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SCOPE

INTRODUCTION.

AIM.

CNS FACILITIES.

COMMUNICATION FACILITIES.

NAVIGATION FACILITIES.

SURVEILLANCE FACILITIES.

SECURITY EQUIPMENTS.

3

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To get acquainted with COMMUNICATION

NAVIGATIONAL & SURVILLANCEAIDS IN AIRPORTS

AUTHORITY ON INDIA.

AIM

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INTRODUCTION

Aviation is a global phenomenon and every state/country has

certain responsibility within its jurisdiction pertaining to Civil

Aviation.

The National Airport Authority, a government of India

undertaking, for planning, development and management of

Air Traffic Control and Communication, Navigation and

Surveillance Services over Indian air space, has to lookbeyond technical innovation to meet these challenges.

CATC has been created, since1948, to meet that objective.

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INTRODUCTION

CNS/ATM was endorsed by the member states of ICAO in

1991. It should be in full operation by 2010.

CNS / ATM is going to change the way pilots and controllers

communicate .Communication will be based on data link

(digital data) .Voice communication will be used as backup

and will gradually becomes less important.

Data based communication has many advantages over voice

communication especially on oceanic routes and over

continental land mass where there are few navigational aids.

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INTRODUCTION

CNS technologies and ATM procedures are evolving in many

important ways. professionals need to understand emerging

CNS technologies and associated ATM improvements and

how they impact airport and airspace operations.

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CIVIL AVIATION SET UP IN INDIA

Ministry of CivilAviation

DirectorGeneral of

CivilAviation

CivilAviation

Department

FlyingClubs

Bureauof CivilAviationSecurity

AirportsAuthorityof India

PrivateAirports

Airlines

Air IndiaAirTaxi

PrivateAirlines

IndiraGandhiRastriya

UranAcademy

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CNS FACILITIES

Communication Facilities.

Navigation Facilities.

Surveillance Facilities.

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COMMUNICATION

Communication refers to sending, receiving and processing of

information by electronic means.

COMMUNICATION

GROUND TO AIR GROUND TO GROUND

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COMMUNICATION FACILITIES

Communication Facilities:

VHF air to ground voice communication facilities.

Digital Voice Tape Recorder.

Dedicated Satellite Communication Network.

Voice Communication System.

Automatic Message Switching System.

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VHF AIR TO GROUND VOICECOMMUNICATION

The electromagnetic waves whose frequency is with in the

band 30MHz to 300MHz are defined as Very High Frequency

(VHF) radio waves. VHF communication is particularlysuitable for mobile applications, as these frequencies are not

affected by atmospheric noise.

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VHF TRANSMITTERS

A transmitter uses an oscillator to produce the desired radio

frequency current. Crystal-Controlled oscillators are normally

employed to provide better frequency stability. Thinner the

crystal, higher will be the operating frequency.

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VHF TRANSMITTER

S.NO Description Function

1 LEDs (green, red) PSU module status

2 LEDs (green, red) TX/PA modulestatus

3LEDs (green, red,

yellow)BB module status

4 LCD Display 2x10digits

Display on ControlPanel

5 Switch ON/OFF AC switch

6 Switch ON/OFF DC switch

7 Mini-DIN 8-pinconnector

Test connector.

8 RP17 Headset/Microphoneconnector.

9 Four control keys Keyboard onControl Panel

The DT100 equipment canoperate in the 108 to 156 MHzfrequency band.

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OPERATING STATES

ON Line state :If the AF line port, located onto the ALB-x

rear panel, is used to manage the AF + signaling connection

OFF line state :if the microphone connector, located onto the

control panel front side, is used to manage the AF+ signaling

connection

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VHF RECEVIER

The VHF RX has the function of selecting the desired signal atvhf frequencies from all the other unwanted signals,

amplifying and demodulating it, and reproducing it in the

actual shape / desired manner.

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VHF RECEIVER

S.NO Description Function

1 LEDs (green, red) RX module status

2 LEDs (green, red,yellow)

BB module status

3 LCD Display 2x10digits

Display on ControlPanel

4 Mini-DIN 8-pinconnector

Test connector

5 RP17 Headset/Microphone connector

6 Four control keys Keyboard on

Control Panel

The DR100 equipment can operatein the 108 to 156 MHz frequencyband.

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OPERATING STATES

ON Line state if the AF line port, located onto the ALB-S rear

panel, is used to manage the AF + signaling connection.

OFF Line state if the Microphone connector, located onto the

Control Panel front side, is used to manage the AF+ signaling

connection

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DIGITAL VOICE TAPE

RECORDER

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DVTR

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DVTR

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DSCN

D- DEDICATED

S- SATELLITE

C- COMMUNICATION

N- NETWORK

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PURPOSE OF DSCN

TO PROVIDE SECURITY.

TO REDUCE MANPOWER.

IT IS ECONOMICAL.

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VOICE COMMUNICATIONSYSTEM

Voice communication system is a switching system which

connects the various Air traffic controller positions to various

Air-to-ground and Ground-to-ground communication systems.

Voice switching and routing between the (A/G and G/G)

communication systems and air traffic controller working

positions is done using advanced microprocessor and DSPs

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VCS

SYSTEM

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AMSS

AMSS stands for Automatic Message Switching System.

The AMSS works on the principle ofStore and Forward.

The AFTN (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network )

is a works wide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided

for the exchange of massages and or digital data between

aeronautical fixed stations.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ECIL AMSS

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NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

Navigation is the 'ART' of determining the position of an

aircraft over earth's surface and guiding its progress from one

place to another.

To accomplish this ART, some sort of 'aids' are required by

the PILOTS.

In the twentieth century, electronics also entered in the

Aviation field. Direction finders and other navigational aids

enabled the navigators to obtain 'Fixes' using electronic aids

only. Hence such aids became more and more popular and

came into extensive use.

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NAVIGATION FACILITIES

Navigation Facilities:

VHF Omni-range (VOR).

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).

Instrument Landing System (ILS).

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VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL

RANGE (VOR)

* It is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. VORs

broadcast a VHF radio signal encoding both the identity of the

station and the angle to it, telling the pilot in what direction he

lies from the VOR station, referred to as the radial.

* It operates in the VHF band of 112-118 MHz, used as a

medium to short range Radio Navigational aid. It works on the

principle of phase comparison of two 30 Hz signals

* There are two types of VOR, namely, conventional VOR (C-

VOR) and Doppler VOR (D-VOR).

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PURPOSES OF VOR

* The main purpose of the VOR is to provide the navigational

signals for an aircraft receiver, which will allow the pilot to

determine the bearing of the aircraft to a VOR facility.

* VOR enables the Air Traffic Controllers in the Area Control

Radar (ARSR) and ASR for identifying the aircraft in their

scopes easily. They can monitor whether aircraft are following

the radials correctly or not.

* VOR located outside the airfield on the extended Centre line

of the runway would be useful for the aircraft for making a

straight VOR approach.

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PURPOSE OF VOR

* VOR located enroute would be useful for air traffic 'to

maintain their PDRS (PRE DETERMINED ROUTES) and are

also used as reporting points.

* VORs located at radial distance of about 40 miles in different

directions around an International Airport can be used as

holding VORs for regulating the aircraft for their landing in

quickest time.

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DISTANCE MEASURINGEQUIPMENT

Distance Measuring Equipment is a vital navigational Aid,

which provides a pilot with visual information regarding his

position (distance) relative to the ground based DME station.

The facility even though possible to locate independently,

normally it is collocated with either VOR or ILS.

The DME can be used with terminal VOR and holding VORalso.

DME can be used with the ILS in an Airport; normally it is

collocated with the Glide path component of ILS.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DME

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DMESYSTEM

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MODES OF OPERATION

SEARCH MODE:

The Search mode is automatically established whenever the

airborne equipment is tuned to a new DME groundTransponder

When the aircraft's transmitter is in Search mode, it transmits

interrogations at a higher rate (about 150 interrogations persecond). When the aircraft receives at least 65% replies to its

interrogations Lock-on will be established.

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MODES OF OPERATION

TRACK MODE:

The transmitter changes to the Track mode of operation. This

process may take up to 30 seconds. Only when this is

achieved, the cockpit readout of the DME range is turned on.

In the Track mode the aircraft's interrogation rate reduces

considerably (about 30 interrogations per second). The

reduced interrogation rate of transmission in the track mode

will allow more aircraft to use the DME station.

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APPLICATION OF DME

Provide continuous navigation fix (in conjunction with VOR).

Permit the use of multiple routes on common system of

airways to resolve traffic.

Permit distance separation instead of time separation between

aircraft occupying the same altitude facilitating reduced

separation thereby increasing the aircraft handling capacity.

Provide DME distance in lieu of fan marker beacons and radio

range intersections in connection with instrument approaches

and holding operations respectively.

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INSTRUMENT LANDINGSYSTEM

The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides a means for

safe landing of aircraft at airports under conditions of low

ceilings and limited visibility.

The use of the system materially reduces interruptions of

service at airports resulting from bad weather by allowing

operations to continue at lower weather minimums.

The ILS also increases the traffic handling capacity of the

airport under all weather conditions.

INSTRUMENT LANDING

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INSTRUMENT LANDINGSYSTEM

The function of an ILS is to provide the PILOT or

AUTOPILOT of a landing aircraft with the guidance to and

along the surface of the runway.

This guidance must be of very high integrity to ensure that

each landing has a very high probability of success.

The basic philosophy of ILS is that ground installations,located in the vicinity of the runway, transmit coded signals in

such a manner that pilot is given information indicating

position of the aircraft with respect to correct approach path.

INSTRUMENT LANDING

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INSTRUMENT LANDINGSYSTEM

The three parameters which are essential for a safe landing are:

1. Azimuth Approach Guidance.

2. Elevation Approach Guidance.

3. Range from the touch down point.

These are provided to the pilot by the three components of the

ILS :

1. Localizer.

2. Glide Path and Marker Beacons.

ILS COMPONENTS

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ILS COMPONENTS

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SURVILLANCE

The act of watching or

monitoring the behavior

activities, or other changinginformation.

Surveillance may be

applied to observation froma distance by means of

electronic equipment.

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SURVEILLANCE FACILITIES

Surveillance Facilities:

Primary surveillance radar.

Secondary surveillance radar.

Surface movement radar.

Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS).

Human machine interface system, including tower

consoles, ATS.

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RADAR

Radars are employed throughout the

world for the purpose of safely

controlling air traffic en-route and in

the vicinity of airports.

Aircraft as well as vehicular traffic at

large airports are monitored by means

of high-resolution radar.

Radar has also been used to guide

aircraft to a safe landing in bad

weather.

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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

This is a system rendered between the Air Traffic Control

Institutions and the aircraft to secure the safety and the

mobility of aircraft by providing ground navigation or advice,

information about aircraft and the airport weather condition.

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SECURITY EQUIPMENT

HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR.

DOOR FRAME METAL DETECTOR.

X-RAY BAGGAGE INSPECTION SYSTEM.

EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTOR.

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HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR

It is used to find the particular

part of the body at which any

metal or other related particle is

there.

It operates with chargeablebattery system.

DOOR FRAME METAL

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DOOR FRAME METAL

DETECTOR.

Every passengers has to go

through this frame when any

metal particle is possessed by

passengers.

It gives indication with both

visual and audio aid.

X RAY BAGGAGE INSPECTION

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X-RAY BAGGAGE INSPECTION

SYSTEM

This system has a single X-ray source sending out X-

rays, typically in the range of 140 to 160 kilovolt peak

(KVP). KVP refers to the amount of penetration an X-

ray makes. The higher the KVP, the further the X-ray

penetrates.

After the X-rays pass through the item, they are picked

up by a detector. This detector then passes the X-rays on

to a filter, which blocks out the lower-energy X-rays.

The remaining high-energy X-rays hit a second

detector. A computer circuit compares the pick-ups of

the two detectors to better represent low-energy objects,

such as most organic materials.

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X-RAY BIS

EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTOR

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EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTOR

Narcotic/Explosive Detector is used to detect thepresence of any narcotics or explosive materials.

It works on the principle of Ion-Mobility Spectrography.

warm up period is 30 minutes.

Maintenance required once in a month.

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