ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

• Isometric Projections

Prof. Ketaki sukala

PresentationBY

130840119097 :- Ravi Rathod130840119126 :- Yash bhathawala

What is ISOMETRIC?

• It is a method of producing pictorial view of an object showing all three faces of the object simultaneously.

• It is a type of parallel projection

• It is a type of axonometric projection

Axonometric Projections

• Observer at infinity• Projectors parallel to each other and perpendicular to

projection plane• Object is inclined with respect to projection plane

Types of Axonometric Projections

Isometric Projection

Dimetric Projection

Trimetric Projection

Isometric Projections

• All angles between axonometric axes are equal

• The three coordinate axes of the object appear equally foreshortened (about 3/4th of true length)

• The angles between any two of the three coordinate axes is 120°

Isometric Terminology• The three coordinate axes are called

isometric axes

• Any line parallel to isometric axes is called isometric line

• A  non-isometric line is a line not parallel   to   any   one   of   the three isometric axis

• In isometric projection of cube, the faces of the cube and any plane parallel to them is called isometric planes

Isometric Drawing

Isometric Projection: Drawing prepared

with isometric scale on isometric axes

Isometric Drawing: Drawing prepared with ordinary scaleon isometric axes

Steps:

Step 1

Isometric sketches begin with defining isometric axes, three lines, one vertical and two drawn at 30° from the horizontal.

Steps:Step 2

Three lines of the isometric axes represent the three primary dimensions of the object: width, height, and depth

Steps:Step 3

Draw the font face of the isometric block.

Steps:Step 4

Draw the rest of the isometric block.

Steps:Step 5

Add details to the block starting from the front face. Then add details to the other faces.

Steps:Step 6

Darken all visible lines to complete the isometric sketch. (make sure that construction lines are light)

• Axonometric projection shows all 3 dimensions, length, width and height.

• The isometric lines are only drawn to scale. Objects composed entirely of isometric lines can be drawn by taking all measurements parallel to main edges of the enclosing box.

• Non-isometric lines are drawn by transferring the ordinates (which are on isometric lines) of the end of the lines

• Inclined and oblique surfaces are drawn using end coordinates. Box construction and offset measurements are common methods

• In  an  isometric  drawing,  an angle never appears in its true size. Angles, irregular curves require special techniques

Objects with Normal Surfaces

Make an Isometric Drawing with corner A at the bottom

Objects with Normal Surfaces

Objects with Oblique Surfaces

• Make an Isometric Drawing with corner A at the bottom

NON-ISOMETRIC LINE

Objects with Oblique Surfaces

Objects with Non-isometric Lines

• Make an Isometric Drawing with apex A facing front

Objects with Non-isometric Lines

Non-isometric lines are drawn with box construction and offset measurements

Non-isometric lines are not drawn in true length in isometric drawing (BA is shorter than CA in this drawing)

Irregular Objects

• Make an Isometric Drawing of the following irregular object (pyramid)

Irregular Objects

• OA and OB offsets help to locate apex O

• Complete box construction may not be needed in each case

Objects with Circular Geometry

• A circle in a orthographic projection will appear as an ellipse in an isometric drawing.

• Instead of actual ellipses often approximate ellipses are drawn for isometric drawing.

• Four-centre ellipses are used to approximate ellipses on isometric planes.

• How to draw four-centre ellipse???

Approximate Ellipse

•Draw  the  isometric centre  lines  of  the circle. Using  the  centre  lines,  draw an isometric square with sides equal to the diameter of  the  circle.•From  the  near  corners  of  the  box,  draw two large arcs with radius R, using the two red points as centres. •Draw the two smaller arcs with radius r, using two green points as centres.

Cylinder

Objects with Circular Geometry

Objects with Non-Circular Curved Surfaces

• Make an Isometric Drawing of the following curved object

Objects with Non-Circular Curved Surfaces

•A line that appears as a noncircular curve in a normal orthographic view of an object appears as a non-isometric line in an isometric drawing.

•Curves may be drawn using a series of points by measuring along the normal lines in the  orthographic  view  (offset measurements) and  transferring  these points on isometric drawing. Accuracy increases with number of points.