Progressive Movement

Progressive MovementWho were they?Middle class reformersAimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American lifeJournalists- working conditions, child laborIntellectuals-questioned large corporations Political reformers-more responsive to citizens Progressive Movement1900-1917Dealt with problems fromIndustrializationUrbanization-this brought the issue of:Immigration (SE Europe) Gilded Age (Titanic) Haves and Haves NotAngry over:American Businesses: too much power, controlled politicsSocial Darwinism- poor stay poorProgressives: citizens could perfect society (late 1800s)Government should help out the poorRise of the Federal Government

Progressives start at the local level:Women step out of home in attempt to clean up society and the urban overcrowding and povertyBased on ChristianityTarget drinking, prostitution, gambling brought by immigrants, Christians duty to save their soulsFour Main GoalsProtecting Social WelfarePromoting Moral ImprovementCreating Economic ReformFostering EfficiencySocial WelfareSocial GospelCommunity centersChurchesSettlement HousesHull House, Jane Adams Salvation ArmySoup kitchens, nurseries, slum brigades YMCA- Young Mens Christian AssociationLibraries, swimming pools, classes,

Social Welfare Florence Kelley Worked in Hull House 1899- improve factory conditionsImprove lives of women and childrenWhy are seals, bears, reindeer, fish, wild game in the national parks, buffalo, and migratory birds all found suitable for federal protection, but not children?Secretary of National Consumers LeaguePromoted reforms Illinois Factory Act-1893 prohibited child labor and limited womens working hoursMoral ImprovementMorality, not the workplace, was the key to improving the lives of poor peopleImprove personal behaviorProhibitionalcohol undermined American moralsWomans Christian Temperance UnionCleveland, Ohio, 1874Crusaded ProhibitionWCTU members entered bars: prayed, sang and urged owners to stop selling alcoholFrances Willard transformed WCTU1879- small midwestern group1911- 245,000 membersDo Everything- Willard sloganKindergartens for immigrantsVisiting inmates in prison/assylumsPromote suffrage Hatchetnations- Carry Nations (p. 307)Walk into bars and destroy liquor bottles

Anti-Saloon League 1895 (After WCTU)This caused tension between league and immigrantsSaloons- helped immigrant communityCashed paychecksServed mealsEconomic ReformMoral reformers, focus on individual behavior; economic reformers prompted by panic in 1893. Questions Capitalist systemEmbraced socialismEugene V Debbs- American socialist party in 1901Uneven balance among big business, government, and ordinary people

Progressives are NOT socialistSaw truth to Debbs argument Big business received favorable treatment from gov officials and politicians and used its economic power to limit competitionMuckrakersJohn Bunyans Pilgrims Progress Too busy with rake to clean up the muck of this worldJournalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines, journals, books, etc.

MuckrakersDavid Philips-Treason of StateCompetition in the SenateTheodore Dreiser-The Financer; The TitanIndustrialist Ida Wells- Southern Horrors: Lynch Laws in all its Phases Lynching of AAEdith Wharton- The House of MirthEcclesiastes 7:4- The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirthClose mindedness of elite societyIda Tarbell- History of the Standard Oil CoCompanys cut-throat methods of eliminating competition Lincoln Steffens- The Shame of the CitiesCorruption with political machines

UPTON SINCLAIRJACOB RIISThe JungleHow the Other Half Lives

Economic ReformMove away from Lassiez- FaireGovernment starts stepping in to control monopolies and to encourage competition

Fostering Efficiency Experts and scientific principles to make society and work place more efficientFrederick Winslow Taylor- time and motionTaylorism aka Scientific ManagementBreaks down every job, action and task into smaller sectionsBook Principles of Scientific MethodMaximum efficiency from both machine and worker=maximum profit Treated workers as mindless, emotionless

Thank you Taylor!Henry Ford and the Assembly LineFirst one to build conveyer belt Keep workers happy and to prevent strikes:Reduced workday to 8 hours$5 a dayEverybody will be able to afford [a car], and about everyone will have one

Henry Ford and Model TPolitical Reform (local and state level)Make government more efficientProblems: #1 in big cities, political bosses rewarded supporters with jobs and kickbacksFavors or bribes for votes

#2 Big business owners having a strong hold with politics

Political Reform: MayorHazen Pingree- Detroit, MichiganEconomic focus- fair tax structure, lowered fares for transportation, removed corruption, work relief system for the unemployedTom Johnson Cleveland, OhioSocialistCitizens active role in city governmentCircus tent meetings-anyone invited to question officials on business conduct Both worked to remove greed from utility owners

Political Reform: State LevelMany states passed laws to regulate Railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies, and other large businessRobert M. La Follette- Wisconsin governorRegulate big businessMain focus- rail roadTaxed railroad propertyRegulated ratesForbade free passes to state officialsPolitical Reform: ElectionsWilliam URen, Oregon- secret ballot (Australian ballot)Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakersReferendum- voters either accept or rejectRecall- remove public officials from office by another election before term endsPolitical Reform:Seventeenth AmendmentSenators elected by the people NOT the House of RepresentativesPopulist Reform (Hunters Awesome)

Protecting ChildrenChild labor increasingWorked cheaper and small hands Parents needed kids to work to pull the family out of povertyMore prone to accidents due to fatigue Serious health problems and growth stunt1904, National Child Labor Committee InvestigationsUsed photographsChild labor lowered wages for all workersKeating-Owen Act-1916Prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor

Two years later SC called unconstitutional bc interfered with states rights to regulate labor1908 Muller v OregonLouis Brandeis worked with Florence KelleyWomen required the states protection against powerful employees10 hour work day1917 Bunting V Oregon10 hour work day for menProgressives= workers compAid families of workers who were hurt or killed on the jobWOMEN Gender rolesWhat women were expected to doDevote time to taking care of families

Women FarmersCook, clean, sew, laundryRaise livestockPlow and plant

Women in IndustryGarment industry$$ half as menOffices, stores, classroomsHigh school educationBusiness schoolsTelephone operator (p.314)Receptionist, shorthand

Domestic WorkersU.S. Census Bureau any occupation that includes:launderers, cooks, housekeepers, childcare workers, cleaners and servants70 % women 18702 million AA

Betye Saar. The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972.

Gender Roles + ProgressivismStill expected to fulfill domestic roles, women colleges still strived to provided an excellent education. By the late 1800s, marriage not the only option for womenLate 1800s, of the college-ed women never married to retain own independenceApplied education and skills to promoting social reforms

We Need Reforms!- womenDangerous conditionsLow wagesLong hoursTriangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 1911146 workers (Jewish and Italian girls) diedTriangle Shirtwaist Factoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKdMuVu1wi8

social housekeepingEducated women strengthened existing reform groups and provided leadership for new groupsTargeted workplace reformHousing reformEducational improvementFood and drug lawsNACWIn 1896, AA women National Association of Colored Women (NACW)Harriett Tubman, Ida B. Wells1st came together to dispute a letter written by James Jacks-president of Missouri Assoc. PressHe referred to African-American women as thieves and prostitutes.During the next ten years campaigned in favor of women's Suffrage and against lynching and Jim Crow LawsMission of organization: The moral education of the race with which we are identified Josephine RuffinSeneca Falls Convention of1848In July of 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott spearheaded the first women's rights convention in American history. Although the Convention was hastily organized and hardly publicized, over 300 men and women came to Seneca Falls, New York to protest the mistreatment of women in social, economic, political, and religious life. The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions issued by the Convention, which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence, detailed the "injuries and usurpations" that men had inflicted upon women and demanded that women be granted all of the rights and privileges that men possessed, including the right to vote.Fourteenth AmendmentThe right to vote for African Americans, but excluded womenSusan B. Anthony-leader of the womens suffrage movementFounded National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)In 1890 united with National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Powerful women feared by manyLiquor industry- prohibitionTextile industry- child labor protestsMen (not all)- changing role of women in society

Three-part strategy for suffrage#1- tried to convince state leg. for right to voteWyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho#2- used court cases to test 14th amendmentSusan Anthony and others tried to vote 150 times using this argument: women citizens too#3- push for constitutional amendmentIt will take 41 years for this to happen

Night of Terrorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_q2Aw464KI

Write down everything you notice. Read A Personal Voice on page 317