MDGs JAN 2011

UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN

Agriculture

Energy

Forestry

Fisheries

Tourism

+Sustainable Development


Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

3 Pillars Social Economic Environmental

+P-E Mainstreaming and MDGs


Goal Poverty-environmental linkages

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• Livelihood strategies and food security of poor households depend directly on ecosystem health and productivity• Poor households often have insecure rights to land, water and natural resources limiting their capability to use environmental resources sustainably• Vulnerability to environmental risks such as floods, droughts makes it hard to get out of poverty

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

• Environmental degradation contributes to an increased burden on women and children reducing the time they have available for education or income-generating activities.• Including the environment within the primary school curriculum can influence the behaviour of young people and their parents• Women often have unequal rights and insecure access to land and natural resources, limiting their opportunities and ability to access productive assets.

+P-E Mainstreaming and MDGs


4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and major diseases

• Water- and sanitation-related diseases and acute respiratory infections are two of the leading causes of under-five child mortality.• Damage to women’s health from indoor air pollution or from carrying heavy loads of water and fuel wood can make women less fit for childbirth and at greater risk of complications during pregnancy.• Malaria is exacerbated by deforestation, loss of biodiversity and poor water management.• Measures to prevent damage to health from environmental causes are often more cost-effective, than treatment of the resulting illnesses.

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

• Integrating principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes can reverse the loss of environmental resources• Loss of biodiversity has grave consequences• Lack of sustainable access to drinking water hinders the capacity of poor people to pull themselves out of poverty

8. Develop a global partnership for development

• Developing countries have special needs for development assistance, including increased capacity to adapt to climate change and to address other environmental challenges, such as water and waste management.

+How is P-E mainstreaming relevant to Tajikistan? More than 70% population live in

rural areas Over 2/3 population depend on

agriculture for livelihoods More than 53% live below poverty

line Only 7% territory suitable for

economic land use Lack of reliable energy supply High vulnerability to natural

disasters Water & food insecurity


General Assessment of Existing situation

District/Jamot Vision Formulation

Situation analysis and Description of Strategies for Main Sectors

(including project design)

Monitoring and evaluation system

Entry Point 1-General Assessment of Current Situation

Entry Point 3- Screening and Environmental Impact

Assessment of Projects

Provision of resources for development program

implementation

Entry Point 2- Objective setting and Environmental Overview

Entry Point 4-Environmental Indicators

Key Entry Points for Environmental Mainstreaming DDP Stages

Poverty-Environment (P-E) Mainstreaming in DDPs

+Roles & responsibilities


Sector working groups

• Submit sector objectives for environmental overview

• Agree environmental indicators with EWG and monitor them

EWG

• Assessment of current situation

• Set environmental objectives

• Environmental overview

• Set and review indicators

Project appraisal committee • Initial

screening of district projects

External EIA team

• Conduct EIA of district projects

+Roles & responsibilities (cont’d)

Committee for Environmental Protection

Act as a champion to mainstream environment at the national and decentralized levels Advocates for development of environmental laws and acts and ensure their implementation

The Oblast hukumat/MEDT

Ensure that recommendations provided by the Environmental Group during the DDP elaboration process have been taken into account before the DDPs are forwarded to the Majlis of People’s Deputies for final approval

Sector ministries Create and implement poverty-environmental objectives and monitor them

National statistics office

Development, refinement of poverty-environment indicatorsCollection of dataCapacity building of data collection

+

REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUATION

+Review of Current Situation


•Environmental Initiative Group (EIG)Performed by

•Review of Current SituationDDP Entry Point

•Screen existing situation for critical environmental issues in the concerned district

Action

•Questions checklistTools

•½ DayDuration

+Current situation review Aim = Preliminary understanding

of critical poverty-environmental linkages

Targeted and brief Part 1 outlines broad

environmental situation Part 2 focuses on environmental

assets and impact on sustainable development


+Question Checklist (Indicative)Part 1 questions

1 What are the main environmental problems in the District, including the main sources of environment pollution (in the air, water, soil)?

2 What are the key pressures on natural resources (including mining, land clearing, illegal logging and poaching) and associated impacts (e.g. pollution from mining, soil erosion, resource depletion, biodiversity losses)?

3 What are the environmental factors affecting migration, health, labour productivity?

4 What is the environmental quality in human settlements, health and education facilities: Waste management (including domestic waste) and sanitation; clean water, air quality (ambient and indoor); exposure to chemicals and heavy metals; occupational health hazards; water-borne diseases?

+Question Checklist continued..Part 1 questions continued

5 Are there environmental causes of malnutrition (e.g. poor soils, over-fishing)?

6 What are the key bio-diversity products?

7 What is the degree of availability of forestlands and protected areas in the District and what is their condition in the recent years (reduction/expansion of forestlands, preserving the biodiversity etc).

8 What is the current environmental monitoring and control system in the district and its effectiveness?Part 2 questions

1 What are the five key environmental assets of the District?

2 How do they contribute to the key sectors (agriculture, industryt, infrastructure)?

3 What is their importance to economic and social development, particularly poverty reduction?

+

ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVE SETTING

+Environmental Objective Setting


•Environmental Initiative Group (EIG)

Performed by

•Situation analysisDDP Entry Point

•Devise a set of environmental objectives for District

Action

•Problem tree, Objective tree, Option Analysis

Tools

•1 DayDuration

+Problem tree


CAUSES

EFFECTS

Focal Problem Problems Goals

Causes objectives/activities

Effects Possible theme for Indicators

+Methods of creating a problem tree Brainstorming (creative/chaotic!)

Brainstorm issues around an unidentified problem

Identify & agree focal problem Sort into causes & effects Cluster & create relationships

Systematic (methodical) Debate & agree focal problem Develop direct causes – ‘but why’ Develop direct effects ‘so what’ Create relationships


+Defining a problem


A problem is not the absence of a solution

but….

an existing negative state

Crops infested with pests

No pesticides available

+Problem tree


CAUSES(But why?)

EFFECTS(So what?)

Inappropriate disposal of

waste

Improper industrial location

Limited public transport network

Poor urban water supply management

Litter on streets

Toxic exhaust fumes from

vehicles

Pollution in settlement

areas

Petty and informal commercial

activities

Improper land use planning

Lack of recycling facilities

Industrial units located in residential

areas

Unregulated disposal of effluent and

gaseous emissions

Health problems for local

populationDecline in

biodiversity

Poor traffic management

High numbers of vehicles on

roads

Poor regulation

Inaccurate data &

information at district level

Weak regulation

and enforcement

Urban pollution (air, water, land)

Damage to natural

ecosystems

Contamination of water sources

FOCAL PROBLEM

+

GROUP EXERCISE 1Turn to the back of the training handbook for details


+Objective tree


Reduced numbers of vehicles on

roads

Possible Objectives

Possible INDICATORS

Theme

Appropriate disposal of

waste

Suitable industrial location

Functional public transport network

Improved urban water

supply management

Litter on streets

Exhaust emissions

levels

Levels of pollution in settlement

areas

Increased formal commercial

activities

Good land use planning

Provision of recycling facilities

Industrial units located on

industrial sitesDisposal of effluent

and gaseous emissions

Health of local population

Biodiversity

Improved traffic

management

Good regulation

Accurate data & information

at district level

Active regulation

and enforcement

Integrated pollution management

Safe water sources

PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE

+



+Options Analysis• Degree of fit with higher plans

• What are others doing?• Comparative advantage and capacity?• Alignment with country priorities?• Risks and assumptions? Who is at

risk?• Feasibility?

Use objective criteria to analyse which objectives ‘root’ to prioritise

CRITERIA Social

TechnicalInstitutional

Economic & FinancialEnvironmental

Reduced numbers of vehicles on

roads

Appropriate disposal of

waste

Suitable industrial location

Functional public transport network

Improved urban water

supply management

Increased formal commercial

activities

Good land use planning

Provision of recycling facilities

Improved traffic

management

Good regulation

Accurate data & information

at district level

Active regulation

and enforcement

Integrated urban pollution management

Green = priority objectives

Red = low priority objectives

+



+

ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW

+Environmental Overview


•Environmental Initiative Group (EIG)Performed by

•Situation analysisDDP Entry Point

•Review the objectives of other sector working groups in the District for environmental consequences

Action

•Question checklistTools

•1 DayDuration

+Environmental Overview Rapid environmental

assessment tool used in formulation stage of policies and projects

Flags environmental constraints and opportunities

Stimulates additional dialogue with sectors

Indicates any need for additional environmental screening later on


+Environmental Overview checklist


1 What are the environmental conditions that the sector operates in?

2 What are the environmental issues that affect the sector? 3 Do the plan projects/activities address the environmental

causes of major sector specific development problems, as identified by the EIG?

4 Are the strategies environmentally sound? 5 Are there alternatives that produce better environmental

impact with the same level of effectiveness? 6 Do the proposed sector indicators adequately reflect the

environmental concerns?

+The process


DRAFT• Programme, plan,

project, objectives, strategy, policy etc..

ENIVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW• Prepared by EIG

REDRAFT• Including

modifications suggested in environmental overview

+



+

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

+Environmental Indicators


•Environmental Initiaitve Group (EIG)

Performed by

•Monitoring and evaluation systemDDP Entry Point

•1) Select indicators for environmental sector 2) propose indicators for other sectors

Action

•Suggested list of indicatorsTools

•½ DayDuration

+Environmental Indicators Measure progress of a proposal against

environmental objectives Essential at an early stage Collaborative process Indicators show how to measure change

from the current baseline Targets are set to be achieved within a

deadline by a designated party. Milestones measure progress along the

way


“If you can’t measure it you can’t manage it!”

+How to create indicators


STEP 1: Write simple indicators.

STEP 2: Clarify indicators with quantity/quality. Location specific & disaggregated.

STEP 3: Consider baseline. Is current situation known? Can information be gathered? If no, reject indicator.

STEP 4: Set milestones and targets

STEP 5: Check indicators are SMART

+Example indicators


AGRICULTURE:HEALTH & EDUCATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

INDUSTRY

ECONOMY

• intensity of land use• % land area at risk of

desertification

• Environment in curriculum• Morbidity rate in

environmental diseases• % energy from renewable

sources• Proportion of population with

access to safe water• Number of companies with

env management plans• Tourists visiting protected

areas• Value of environmental

resources• % territory surface under

protection categories

+



+

ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING OF DISTRICT/JAMOAT PROJECTS

+Environmental Screening of District Projects


•Sector Working Groups/EIG then District Development Project Approval Committee & Trust Fund Committee

Performed by

•After situation analysis and preparing project proposalsDDP Entry

Point•Screen District projects for requirement to have EIAAction

•Environmental screening checklistTools

•1 DayDuration

+Environmental Screening of District Projects Initial screening to decide whether

proposals require an environmental impact assessment

Important to be aware of National Legislation regarding EIA

Simple question process If yes to any questions an EIA is

required Even small projects may have

significant environmental impactJAN 2011

UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN

Would the proposed project result in the conversion or degradation of modified, natural habitat or critical habitat? Would the proposed project result in the conversion or degradation of modified,

natural habitat or critical habitat?

Will the proposed project adversely impact people and communities, including indigenous peoples, ability to use, develop and protect natural resources and other natural capital assets?

Will the life-supporting capacities of air, water and soil ecosystems be adversely impacted?

Is there a potential for the release of hazardous materials resulting from their production,transportation, handling, storage and use for project activities?

Will the proposed project involve pest management activities, including the applicationof pesticides?

Would there be any risk of accidents during construction or operation of the project whichcould affect human health or the environment?

Will the proposed project result in CO2 emissions greater than 100,000 tons per year(from both direct and indirect sources)?

Would the proposed project result in the generation of solid waste that cannot be recovered, reused, or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner?

+

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

+Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)


•Investor / entity responsible for project proposal elaboration itselfPerformed

by

•After situation analysis and preparing project proposalsDDP Entry

Point

•Submit proposals after conducting screening of projects

Action

•EIATools

+What is an EIA? Systematic identification and

evaluation of potential environmental impact of proposed projects etc..

Supports informed decision making

Conducted by specialists


+Objectives of EIA


• Improve environmental design of project

• Ensure resources used efficiently• Identify mitigation measures• Facilitate informed decision

making

SHORT

TERM• Protect human health and safety• Avoid irreversible changes and

serious damage to environment• Safeguard valued resources,

ecosystems & natural areas• Enhance social aspects of

proposal

LONG TERM

+The EIA Process


Proposal identification

Screening

Scoping

Environmental Statement

Review

Decision making

Impact analysis

Mitigation measures

Public involvement

Implementation & follow up

+Step 1: Proposal identification

Financial overview (indicative costing by components),

Estimated project costs and benefits, Proposed project financing –

Debt/internal funding, Impact on jobs and growth, Environmental impact, Potential risk and mitigation strategy.


For every new project a brief must be submitted including: Project description and options to be considered for

meeting the project’s objectives, Assessment of the local context and how it will add

value to the identified population to be affected,

+Step 2: Screening Aimed to determine the level of EIA required Screening will have 1 of 4 results


No environmenta

l impact

No further level of EIA

required

Limited environmental

impact

More limited EIA required

(preliminary assessment)

Potential environmental

impact

Further study required to

determine EIA level

Significant adverse

environmental impact

Full & comprehensive

EIA required

+Step 3: Scoping Process of determining major issues and

impacts for EIA Identifies:

Important issues to be considered Appropriate time and space boundaries Information necessary for decision making Significant effects & factors to be

considered in detail May overlap with Screening process. Often involves stakeholders


+Step 4: Impact Analysis Aim is to take account of all important

projects impacts, making nothing is omitted


Many different methods available to conduct impact analysis:

Technical exercise using physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural data

Logical and systematic approach Conducted by specialists Process begins during screening

and continues through scoping Predicts size and characteristics

of important impacts Preferable to predict impacts

quantitatively, ratings often used

Checklists

Matrices

Networks

Expert systems

Professional judgment

+Step 5: Mitigation measures

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is written at this stage

EMP translates recommended mitigation and monitoring measures into specific actions

EMP contains commitments that are binding to the project and can form basis of a legal contract


+Step 6: Environmental Statement A decision document, necessary for

developers, decision makers and stakeholders

Objectives of EIA statement To enable the developer to plan, design and

implement mitigation measures & to maximise social benefits from a proposed project.

For the decision-makers to objectively evaluate the proposed project.

To provide information to stakeholders for comment


+Step 7: Review


Aim is to ensure the completeness and quality of EIA

Review performed by an independent committee Public consultation important at this stage Any deficiencies must be addressed before final

report can be submitted

+Step 8: Decision making


Documents submitted to the Authority and reviewed by decision making

committees

If approved

EIA CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORIZATION

+Step 9: Implementation & Review


Monitoring process to follow up on implementation of EIA recommendations performed during construction and operation phases of projectObjectives: Confirm conditions of project approval are

implemented satisfactorily; Verify that impacts are within predicted or

permitted limits; Take action to manage unanticipated impacts

or other unforeseen changes; Ensure environmental benefits are maximized

through good practice Learn from experience in order to improve EIA

process and practice.

+

QUESTIONS

poverty – environment mainstreaming in tajikistan

Documents

undpunep pe

environmental causes

environmental risks

environmental sustainability

tajikistan development

povertyenvironment linkages

major diseases water

poor water management