Presented By: Robin Brown, Megan Conboy, Kathryn Murray, Alex Scardino, & Yvonne Tsang

THE MIDDLE AGES

GROWTH OF ROYAL POWER IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE

Chapter 9 Section 1

Strong Monarchs in England Norman Conquest was when

Duke William won the backings of the Pope. He and his knights triumphed over Harold at the Battle of Hastings and over the next 300 years, a gradual blend had occurred between Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions.

A Unified Legal System

Henry II, and educated king, was unable to write new laws, and instead had to follow accepted customs. In order to enforce new laws he sent out traveling justice’s. The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of the English common law. Royal courts were chosen over those of nobles, or the Church.

Trying to extend royal power led to a bitter dispute between Henry and the Church. Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury and once a close friend of Henry’s, opposed of his move. This conflict simmered for years until Henry’s fury exploded. He sent knights to murder Thomas Becket, and was not taking the blame for his death.

John, the son of Henry, wasn’t a favorable ruler. He faced three powerful enemies during his reign: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his English nobles. He had lost war against Philip II and had to surrender English-held lands in Anjou and Normandy. Selecting a new archbishop of Canterbury caused a conflict between John and Innocent III…

John was excommunicated by the pope because he rejected his nominee, He also placed England under the interdict, which forbade the Church’s services.

John was forced to sign the Magna Carta by a group of rebellious barons. This affirmed a long list of rights. He made an agreement not to raise taxes without consulting his Great Council and clergy first.

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Chapter 9 Section 2

Otto IOtto I of Saxony took the title king of

Germany in 936.Otto I appointed bishops to top

government jobs.He worked closely with the church.In 962 A grateful pope crowned Otto

emperor.His successors took the title Holy Roman

emperor “ holy” because they were crowed by the pope and “Roman” because they saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome.

Conflict between Popes and Emperors

The conflict burst into flames.

Gregory VII

• Many Europeans admired and revered him.

• Aroused more hatred and contempt than did any other pope of this time period.

• He was determined to make the church independent of secular to do so he banned the practice of lay investiture.

Emperor Henry IV

• He argued that bishops held their lands as royal fiefs.

• Henry felt entitled to give them the symbols of office since he was their overlord.

• Pope Gregory’s ban brought response that was angry from Henry IV.

Concordat of Worms

• The struggle over investitures dragged on for almost 50 years.

• Both sides accepted a treaty known as the Concordat of worms finally in 1122.

• In the treaty they agreed that the church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.

• The emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs

Took office in 1198He embodied the triumph of the church

Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other rulers.

Pope Innocent III clashed with all powerful rulers of his day.

In 1209 Pope Innocent aided by Philip II launched a holy war.

After Innocent death popes continued their claim to supremacy.

Pope Innocent III

EUROPEANS LOOK OUTWARD

Chapter 9 Section 3

The World in 1050 During this time, the Muslims were in control of a large

area which extended from Spain to India; traders from that group traveled across different lands like West Africa and Asia and spread ideas throughout their journeys

A number system was devised by Indian mathematicians which was later adapted by the Arabs who handed it down to the Europeans

The invention of paper, gunpowder, printing, and paper money were among many of the technological and practical advances made by the Chinese

The Soninke people (West Africa) constructed a large Ghanaian trading empire, and traded goods as far away as Europe and the Middle East

Two American civilizations (the Mayas and Peruvian Native Americans) built great empires as well as fancy artwork

The Crusades The Council of Clermont, which was held in 1095, took

place between the clergymen and nobility; there Pope Urban II convinced them to start the wars known as the Crusades

There were various reasons for wanting to start the war; knights desired greater respect and excitement, but the pope wanted the Europeans to reclaim their stolen land from the Turks, heal the schism (split) between the Roman and Byzantine churches, and prevent Christian from fighting Christian

In the First Crusade, Jerusalem was conquered by Christian knights, causing many Muslim and Jewish occupants to be murdered

In the Third Crusade, the Christians lost Jerusalem to the Muslims and in the Fourth Crusade, the Muslims emerged as the triumphant ones

The Crusades Affects Europe A strong feeling of enmity (hostility) remained between the

two religions, which usually ended in bloodshed Trade became larger, and a money economy grew as well;

it soon replaced hard work as a major form of payment There was more power given to feudal rulers who could

justify tax collection as an aide for the Crusades; the battles did not help the schism, though

Later, world exploration inspired a small group of Europeans (like Marco Polo) to travel to distant, foreign lands unknown to this region

The Reconquista in Spain The Reconquista ( or “reconquest”) was created by many

Christian communities who desired to conquer Muslim-conquered kingdoms

They recaptured Toledo (in Spain) in 1085 Isabella and Ferdinand helped these communities

reconquer Granada (also in Spain) in 1492 Religious toleration ceased under Isabella, who was backed

by the Inquisition (a Church court) and led a struggle against non-Christians

LEARNING LITERATURE AND THE ARTS

Chapter 9 Section 4

Medieval Universities As economic and political conditions improved in the High

Middle Ages, the need for education expanded

Academic Guilds By the 1100’s schools had spread around the cathedrals to train the clergy

Salerno and Bologna boasted the first universities in Italy

Student LifeThe students who attended the university had to wake up at 5:00 am

Classes were held in rented roomsOne program of study covered all seven liberal arts

ArithmeticGeometry

astronomy’music’

GrammarRhetoric

Logic

Europeans Acquire “New” Learning Many of the “new” ideas originated in Greece

Spread of Learning Muslim teachers had to translate the work of Aristotle and

Greek thinkers to Arabic, and their reading and writing spread across the Muslim world

Philosophy Aristotle taught that people should use reason to figure out

the Church and Christians excepted many ideas of faith Scholastics tried to resolve this conflict between faith and

reason Writhers and thinkers were influenced by St. Thomas

Aquinas, he examined teachings on the light of reasons

Science and Math Science was translated from Arabic and Greek and reached

from Europe to Spain Science made very little progress in the Middle Ages In math Europeans adopted numerals

Medieval Literature While Latin was the language of scholars, new writings began to

appear in the vernacular which id the everyday languages of ordinary people

Heroic epics

Architecture and Art A lot of monasteries and towns built solid stone churches and the

reflected on Roman influences. These Roman churches were built with thick walls. The builders provided no windows for the buildings; the church was dark and gloomy.

Abbot Suger wanted to build a new abbey church. A key feature of the style was the flying buttresses, or stone supports that stood outside the church. The new Gothic churches soared to incredible heights; cities all over Europe competed to build bigger churches.

A TIME OF CRISISChapter 9 Section 5

The Black Death

The black death was a bubonic plague spread by fleas on rats.

It began in Asia as Mongolians conquered several parts of Asia.

Fleas on rats infested the clothes of the travelers going west and the disease spread rapidly

Ships, towns, and even homes of the wealthy were filled with rats

People turned to magic and witchcraft to search for cures

Some indulged in wild pleasuresChristians saw it as a punishment from

God and flagellants began to whip themselves to atone for sins

Began to blame the Jews and thousands were slaughtered

Workers and employers died and production declined and inflation rose

People turned to magic and witchcraft to search for cures

Some indulged in wild pleasuresChristians saw it as a punishment from

God and flagellants began to whip themselves to atone for sins

Began to blame the Jews and thousands were slaughtered

Workers and employers died and production declined and inflation rose

priests posed the question “why did god kill some and spare others?”

Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon in 1309, where they remains under French domination for 70 years (Babylonian Captivity)

For many decades, there was a schism within the church; it ended in 1417

John Wycliffe argued that the Bible was the source of all Christian faith; began translating bibles to English

Jan hus led reforms in Bohemia and was burned at the stake in 1415, guilty of preaching heresy

Divisions within the Church

At first England won a series of victories in Cracy, Poiters, and Agincourt

They used the longbow, a six feet long weapon and shot out 3 arrows at once

English victories crushed French morale

A series of conflicts fought between England and France between 1337 and 1456

England battled for French land and when Edward III (England) claimed the French crown, war erupted

War was burned by economic rivalry and a growing sense of national pride

The Hundred Years’

War

Was a 17-year-old peasant

woman sent by God to lead

the French army

Inspired the despairing

troops and led the French to

several victories

Was taken captive by English

allies ; tried for witchcraft

and burned at the stake

She was later canonized as a

saint The French used the cannon and attacked English held castles

Effects of the War

Growing sense of national pride in the France allowed them to expand their power

Shattered English’s goal of expanding to France, but they began trading overseas

Introduction to the longbow and cannonFeudal society changed; monarchs no longer

needed feudal vassals to fight warsPopulation and trading increasedNew technologies developed by Europeans.

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