第１())ﾘ|プロ・ナトウーラ・ファンド助成成采iili告書（2001）

PreliminaryResearchonRelcasingProgramofthe

Crestedlbis（Mppol1ial]jppol]）

XIYongmeil），LUBaozhongl），ＦＵＷｅｎｋａｉ２），ＳＵＹｕｎｓｈａｎ３）

Ｓｕｍｍａｒｙ

Ｔｌｌｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｕｄｙｗａｓｄｅｓi8nedtotryapossiblereleasetothewildofthecaptive-bredCrestedlbis

(Ｎﾉﾉﾉﾉ)0"/(7〃ﾉﾉﾉﾉﾉＯｊｌ).Aspecialattenlionwaspaidonpreliminary1℃searchaboutreproductionbehaviorofthe

endangeredCrestedlbis・Inbreedingseason,theCrestedIbisincubatedeggsandfeedtheirchicksinturnby

malealldfemaleinthewild・Ｉｎｔｈｃｃａｓｅｏ(captivaledbirds,(heylayeg8sandincubatetheminturninthe

earlyincubationperiod,butincaptivity,theparentstendedlokiⅡthechicksdurmghatchingnotposthatch-

in8Jnthepresentresea１℃hproject,therefore,welriedtoilllroducctllehand-rearedCrestedlbistoakindof

naｔｕｒｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｕｓｉｎ８ｐａｒｅｎｔｓａｎｄｃｈickswhichwerel)1℃viouslyI･aisedbyhandrearin8iMheYangxian

center・Wideran8eo(fli8htcagewasusedforonepairtobevisuallyisolatedfromtheothers,leadingtothe

resultsofsuccessfulpal･entalcareoftheCrestedlbisinthccaptiviIy・Ｗｅｃｒｉ(icallyevaluatetheusefulnessof

thispreliminaryresea1℃ｈｏｎ1℃productionaspartofreinIroductionofthisspecies,suggestingthepossible

propa8ationpost-releaseofthecaptive-bredCrestedlbis

Keywords:Ｃ1℃stedlbis，reproduction，release

1．Introduction

TheCrestedⅡ)iswasformerlyfoundfronltheRussianFarllastsoutMhrou8htheKoreasandIapan

tocentralChina､Ithasbeendecliningdl･amaticaⅡysincellleearly1)artof20lhcentury・Bythelatel970s,it

wasextinctinRussiaandKorea(Yamashina,1977ﾉArchibald,l98UThelastfivebirdsin]apanwerecap-

turedforpossiblecaptivebreedinginl981(Yamashina,1983/Ishii,1999).I-Iowever,asin81eJapaneseCrested

lbissurviveduntilonepairloanedfromChinasuccessfullybredattheSadolbisConservationCenterin

l999(Chikatsuii,1999/FuiiharaandXi,2000a,b)．

InChina,theCrestedlbis(Ｎﾉﾉﾉ/)0ﾉﾉﾉﾛ〃i〃0")haddeclinedtoonlysevenbirds,includingtwobreeding

pairsandthreenestlingbyl981(Liu,1981).SincetheMconservationproiect,whichhasincludedmanage‐

mentofthefree-Iivin8ibispopulationandasortofbasicresearches,startedfromthesevenibises(Liu,1981ノ

Lu川Ｍ９８６＆'999ﾉShi,1990＆1992ﾉTan,1989ﾉXiandFuiihara,2000a,b).Someofthescientificresearches

havebeenconductedusin8accidentallydiedbirds(FallcMﾉ.,2000/ＬｉｕｅＭｌ.,1995/Ｌｉｕｅｆｐ/､,1999ﾉＸｉｅｆｎ/､，

1999ﾉＹａｎｅｆロノ.,1999).Withre8al･dtothisbird,ｔｈｅｌ副IntemationalSymposiumonthisspecieshasbeenheld

atHanzhong,Ｃｈｉｎａｉｎｌ９９９・II1whichmostoftheresearchesontheCrestedlbisandsomeotherrelated

endangeredbirdswerediscussedfromthepointsoffutureprospectsofthiskindofwildlife(ＣａｏｃＭ.,1999ノ

ｌ）

２）

３）

Sh(MlnxiCreslc(ｌ１ｂｉｓＣａＩ〕tivcBrcc(lingCcntcrChiIlaShaanxiWil(l1i化MallagcmcntDcI)arlmclltofForestryMillistry,Chin【lEIwirol]mentClll1ureInsIilutc,Japall

-５９－

Coulter,1999/ＬｉｅＭﾉ.,1999ﾉWang,1992/ＸｉｃｌｐＬ,1999ﾉZhen8,1999).Someofthescientificresearcheso、Iield

observationabouttheibis,includin8generalreviewsofibishavealsobeenreported(CaocM/､,1994/Ｆａｎｃノ

(L1990ﾉFujiharaandXi,2000a,b/Su('MM999/ＬｕｃＭい999ﾉLiu,1999ﾉMac/(71,1999/ToshioTorii,1999ノ

Wang,1999ﾉＹｕ,1991ﾉYoshio,］999/ZhangＣＭ.,1999ﾉZhai,〔Ｗｌ/､,1999)．

Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｌｈｅｒｈａｎｄ,cal)tive-breedinghasbeendifficulｔａＩ１ｄｆｉｌ･stsuccessfullyachievedilll989,with

twochickssurvivedtooneweekinBeijin8Zoo(Li,1991).Anothercaptivepopulationbe8alltobeestab‐

lishedinYangxianlbisBrecdillgCenterinl990byrescuingfewsickandilljuredchicksandaboundede8gｓ

ｉＭｈｅｗｉｌｄ(Ｘｉｃｍ/､,1993/Ｘｉ(?/(『/､,］997).Thebirdssuccess(ullybredsincel995,theloea(tersomepro8ellyalso

joinedbreeding(XicM/､,1999)．

Hitherto,captiverearin8ofspecieswithrelｅａｓｅＩｏｔｈｅｗｉｌｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎｂｅｉｎ８ａｎｉｍｐortalltlnanage-

menttechniqueusedinattemptstosavespeciesfromextinctioll(SccottcM/､,1987).Ｓｏｍｅｏ(endall8ered

bil･dsbavesucceeded,suchasWhoopingCraneG'ＷＳﾛﾉ"cr/c(J"(｝(Bender,1992),CaliforniaCondorGl/""101Ｍ)Ｓ

ａｉﾉ(/Ｍ１/(!"１１s(Kuehler,1988/Bender,1993),HawaiianCoose〃(ms1"1〔/ひ/Ce"s/s(Black,1994)alldBaldEagle

Mlﾉﾉ"ＭﾉﾉｓﾉＣｌ/coccﾉﾉﾉﾉﾛﾙｓ(Simolls,1988)inUnitedStatesﾉBaldlbisCc()/ｌｌｊｃﾉｲscrc'"/f〃inTurkey(Akcakaya，

1990/Cade,1994),ａｎｄespeciallyMauritiusKestrellMcoﾉﾌﾞl"ﾉcMllsinMauritius,havebeenincreasedfrom

fourknownbirdsinl974tomorethan331individualsbyl994(jones,1994),suggestingthepossibilityof

rearin8theendangeredbirdsbyhumallbein8inthecaptivity,thougllhardtaskhasneededtobesuccessful

evensomefailedand/orarestilltryillgtohelpthreatenedspecies(CloutcMﾉ.,1994/ＣａｄｅｅＭ.,1994/Holt,(?ﾉ

ﾛﾉ.,1996ﾉRichandeM/､,1999/Brownell,2000)．

Therefor,toestablishcaptivepopulationwithanintentionofreilltroductionhasbeenalongterm

considerableattemptsforsavingtheCrestedlbisinJapanandChina・TI1reecaptivepopulationshavebeen

builtrespectivelywithallumberof7individualsinSadolbisConservatiollCellterinJapan,２１individuals

inBeijingZooandlO6individualsinYangxianlbisBreedin8Center,1℃sultingofl34individualsintotaL

However,ofll2individualswereraisedbyhandrearin8sincetheabnormalityofparentalcareoccurredin

captivebreedin8oftheCrestedlbis・Itshowedthattheparentsattelldtokillthechicksdurin8hatchi､８.It

seemedasignofdisadvallta8esforreintroductioninthefuture、

Inthepresentresearchproject,weconductedthereasollsofthisabnormality,focusin8onthepri‐

marystudyofreintroduction・Itwasachievedbyreestablishedaｎｅｗｃａ８ｅｆｏｒｏｎｅｐａｉｒｔｏｂｅｖｉsuallyisolated

fromtheothers・Fortunately,onecllickwassuccessfullyproducedbyparentalincubationandcare,has

fledged､Astheresult,thattheprobabilityoftheparentalbirdsloosin8Il1eabilityofparentalcareillcaptiv‐

itywasreiectedJheoccul･rencesofabnormalitywerebecauseofenvirollmentpressuremrelativelysmaller

avial･ies・ItisindicatorofthefirsIstepforhope{ullyreintroducIiolloflhebirdsinthellearfuture．

２．ＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｔｈｅＭｅｔｈｏｄ

ｌｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏleadinglheparenlaliI1cubationandrearin8,alar8eavialywithfacilityforreProductionwas

builtinthewoodsinsidethebreedin8centerinNovemberl999(Fig.１，Fig.2)Thisaviarywasabout80square

meters,locatedinthemiddleofthehiⅡＪｔｉｓ５０ｍｅｔｅｒｓｆａｒｆromtheotherbreedingca8esofthecentersoasto

prevelltthebirdscontactin8wiIhotherbl･eedin8birds､Theslol)ｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｉⅡwasllsedtobethe8roundofthe

ca8einsteadoftheflat8round､OuIsidethesurroundin8oflllecagehavemanypinetrees,oakandcypress・Tllis

circumstanceaccessthella(uraⅡyhabiIatofthewildCrestedlbis､Weusedthenylonnettobethefenceｏｆ

－６０‐

蕊〕WJW:ﾄﾉ

FiglSllaanxiCrestedlbisCapIivebreedin8Center Fi82Newbreedingca8e

theca8einsteadofironlletwhichwereusedforthebreedingcagesbefore(Fig.3)inordertoavoidcrashin8

andaccidenthappening､Somebrancheswerearran8edollthetopofapinetreeinsidetheca8etobｅｓｕｐ‐

})osedthesiteoftllenestinsteadoftheman-madebasket(Fig.4),whichwereusedtobethenestbefore､A

smallconcretepondwasalsoprovidedintheca8efordrinkingwater,eatill81oachandbatllin8､AsetofTV

monitorysystem,whichwasfacin8thenest,ｗａｓｓｅｔｕｐａｔｔｈｅｃｏｒｎｅｒｏｆｃａ８ｅｆｏｒｏｂservin8anykindsof

breedin8activitiesandreproducIivebehavior・

AfterpreparationthefaciliIyforreproducIion,firstbreedillgl)airwasintroducedtothisnewca8eon

3Ialluary,2000.Themalewasborllinl996bycaptive-bred,withredringontheleftle8andblackringonthe

ri8htleg､ThefemalewasalsoborninIhecenterinl996,withblueringoMI1eleftlegandblacｋringonthe

ri8htlegThe(reshloachandarti(icialdietswereprovidedforthｅｍ(Tableｌ).Somebranchesanddried

grasswerepIacedonthegroundtohelplllebirdsbuildingnest・TI1epairwaskeptinthisconditiononlyfor

onemollthwithoutgettinganysortofbreedin8actingandreproductivebehavior・Therefor,wemovedout

thispair,andanothernewpairwasintroduceda8ainon3Februarｙ2000.Ｔｈｅｍａｌｅｏｆｔｈｉｓｐａｉｒｗａｓｔｗｏ

ｙｅａｒｓｏｌdandthefemalewasthreeyearsold･Theyarealsocaptive-bredinYan8xiancenterinl998andl997，

respectively．

3．Results

AfterhalfalnonIhofsettingthesecondI)airinlhenewcage,thepairstarteddispIayingfIyingto‐

gether(Fig.5),nackin8eachotherand（inallycopulatin8onl7Ma1℃ｈ２０００(Fig.6)．

Ｔostimulatethebehaviorofnesling,someofnestingmaterialswasputinthenestsiteofthepine

iWllllllIilHll11l Fig.４Formerbreedingnest Fig.３Formerbreedin8cage

－６１‐

TableLBasaldietfortheadultCrestedlbisbreedin8season．

ArtllMa］

lbod*(9ｍ）

Loach

に、）

Mealworln

（ｇｍ）

Totalａｍｏｕｎｔ*＊

（9ｍ）

Stage

５５５５

７７７７

０

００００

５３１７

５５５５

４１９１

３３３４

Laying

lncubation

Rearing(l-20days）

Rearing(20-42days）

００００

００２７

２２２２

*TY1ecomponentofdietfbradultbirdsare:７５％ｂｅｅｆ１０％boiledegg，

89'6starch(269'6corn，349'6wheat，409'6bean），５９'6carrot，Ⅲmilk，

1％ｙeast，calciumtabletsanddigestlveenzymetablets．

**ＡｍｏｕｎＭｂｒｏｎｅｂｉｒｄｐｅｒｄａｙ

｡騒母．‘回

Fig.５Flyill8inthenewca8e Fig6Copulation

tree・However,thebirdstllrewthebranclles,whichwereintroducedilltllenest,ａｗａｙ・Afterthattheystarted

pickingupthematｅｒｉａｌｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｔｏｂｕｉＩｄｔｈｅｎｅｓｔｂｙｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓｏｎ２２ｎｄｏｆＭａｒｃｈ・Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｃａｓｅ，

usuaⅡy,themaletookparticipatiollillbringthematerialstonestalldthefeｍａｌｅｐｒepareandarrangedⅡ1e

nestSometimes,thefemaletriedtosittin8onthenesIforashorttime,Approximatelytwodaysafterthis

appearanceofIhebehavior,thefemalestartedlayin8eg8s､Thefirstc8gwaslaidon29lhofMarch・Sincethell

freshmealwormsweregiventothebirdsonthebasisoｆ１００８ｒａｍｐerday・Until3rdofApril3e8gswerelaid，

theyincubatedtheeggsthemselvesillturn・Durin8incubationperiod,olleeggaccidentallywasbrokellill

theneston25IhofApril,andanothere88on30IhofApril､Thelastonewastakenoutforcheckin8thefertility

bccausethat,jud8ingbytheincubationperiod,thisoneshouldbehaIching4lhofApriLItwasfoundthiseg8

wasinfertile

Followingthistreahnent,another化rtileegg,whichwaslaidbytheotherbreedingpairandiustduringpipin8

stage,wasintroducedinthenesttotestfurlherincubationbytheparentalbirds・UnfOrtunately,H1epairtIuCwH1isegg

awaydurmgitshatching､ThisseriesofreproductionwasfinishedforlhefirsIclutch､Followingthishappenin8，

newnestlhlgmaterialswerepreparedforthesecondclutch､Ｔｈｅｎｏｎｌ６ｌ１１ｏｆＭａｙ,theystartedrelayingandtwo

e8gswerelaid(Fig.7).Theparentalbirdsincubatedintur､,durin8thisincubationperiod,ｏｎｅｅｇ８ｗａｓｄａｍ‐

agedagainon26IhofMay,butfinally,Ihelastegghatchedonl3lhof]une､Thisseriesofeventswasmonitored

ｂｙＴＶｓｅｔ/unfortunately,thelastchanceoftllecllickhatchingwasmissedbyTVmonitoryduethatthelrouble

happenedtothefaci1ities､However,thevoiceofthechickwasheardbyourstuff(Fig.8)．

l4IhofJune,itwasfoundthattheparentalbirdstakecareofthechicktofeedthefirsttimeThemale

-６２－

鱸■ﾛ

ｰ雛蝋’ 11薑li11llil灘Ｉ

鋼６噸.、腿v蝋

灘

篝篝讓議ｉｉｌＷＩＩ鶏j§iiiI蕊蕊鰻』鱒i鰯鍵iii霧Ｉ！

Fｉｇ７Ｔｗｏｅ８ｇｓｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｗｐａｉｒ Fig8Theparentstakecareofchick

andfemalefedthechicksinturn,withabout20timesintotaladay、

２１s'ｏｆ]une,atday8thechick'sbillwasfoundtogrowaslightlylong,andthebehaviorofbugging

foodfromtheparentalbirdswasobserved、

２２i1doflune,parentalbirdprotectedthechickbymakingashedderwiththeirbodyandfeathersince

sunshinewasexceptionallyhotatthattime、

２３rdofIune,whenitwasraining,theparentalbirddisplayedthesamebehaviorasmentionedfor

strongsunshinepreviously、

Ａｓｔｈｅｃｈｉｃｋｇｒｅｗｕｐ,graduallyincreasedamountofmealwormswere8iven,togetherwithsome

kindsofvitaminsandartificialdiet、

２７lhofJune,thechickwasobservedgrowlluptoabout8008ramofbodyweight,displayedlnoving

andstandin8upforashorttime,Ｓｉｎｃｅ４１ｈｏｆ]uly,tllemaleandfemaleofparentalbirdstriedtoleavefor

takin8foodtogether,Ievin8thechickaloneinthenest・Afterspelldingseveralminutesoutsidethenest,the

maleorfemalereturnedtothenesttofeedthechick

l7'hofluly,thechickwithpIumedfeathercouldstandontheed8eofthenest,showingthepracticeof

flyin９．

２５IhofIuly,thechicktriedtoflydownon-tothe8rolmdtofollowtheparentalbirdsforfeedmg(Fig.9)．

Sometimes,thechickcouldn'teattllefreshloach,thustheparentsfedthechickagain・About3daysaflerlhis

behavior,thechickcouldgoandbackbetweenthenestandgroundtogetfoodfreely(Fig.１０)．

iiiii蕊蕊iiiiillll

FiglOThechickfeedbyitself Fig9Thechickfledged

－６３‐

4．Discussion

ThisexperimentisthefirsttoindicatethepossibiliIyofparentalincubationandrearing,sofarthelO

chickshadbeenkilledbylheparentsduringllatchinginthepreviousexperiments、

TheparentalbirdskilledthehatchlingswasoccurredinYangxiancenter(XieM.,1999)alsoinBeijing

Zoo(Li,1992).WehadeveranalyzedthereasonforiLTwoaspectfactorprobabilitypresentedfortheCrested

lbises・Oneisbecauseofincompleteabilityofparentalcaresincetheywerealltakencaredbyhandrearin8，

Ifsoitwouldbefailwithlhereintroductionpro8ram,becausethattherewouldnotbepresentpropa8ation

whenthecaptiveindividualsarereleasedtothellatureAnotherreasonisbecauseIllatlimiIationofcages

sizeandcrowdin8ofvicinityclosedbreedin8cagescausedtheenvironmentpressure(orbirdsButcarryin8

outthepresentexperimentreiectedtlleformerreason・

Aswementionedtheｓｉｚｅｏ{cagetheformerbreedingca8eswereｖｅｒｙｓｍａⅡinsizeandverycloseto

eachother,thiSprobablyinduceakindofstressforthebreedin8birds・Inthisexperimelltswildrangeof

flightcagewasused､Andthispaircouldn'tseetheotherbreedin8pairsinthecenter・Thisexperimelltwas

informativeforsuccessfulparentalcareincaptivityduetoenvirollmelltchanges､Itsu88estedthatwehave

tobuiIdthebreedin8cagesseparatelyinthefutureinorderlDtraiMheoffsprin8forpreparin8thefurther

reintroductionprograln

AsW・Conwaynoted,propa8atingbirdsillcaptivityhasthepotentialtoaccomplishthreemain8oals：

(1)providingagenebank''topreservetheulliquegeneticillformationofspeciestbathavebecomegreatly lD

reducedinllumberorhavedisappearedinthewildﾉ(2)providingasourceofilldividualsforuseiMhe

managementandrestorationofrarebirdsinnaturea､ｄ(3)providin8ameansofpubliceducation,afourth

goalwouldincludescientificresearch(Cade,1994)．

Breedill8thebirdsincaptivilytosuppIybirdsforreintroductionemergedasagoalformanyendan‐

geredspecies・Atleast83speciesoffalconiformbirdshadbeenbredincaptivitybyl9８４(Cade,1986),and

self-sustainingcaptivepopulationsnowexistforseveralspecies､ThereiseveryreasontoexpecMhataself-

sustainin8captivepopulationcanbeachievedforthisspecies,alldprospeclsforsuccessfulreintroduction

alsolookgood､PopulationsofthePeregrineFalconhavebeenre-establishedorsi8nificantlyincreasedby

fostering,cross-fosterin8andhackingcaptive-producedorcaptive-rearedyoun8illCermay(ｃ３０ｐａｉｒｓｒｅ‐

introducedtovacatedrange,Husson81993),SouthwesternSwedenandadfacentNorway(c､16-17pairs

reintroduced),easternandlnidwesternNorthAmerican(c､１５０pairsreturnedtoanunoccupiedran8e)and

theGreaterYeⅡowEcosystem(５３pairsinformerlyvacantrange).TheMauritiusKestrelincreasedfrom

whatwasbelievedtobetwosurvivingpairsinnaturetomorethan60pairsbycaptivebreeding,harvesting

wildeg8s,fosterin8alldhacking(Cade＆Jones,1993).TheBaldEaglehasbeenreintroducedintoNewYork

Statebyhackingwildea81elsmostlyfromAlaska(Nye,1988)．

RegardIotheproposaloftheproiectfortheCrestedlbis,weplanedtohopefullyreleasesomeof

youn8birdsthatwouldberearedbytheparentalbirds,butitdidll'tachievedIhe8oalduetosmallpopula‐

tionsizeofcapIivebirdsatthepresent・

However,theCrestedlbispopulationhasincreasedsufficientlybothinthewildandincaptivity､A

totalof98birdswereproducedinYan8xianlbisBreedingCenterdurinｇ６ｙｅａｒｓ（1995-2000)Ｉｎｔｈｅｗｉｌｄ，

aboutlOObirdswereproliferatedduringaround20years(Lu,1999ﾉShi,1991ﾉZhai,1999)Itwaslikelyit

wouldexpandintothesuitablehabitatbyreintroductioninthefuture．

-６４－

5.Ａcknowledgements

ThisprojectwasfinanciallysupportedbyPRONATURAFoundationthatwouldbegreatlyappreci‐

ated､TheauthorswishtothankthestaffofYangxianCrestedlbisBreedingCenterinChinafortheirkind

helpthroughoutthepresentexperiments．

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-６７－

第１０期プロ・ナトウーラ・ファンド助成成果報告書(2001ノ

要旨

ﾄキ（MpponiMjpponノの野生復帰プログラムに関する予備研究

席味梅・路宝忠・傳文凱・蘇雲'1１

験を行った｡繁殖ペアを他のトキから見えない､飛

翔可能な大きさのケージに入れて飼育した結果、

飼育下に満かれたこのペアのトキは十分な抱卵と

育雛行動を行ったのである。

トキ種の生息に適した地域への再導入の一部と

しての繁殖行動に関するこの予備研究は、飼育下

繁殖によるトキのl1F生復帰後の繁殖の可能性を示

している｡我々は､注意深く本研究の有効性を評価

していかねばならない。

（推薦者：河合明宣訳）

本研究の目的は、飼育下繁殖によるトキを野生

復帰させる道を探ることにある。絶滅に瀕するト

キの繁殖行動についての予備研究を特に求祝した。

野生の状態では、繁殖期にはトキは雌雄交代で抱

卵し、雛に餌を与えている。飼育下の場合、産卵

後､抱卵初期には交代で抱卵するが､孵化後ではな

く孵化の過程において雛を殺してしまう傾向のあ

ることが観察されている。

本研究では､それ故､洋県トキ救謹飼育センター

で人工飼育された親鳥と雛を用いて、人工飼育で

育てたトキを自然に近い状態に置いて観察する実

-６８－