pregnancy & fetal development. preparing for pregnancy list at least 10 things people need to...
TRANSCRIPT
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Preparing for Pregnancy
List at least 10 things people need to consider and plan for before having a baby.
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Preconception Checklist
Get a complete physicalDiscuss any medical conditionsBe blood-tested for immunityReview job-related hazardsGet a prescription for prenatal vitaminsAssess your eating habitsCut back on caffeine
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Have an exercise program Make sure you have medical coverage Be sure your insurance will cover the costs Determine financial needs Find out about company maternal/paternal leave
plans Stop using alcohol, drugs, and nicotine Sleep! Minimize stress Address relationship issues Discuss expectations (care-giving roles, day care,
household duties, etc.)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0ZuCilCu3E
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Beginning of Menstrual Cycle
• One hormone triggers another starts cycle
• multiple hormones at work – not just estrogen and progesterone.
• Day one: menstruation starts
• Ova starts to mature: hormone activated
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Fertile Time • Ova releases: hormone
induced – ovulation around day 14
• Vaginal mucus: changes in thickness - called leucorrhea.
• Sperm cells: live up to five days in the female reproductive tract
• Unfertilized egg lives only 24 hours after release
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End of Menstrual Cycle
• After ovulation: uterine lining becomes thicker for fertilized ova implantation
• If ova unfertilized: estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the lining sheds (menstruation)
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Sperm Facts• Men produce sperm throughout life• Discovered in 1677 by a Dutchman• About 200 million every ejaculation• Affected by diet• About 1/3 not deformed• Fertilization process discovered 1879• Y sperm swim faster but die more quickly• X sperm are slower but live longer
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Ova Facts• Female fetus has all fully-formed ova
she’ll ever have• Born with over a million; down to 300,000
by puberty; down to 30,000 by 30• Largest single cell in female’s body• 15,000 sperm make up size of ovum• Smoking can decrease ova by half
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Ovum and Sperm Meet
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Quick Quiz
List at least five things you learned about ovulation and/or conception.
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Gestation – The period from conception to birth
• Equal thirds of the gestation period– First trimester - months 1 to 3– Second trimester - months 4 to 6– Third trimester - months 7 to 9
Group Activity
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Signs You Might Be Pregnant• Swollen and tender breasts• Frequent urination• Fatigue• Nausea or vomiting• Food aversions• Sensitivity to smells• Physical changes• Shortness of breath: need more oxygen• Missed menstrual cycle
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Terms to Know• Zygote: Fertilized egg• Morula: Cell division after 4
days • Blastocyst: Ready for
implantation in the uterus• Embryo: Implantation to 8
weeks• Fetus: From 8 weeks to birth
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Terms• Placenta - organ formed on the uterine
wall– fetus receives oxygen and nutrients– waste products are removed
• HCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin - hormone secreted by the placenta– detected in pregnancy tests
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Terms• Umbilical cord
– the tube connecting the fetus to the placenta• Amniotic fluid
– the watery fluid surrounding a developing fetus in the uterus
• Prenatal– Before birth
• Critical periods – Times during pregnancy when important
growth occurs
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Graphic Organizer Trimester Mom Fetus
1st
Month 1
Month 2
(etc.)
You will have one for every trimester.http://www.parents.com/videos/fetal-development.htm
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1st Trimester: 1st Month• 1/10 of an inch
long. • The heart, which is
no larger than a poppy seed, is beating
• Arm and leg bumps form
• http://www.parents.com/videos/fetal-development.htm
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First Month
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1st Trimester: 2nd Month
• ¼ to 1 inch long• Bones begin to form• Heart divided into
right and left chambers.
• Rapid brain development
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Two Months
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1st Trimester: 3rd Month
• 1 inch long• Nostrils, mouth, lips,
teeth buds and eyelids form
• Fingers and toes are almost complete
• All organs are present
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1st Trimester:What’s Happening to Mom?
• Large increase in levels of hormones• Breasts swell and tingle: development
of mammary glands• Frequent urination• Morning sickness• Vaginal discharges may increase• Feelings of fatigue and sleepiness
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2nd Trimester: 4th Month
• 3 inches long• Can suck thumb,
swallow and hiccup• Facial features
become clear• May begin to kick
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4 months
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2nd Trimester: 5th Month • About 6 ½ to 7
inches• Weighs about 4-5
ounces• Hair, eyelashes and
eyebrows appear• Fetus becomes more
active.
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2nd Trimester: 6th Month
• Now about 8 – 10 inches and 8-12 ounces
• Fat is deposited under skin, but fetus still looks wrinkled
• Breathing movements begin
• If you talk or sing, he or she can hear you.
• Baby is covered with downy hair called lanugo and a waxy substance called vernix
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6 Months
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2nd Trimester: What’s Happening to Mom?
• Morning sickness disappears• Constipation and nosebleeds
sometimes occur• Edema - water retention and swelling• Colostrum may come out of the
nipple• Heartburn
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3rd Trimester: 7th Month
• 10-12 inches long, weighs 1 ½ to 2 pounds
• Begins pattern of rest and activity
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3rd Trimester: 8th Month• Rapid weight gain –
about half a pound per week
• About 2 ½ to 3 pounds• May react to loud
noises with jerking reflex motions
• probably turned head-down in preparation for birth
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3rd Trimester: 9th Month• hefty 6 to 9 pounds and
between 19 and 22 inches• crowding makes baby
move around less• Skin becomes smooth as
fat deposits increase• baby acquires disease-
fighting antibodies from mom’s blood
• descends into pelvis ready for birth
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3rd Trimester: What’s happening with Mom?• Breasts get ready to produce milk• Braxton-Hicks: False labor where the
uterus tightens and releases. (Rehearsal for labor – starts after 20th week)
• Frequent urination
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Anatomy of the Breast
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Things to watch for• Pre-eclampsia:
–Pregnancy related form of high blood pressure causing swelling, weight gain and possibly organ damage
• Eclampsia: –Late stages of pregnancy related form
of high blood pressure causing convulsions or coma
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Trimester/Months # of phrases # for mom
1st trimesterMonth 1
3 6
Month 2 4Month 3 4
2nd trimesterMonth 4
4 5
Month 5 4Month 6 5
3rd TrimesterMonth 7
2 3
Month 8 4Month 9 5
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Labor Signs• Lightening:
– Baby drops into pelvis– Lower belly
• Bloody show:– Release of mucus plug from cervix
• Diarrhea• Ruptured membranes
– Amniotic sac breaks– Leaking fluids
• Contractions
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Labor and Delivery• Bradley Method: Natural childbirth using
no drugs• Lamaze Method: Childbirth method using
a particular breathing pattern• LaBoyer Method: Childbirth method
featuring water birth.
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Normal Labor Process – Stage 1
• Regular contraction of uterus muscles• Effacement (thinning of cervix)• Dilation (opening of cervix)• Divided into 3 stages:
– Early first-stage labor (0-5 cm dilation)– Late first-stage labor (5-8 cm dilation)– Transition phase (8-10cm dilation)
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Normal Labor Process – Stage 2
• cervix is fully dilated • urge to push or bear down• crowning
– top of the head is visible• episiotomy may be performed• baby born
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Normal Labor Process – Stage 3
• Placenta detaches uterine wall and is delivered (afterbirth)
• Several contractions may accompany placental expulsion
• Episiotomy and tears are sewn up
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Cesarean Section• A method of delivering a baby surgically
by an incision in the abdomen• Reasons to have a C Section:
– Baby is too large, mother’s pelvis is too small
– Cervix is not dilating
– Umbilical cord prolapses
– Excessive bleeding
– Placenta previa
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Write
• Explain what you know about the placenta.
• Explain the difference between vaginal birth and cesarean birth.
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Normal Weight Gain – 24-30 poundsAverage baby weight at birth 7-8 pounds
Placenta 1-2 pounds
Amniotic fluid 1 ½ - 2 pounds
Increased size of uterus & supporting muscles
2 pounds
Increase in breast tissue 1 pounds
Increase in blood volume 1 ½ - 3 pounds
Increase in fat stores 5 pounds
Increase in body fluids 5-7 pounds
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A Healthy Pregnancy• Regular doctor’s visits for:
– Blood pressure, weight, pulse and respiration
– Pelvic measurements– Urine checks for kidney function– Blood tests (anemia, blood type)– Medical history
• Once a month check-ups until 6th or 7th month, then twice a month, then once a week
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Critical Factor: Nutrition• Protein for growth• Vitamin A for baby’s eyes• B Vitamins to release food energy, build nervous
system, healthy skin• Vitamin C – healthy teeth and gums, material to hold
cells together• Vitamin D – development of strong bones and teeth• Iron – prevents anemia in the mother and helps baby
build blood supply, stores iron for baby’s first months• Calcium & Phosphorus – health bones and teeth• Best sources to get all needs: lean meats, dairy,
whole grains, fruits and vegetables plus prenatal vitamins
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Normal:• Nausea• Sleepiness• Heartburn• Shortness of breath• Varicose veins• Muscle cramps• Lower back pain• Hemorrhoids• Stretch marks
Cause for concern:• Vaginal bleeding• Unusual weight gain• Excessive thirst• Painful urination• Severe abdominal pain• Persistent headaches• Severe vomiting• Fever• Swelling• Blurred vision or dizziness
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Complications
• Molar Pregnancy• Miscarriage• Edema (swelling)• Placenta abruptio• Placenta previa
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Problems with Pregnancy• Miscarriage – natural ending of a pregnancy
before the fetus could possibly survive• Happens in about 20% of pregnancies• Reasons:
– Abnormal implantation– Fetal abnormalities– Chromosome problems– Infections or nutritional deficiencies
• Stillbirth – the natural ending of a pregnancy after 20 weeks
• http://video.pbs.org/video/1841157252/
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“Life’s Greatest Miracle”• After watching the movie, what things
do you understand better about fetal development? Explain with details:
A. 9 or more
B. 7 or 8
C. 5 or 6
D. 4
F. Less than 4 or any amount with no details