powerpoint presentationconferences.illinois.edu/bcs50/pdf/giaever.pdf · title: powerpoint...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Discovery of Superconducting Tunneling
How it all began………
Ivar Giaever Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
and Applied BioPhysics, Inc.
Troy NY 12180-3590
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Kingdom of Norway
~ 4.5 Million people
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I am a mechanical engineer from Norwegian Institute of Technology (1952)
Trondheim, Norway
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LUCK IS A NECCESSARY INGREDIENT
I was not a good student in Norway and received 4.0 in both Physics and Mathematics.
In Norway 1.0 is the best grade, 4.0 is barely passing, and 6.0 is failing, in USA on the other hand, 4.0 is the best grade you can get
How a mechanical engineer ended up with the Nobel Prize in physics
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GE’s Research Laboratory About 800 Ph.Ds
GE recruiter: I see you have 4.0 in both physics and math, you must have been a good student!!
GE Global Resaerch Laboratory Niskayuna NY
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John C. Fisher, my mentor at GE, told me about tunneling, but since I was unfamiliar with quantum mechanics, I did not believe a word of it. .
Principle of Tunneling
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How do you space two metals less than 5 nm appart?
Dr. Fisher referred to my attempts as miracles..
…because different from science, miracles only happens once!
I tried many different approaches, such as Langmuir films, mercury electrodes etc. but the current-voltage characteristics were non reproducible
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Inovating research often requires that you build your own apparatus
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A Vacuum Evaporator
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The making of a tunnel junction
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Current was proportional with area
Current was (almost) independent of temperature
Al-Al2 O3 -Al Tunnel Junction
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My lab at General Electric in 1973
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I gave a seminar at GE, the audience clapped politely.
Several questions came up: How do you know the results are not due to semi-conducting, ionic-conducting, small metal bridges etc.
This challenged me!
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Rensselear Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
Studied quantum mechanics and physics
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In his class I got the IDEA that I could measure the energy gap using tunneling.
Always go to class, you never know what you might miss and the payoff is sometimes BIG
Professor Huntington lectured about superconductivity, the BCS theory and the energygap
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The Big Idea
But how big was the gap?
Walter A. Harrison
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The First Superconducting Tunneling Experiment
Copper wires
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Charles P. Bean
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The Crucial Experiment
It is VERY important to try to prove yourself wrong; if the experiment is important other scientists certainly would do so.
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Explaining my result to 3 real physicists and helpful friends: Harrison, Bean and Fisher
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But what about 2 superconductors?
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Just as predicted!
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Schmitt, Giaever, Bardeen and Bean
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An experimentalist’s dream is to disprove a famous theory
Simple theory predict exponential approach to 1.0Bumps
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What I missed……
Now known as the Josephson Effect
1 No magnetic field
2. & 3. Moderate and high magnetic field
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What IS the Josephson Effect?
AC effect: With an applied voltage, V, across the insulating layer, the junction would radiate at a frequency of 2eV/h
DC effect: Supercurrent can flow through insulating layers with no resistance
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Photon changes the energy of the electron before tunneling
Photon changes the energy of the electron during tunneling
Photon Assisted Tunneling
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Sn/SnO/Sn
Junction 0.30 K
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High frequency
Low frequency
Phys.Rev.Lett 246-248 1962
Dayem & Martin
Junction as a detector
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Thin Oxide Generator
Thick Oxide Detector
Cross section
Top View
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Note the high current in the generator compared to the detector
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be curious
be competitive
be creative
be stubborn
be self confident
be skeptical
be patient
And above all you must
be LUCKY
To receive a Nobel Medal you must: