ppt on water

Natural Treasures of Europe

Water- from Gerês to our homes


European ComissionOne Earth to protect

Janez Potočnik is the Member of the EC in charge of Environment

I´m water


Drinking water

(superficial fresh waters, fresh groundwater, table water and supply waters …)

Water categories


pHHardnessAlkalinity(free) carbon dioxideChloride ionsOrganic matter Mineralization….

Chemical parameters:


Hardness of waterCharacteristic related with the presence of calcium and magnesium cations. Temporary hardness – due to the presence of calcium and magnesium hydrogen carbonates . (can be eliminated by boiling the water)

Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) CO2 (g) + CaCO3 (s) + H2O (g) Permanent hardness – due to the presence of sulfates, chloride ions or other salts ( calcium and magnesium ) which don’t decompose by heating. Total hardness – it considers the effect of all magnesium and calcium salts.


..Água Serra do GerêsÀgua do Rio Cávado

..Água do Luso- cruzeiro

Água da serra de Monchique

Soft water

Hard water

Hard water

Medium hard water

Water hardness in Portugal (continent)


unit Symbol equivalency

American degree USº 1 USº = 1 ppm CaCO3= 1mg/ L CaCO3

German degree ºG 1 ºG = 10 mg/ L CaO

French degree ºF 1 ºF = 10 mg / L CaCO3

Water hardness can be expressed in several units

Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora


Classification of water hardness :

Levels of water hardness Total hardness ( mg / L de CaCO3

soft Below 75

Moderately hard From 75 to 150

Hard From 150 to 300

Very hard Over 300

Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora


Some signs of Hard Water in our homes

Increased difficulty in laundering tasksDecreased efficiency of water heatersSoap scum on bathtubs…Accumulation of deposits in tubes, pans …

http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/residents/water_hardness.aspx


water cycle


In Gerês, Fastio is the most famous spring water, known since the beginning of the 20th century for its diuretic and digestive properties, which are due to hypo salinity (low content of mineral salts), high content of silica and a slightly sweet and acid flavour.

The unique characteristics of the Fastio Waters are a result of the fact that it circulates in deep profundity, through the so called Terras de Bouro Granite, before it springs out naturally. This type of granite is exclusive of this rainy and mountainous part of Portugal. This singularity was recognized because it only exists in the Peneda - Gerês National Park

Report on mineral natural waters and spring waters


http://www.dct.uminho.pt/pnpg/geol/hidrografia/redehidro.html

Hydrographic Net in Gerês


Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Dams and Rivers


Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Homem and Cávado Rivers


Treatment of water for domestic use in Braga: Agere (water treatment plant), Braga


Agere (water treatment plant), Braga


http://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/water_quality/?ContentID=5


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ppt on water

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