FAMILY MYRTACEAE

TBB 2043BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION OF

MONERA, FUNGI AND PLANTAEKumpulan A – Group 1

Members: Sakinah Binti Ahmad Sukeri

Norhayati Binti KhalidWong Li Hun

Ngang Huey ChiFasliatin Binti Thazali

INTRODUCTION The Myrtaceae, consisting of trees and shrubs found in the

tropics, subtropics, and temperate Australia, comprises about 140 genera and 3,000 species. The leaves are most commonly opposite, and frequently are glandular dotted; stipules are absent or vestigial. The flowers are actinomorphic, commonly with a 4-5-parted calyx and corolla that is frequently reduced and inconspicuous compared to the well-developed androecium of numerous stamens. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 2-5 carpels, a single style and stigma, and a partly to wholly inferior ovary with 2-5 locules and 2-many axile ovules (or occasionally a single locule with intruded parietal placentation). The fruit is usually a berry or loculicidal capsule.

SYZYGIUM CAMPANULATUM

KELAT, JAMBU

• Syzygium campanulatumkelat, jambuNot listed in Tree Flora of Malaya; possibly a recently described species.

Syzygium sp.kelat, jambu

Unidentified sp from peat swamps of Pekan.

4 from Elango 6/08.

Description:three to 20 meter tall with still root

bark reddish brown to orange

uses:wood used as a kelat timber

ecology:

often found in swamy forestwidespread in lowland

SYZYGIUM CAMPANULATUMKELAT, JAMBU

Description:Small tree with dense crown.Bark greenish-brownSeeds small 3-8 cmFlowers white with a red spot

Uses:Suitable for planting in areas to enrich wildlife as fruit is favoured by birds.Wood used locally for posts in construction of housesMade a good charcoalSuitable for structural use and heavy traffic flooring. Other uses include lool handles

Ecology:The species usually occur in secondary lowland and lower montane forest, up to 1400 m altitude, rarely in primary forest.Locally common and grow in various habitats but with a preference for open places in the forest.

SEORSUSRYE & TRUDGEN

Seorsus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae

Seorsus Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots(unranked): RosidsOrder: MyrtalesFamily: MyrtaceaGenus: SeorsusRye & Trudgen

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION: -Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston-Kingdom: Plantae-Plants -Subkingdom: Tracheobionta-Vascular plants -Superdivision: Spermatophyta-Seed plants -Division: Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants -Class: Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons -Subclass: Rosidae -Order: Myrtales -Family: Myrtaceae - Myrtle family -Genus: Syzygium P. Br. ex Gaertn. - Syzygium -Species : Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry-Synonyms: Caryophyllus aromaticus/ Eugenia caryophyllata-Common names: Clove, clovos, caryophyllus

Tree: Medium sized tree up to 20-40ft tall. Bark:smooth and grey Leaves: evergreen, lanceolate, opposite, ovate leaves more than 5

inches long

Flowers: bell-shaped; pale color >green>bright redbright red (ready for collecting); The familiar clove used in the kitchen is the dried flower bud.

Fruits: one- or two-seeded berry. Seeds: oblong, soft, grooved on one side and 1.5 cm

Growing Environment: Requires a humid, warm tropical climate with lots of water year-round.

Propagation: By seeds and cuttings. Native Range: Native to the Moluccas, (islands of Eastern

Indonesia, once known as the Spice Islands.) Active Compounds: Clove oil is 60 to 90 percent eugenol,

which is the source of its anesthetic and antiseptic properties.

USES: FRUITS ARE NOT EATEN. DRIED FLOWER BUDS ARE USED AS A SPICE, AND MEDICINALLY FOR COUNTLESS THINGS.

Spice: Cloves can be used in cooking either whole or in a ground form, but as they are extremely strong, they are used sparingly; used throughout Europe and Asia; in Indian cuisine, Mexican cuisine, Vietnamese cuisine, Netherlands cuisine

Incense material: in Chinese and Japanese culture Anodyne, antiseptic: essential oil is used as an anodyne (painkiller)

for dental emergencies.Clove oil is the active ingredient in several mouthwash and a number of over-the-counter toothache pain-relief preparations. Clove oil will stop the pain of a toothache when dropped into a cavity.

Infection fighter: a natural *antihelmintic. Clove kills intestinal parasites and exhibits broad antimicrobial properties against fungi and bacteria supporting its traditional use as a treatment for diarrhea, intestinal worms, and other digestive ailments.

Digestive aid: used as a *carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis.

SYZYGIUM JAMBOS (L.) ALSTON

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION:

-Kingdom: Plantae-Plants -Subkingdom: Tracheobionta-Vascular plants -Superdivision: Spermatophyta-Seed plants -Division: Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants -Class: Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons -Subclass: Rosidae -Order: Myrtales -Family: Myrtaceae - Myrtle family -Genus: Syzygium P. Br. ex Gaertn. - Syzygium -Species: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston -Common name: Rose Apple,Malabar Plum,Wax Apple,Plum Rose,Pomarosa,Jambos,Jambu-Synonyms: Eugenia jambos ,Jambosa jambos,Jambosa vulgaris,Caryophyllus jambos

Tree:reaching 7.5-12 m in height Bark: grayish brown, smooth, *glabrous throughout. 

Leaves :The evergreen leaves are opposite, *lanceolate or narrow-elliptic, tapering to a point, 10-22 cm long, and from 2.5-6.25 cm wide

Flowers :creamy-white or greenish-white

Berries :nearly round, oval, or slightly pear-shaped. pale-yellow or whitish skin, sometimes pink-blushed. The yellowish flesh is a crisp and watery, and tastes like a cross between nashi and bell pepper, with a very mild rose scent and a slightly bitter aftertaste.

Seed :1 to 4 brown, rough-coated, medium-hard, more or less rounded seeds

Native range:  The plant is native to Southeast Asia but is naturalized in India, especially the state of Kerala. It has also been introduced across the Americas where it now grows in wild thickets. Specimens have been planted on nearly every continent.

Climate: Humid tropics. Propagation:  The fruit is dispersed by humans, fruit bats and

perhaps feral pigs. Resilience and resistance: highly wind resistant and salt

tolerant. Soil: deep, loamy soil deep, loamy soil Pests and Diseases: has few insect enemies. In humid

climates, the leaves are often coated with sooty mold growing on the honeydew excreted by aphids.

PRODUCTS AND USES

Fruit: to be eaten raw or made into preserves or jellies; to make a "rosewater" equal to the best obtained from rose petals.

Branches: to make hoops for large sugar casks, and also are valued for weaving large baskets.

Bark: used for tanning and yields a brown dye. Wood: used to make furniture, spokes for wheels, arms for

easy chairs, knees for all kinds of boats, beams for construction, frames for musical instruments (violins, guitars, etc.), and packing cases; popular for general turnery; yields a continuous supply of small wood for fuel; charcoal.

Leaves: A yellow essential oil, distilled from the leaves, can be resorted to as a source of these elements for use in the perfume industry.

Flowers: rich source of nectar for honeybees and the honey is a good amber color.

Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*

Potassium 50 mg Calories 56 Moisture 84.5-89.1 g

Copper 0.01 mg Fat 0.2-0.3 g Protein 0.5-0.7 g

Sulfur 13 mg Carbohydrates 14.2 g Fiber 1.1-1.9 g

Chlorine 4 mg Ash 0.4-0.44 g Calcium 29-45.2 mg

Carotene 123-235 I.U. Magnesium 4 mg Phosphorus 11.7-30 mg

Thiamine 0.01-0.19 mg Iron 0.45-1.2 mg Sodium 34.1 mg

Riboflavin 0.028-0.05 mg Niacin 0.521-0.8 mg Ascorbic Acid 3-37 mg

*Analyses made in Central America and elsewhere.

SYZYGIUM CLAVIFLORUM

BRIEFLY DESCRIPTION:

Habit : Tree up to 30 m tall. Branches ascending to the

main trunk. . Trunk & bark : Trunk straight. Bark slightly cracked,

longitudinally scaly, grey-brown or cream-brown, inner bark light brown, wood creamy.

Branches and twigs : Twig terete, slightly compressed, slightly

cracked, glabrous, whitish grey or greyish-brown. Exudates : Exudates absent.

BRIEFLY DESCRIPTION: Leaves : Leaves simple, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, apex acute or shortly acuminate glabrous on both sides with numerous impressed small glands on upper surface. Leaves with pellucid glands and single double intramarginal vein,(1 mm from margin), secondary veins closely parallel . Petiole canaliculated and glabrous. Stipules absent. .

BRIEFLY DESCRIPTION: Flowers : Flowers white-yellowish, sessile, grouped in cyme with short

peduncle, calyx cup long funnel shaped. Fruits : Fruit is a berry, smooth, glabrous, greenish with reddish tip.

HABITAT AND ECOLOGY :

Found in streamside of the rain forests, in open degraded forest on white sand with large rocks up to 1300 m altitude.

Flowering time: November to March Fruiting time : May to September.

Uses of Syzygium claviflorum

Timber is used.The edible fruits are locally conserved as a pickle

RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA

BRIEFLY DESCRIPTION:

Small shrubs or trees to 2-3 m tall. Leaves ovate(5-8 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide).Upper surface glossy, lover surface densely tomentose,

petioles about 0.4-1 cm. Petals are rose pink colour(10-13 mm long) Fruits dark purple. Seeds few, coiled appearance or horseshoe

shaped, spread by birds.

USES OF RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA

Uses of Leaves fruits Fruit can use for cure stomach ache and diarrhoea The fruit can be made into pies and jams or used

in salads. It is a popular ornamental plant in gardens .Grown

for its abundant flowers and sweet, edible fruit.

Roots use as an ingredient for women after childbirth

BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY

Invasiveness: It is popular in landscaping and has quickly

spread from gardens becoming a pest plant The plant has aggressive growth rates and can

spread from seeds by birds and mammals that eat the fruit

Plants are able to tolerate a wide range of elevation and environmental conditions,including slight freezes and salt spray

Numerous seed production as well as a high percentage of seed germination

BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY Propagation: R. tomentosa can be propagated by seeds. Dispersal: It can spread by humans who use the plant in

landscaping. It readily escapes the garden and is further

spread by fruit eating birds and mammals

SYZYGIUM SAMARANGENSE

SYZYGIUM SAMARANGENSESCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

KingdomKingdom: :

Plantae Plantae

Phylum:Phylum: AngiospermsAngiospermsClass:Class: Eudicots Eudicots Order:Order: MyrtalesMyrtalesFamily:Family: Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Genus:Genus: SyzygiumSyzygium Species:Species: S.samarangensS.samarangens

eeBinomialBinomial name:name:

Syzygium Syzygium samarangenssamarangensee(Blume)Merrill & Perry(Blume)Merrill & Perry

BRIEF DESCRIPTION Common name- jambu air "water guava“ Has evergreen leaves 10-25 cm long and 5-10 cm broad. The flowers are white, 2.5 cm diameter, with four petals

and numerous stamens. The fruit is a bell-shaped edible berry, with colors ranging

from white, pale green, green, red, purple, crimson, to deep purple or even black, 4-6 cm long in wild plants.

The flowers and resulting fruit are not limited to the axils of the leaves and can appear on nearly any point on the surface of the trunk and branches.

When mature, the tree is considered a heavy bearer and can yield a crop of up to 700 fruits.

The very middle holds a seed that's situated in a sort of cotton-candy-like mesh. The mesh is edible but flavorless.

ECOLOGY -• native to Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia• It is a tropical tree growing to 12 m tall,USES-• Have medicinal value because it is known to contain

oleanolic acid, an anti-HIV compound

SYZYGIUM MALACCENSE

Kingdom:Kingdom: plantaeplantaeDivision:Division: MagnoliophytaMagnoliophytaClass:Class: MagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaOrder:Order: MyrtalesMyrtalesFamily:Family: MyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeSubfamily:Subfamily: MyrtoideaeMyrtoideaeGenus:Genus: syzygiumsyzygiumSpecies:Species: S.malaccenseS.malaccenseBinomial Binomial name:name:

Syzygium Syzygium malaccensemalaccense(L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry(L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry

SYZYGIUM MALACCENSESCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION- They flower in early summer, bearing fruit three months

afterward. The fruit is oblong-shaped and dark red in color, although

some varieties have white or pink skin.

ECOLOGY – • Thrive in tropical climates with an annual rainfall of 152 cm

or more. They can grow at a variety of altitudes, from sea level up to 2740 m. The trees themselves can grow from 12-18m in height.

• Is native to Malaysia but has been introduced throughout the tropics, including many Caribbean countries such as Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago.

USES- The flesh is white and surrounds a large seed. The flesh

makes a jam prepared by stewing with brown sugar and ginger.

SYZYGIUM JAMBOLANUM

SYZYGIUM JAMBOLANUM Common name

Java plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blackberry, jambol, doowet, jambolan.

FamilyMyrtaceae(Myrtle family).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION Has oblong opposite leaves that are smooth, glossy; they have

a turpentine smell.The bark is scaly gray and the trunk forks into multiple trunks about 3 - 5' from the ground.

Jamun has fragrant white flowers in branched clusters at stem tips and purplish-black oval edible berries.The juicy fruit-pulp contains resin, gallic acid and tannin; it tastes usually from acid to fairly sweet.

This berry has only one seed.

Jambolan starts bearing fruit in 4 - 7 years.

Due to recalcitrant nature of the seeds, they have a short viable life, can not be dried well and can not withstand low temperatures.

ECOLOGY • An evergreen tropical tree 50 to 100 ft. tall• The evergreen Jamun plant is originally from Indonesia and

India

Medicinal applications•All parts of the java plum can be used medicinally and it has a long tradition in alternative medicine.

•In India the bark is used for anemia, the bark and seed for diabetes which reduce the blood sugar level quickly, the fruit for dysentery, leaves juice for gingivitis (bleeding gums).

•In the Philippines and Suriname wine is made from the fermented fruit.

•The leaves are used against diarrhea and fever; the fruit against diarrhea and abdominal pains.

•The seed is used against diabetes and blood pressure. Bark, leaves and flowers against diabetes.

GUAVA

GUAVA Common name : guava Sciencetific name : psidium guajava Species :guajava

kingdom plantaedivision magnoliophytaclass magnoliopsidasubclass rosidaeorder myrtalesfamily myrtaceaesubfamily myrtoideaetribes myrteaegenus psidium

BRIEFLY EXPLAIN Fruits : usually 4 to 12 cm long, are round or

oval depending on the species.. Guava pulp may be sweet or sour, off-white to deep pink, with the seeds in the central pulp of variable number and hardness, again depending on species.

Skin : . The outer skin may be rough, often with a bitter taste, or soft and sweet. Varying between species, the skin can be any thickness, is usually green before maturity, but becomes yellow, maroon, or green when ripe.

The leaves and bark have a high tannin content. The bark is used for tanning hides, while the leaves produce a black dye.

USES The fruit of the guava is highly valued and

used in a number of different ways. It is very high in vitamin C and vitamin A . The fruit can be eaten raw, but uncooked guavas are usually sliced and used in salads or desserts.

The wood of the guava tree is yellow to red, and is suitable for carpentry and turnery. It can also be used as a fuel wood, and to make charcoal.

The leaves and bark have a high tannin content. The bark is used for tanning hides, while the leaves produce a black dye.

ECOLOGY Grows inOccur in agricultural areas, natural

forests, riparian zones, ruderal/disturbed, scrub/shrublands.

Grow well on heavy clay, marl, light sand, gravel gravel bars or limestone at pH 4.5-9.4.

Occur in agricultural areas, natural forests, riparian zones, ruderal/disturbed, scrub/shrublands

Red malaysian guava usually found in malaysia that can grow under optimum condition.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE MYRTACEAE FAMILY …

Are a family of dicotyledon plants Morphology: All species are woody With essential

oils

The leaves are evergreen, alternate to mostly opposite, simple, and usually with an entire (not toothed) margin.

Flower parts in multiples of four or five. The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in

several genera the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly coloured

and numerous.

Syzygium jambos Syzygium claviflorum

Anatomy: The phloem is located on both sides of the xylem, not just

outside as in most other plants.

Ecology: Have a wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate

regions of the world, and are typically common in many of the world's biodiversity hotspots

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