Dr. Seema Kumari

Process of Socialization“Begins At Birth, Ends with Death”The Human Infant

comes into the world as biological organism. He is gradually moulded into a social being by the groups in society. He learns social ways of acting and feeling by imitating others. The process of moulding into a person is known as “Socialization.”

Definition of SocializationBogardus:- Socialization is the process

of working together, of developing group responsibility.

Ogburn:- socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.

Colley:- Socialization is a social process through which an individual develops his own self by learning the norms and by knowing about his own self from others.

Phases of SocializationPRIMARY

SOCILIZATION (Crucial

Stage)

SECONDARY

SOCIALIZATION

PRIMARY STAGE1. THE ORAL STAGE (0-1 year) 2. THE ANAL STAGE(1-

4 years)At the oral stage , the infant builds up definite expectations about feeding time and learns to signal for care.

Is concerned with toilet traning of the child.

OEDIPAL STAGE(4-Puberty Age)

This stage begins roughly at the fourth year and goes up to puberty. This is the period when child becomes a member of the family as a whole.

SECONDARY SOCIALIZATIONANICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION(Search For Self)In anticipatory socialization the

individual mimic or copy the behavior of his anticipated future role. For example- if one has anticipated his/her future role as a doctor he/she will start picking up doctor’s mannerism.

RE-SOCIALIZATION

Re-socialization is a kind of learning which involves the learning of new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that are completely different from one’s previous way of life. For example- re-socialization occurs when joins army or is put in a prison.

REVERSE-SOCIALIZATION

In reverse-socialization the younger generation transfers knowledge to the older generation. This occurs mostly in industrial societies where the pace of technological change is very rapid. Ex-A child teaching a grandparent to use a computer.

Sigmund Freud(1856-1939) Explained the process of socialization through

three stages-ID-is a real pleasure seeker and it wants

immediate gratification. It works on pleasure principle.

EGO-it keeps desire realistic and under control. The function of Ego based on reality principle.

SUPER-EGO- it represents society’s norms and values. It leads to the perfection of human action and controls both ID and EGO. It will give strong sense of right and wrong.

AGENCIES of SOCIALIZATION

FAMILYSCHOOLPEER-

GROUPMASS-

MEDIA

Family-has first access to the youngsters before formal schooling. Therefore they have a strong early influence on norms, morals and roles.

School- primarily socializes in the following ways-

a). Emphasis the importance of being on time.

b). Teaches how to be docile.c). Authority should be respectedd). Learn to follow directions.

Peer Groups- Being to have a powerful influence of socialization around the time of adolescence, when family influence weakens to establish a separate identity.

Mass-Media- consisting of print, radio, internet and television. A powerful tool to socialization, often (deliberately or not) indoctrinating people into such ideologies as sexism, ageism, and racism.

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