$orma% or In&orma%#
  Wat %earning en'ironment "ou%d !ou pre&er# Le(ture)*ased or intera(ti'e#
  Wou%d !ou %i+e oters to ta%+ on te pone during te program#
 
Setting Standards   Not a training program
   Tis is an E,PERIENCE - Learning E.perien(e &or ALL o& us
  /e read! to gi'e and re(ei'e (onstru(ti'e (riti(ism
 
Write ONL0 "at !ou "ant to remem*er %ater
Not more tan 23 points
“The Only Barrier to
Assume You Already
Preparation
Pro4e(t Intro
Wat is a Pro4e(t
Pro4e(t 5e6nition 7 8A temporar! endea'or underta+en to (reate a uni9ue produ(t: ser'i(e or resu%t8   $eatures
 Temporar!7 ;as a 6nite duration: pro4e(t (eases "en its o*4e(ti'e is a(ie'ed< 5oes not mean sort duration< Norma%%!: te produ(t=ser'i(e "i%% out%i'e te pro4e(t
1ni9ue 7 5oing someting tat as not *een done ear%ier
Progressi'e E%a*oration7 85e'e%oping in steps: and (ontinuing in in(rements8< 5e'e%opment o& detai%s progressi'e%!
  En'ironment Constant%! (anging
Pre(edes Operations
Per&ormed *! peop%e
  5iferen(es7 Operations7 Ongoing: repetiti'e: ne(essar! &or sustaining te *usiness
Pro4e(ts7 Temporar!: uni9ue<
Pro4e(ts and Strategi( P%anning   Pro4e(ts are used to a(ie'e strategi( p%ans
 
App%i(ation o&    Kno"%edge ?e<g< 5omain areas
) Parma(euti(a%: (onstru(tion: et(<@
  S+i%%s ?Managing@
  Pro4e(t a(ti'ities ?e<g Time Management: Cost Management: et(<@
 Te GOAL   Pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es
PM is a((omp%ised troug pro(esses   Prepare - P%an - E.e(ute ) C%ose
Pro4e(t "or+ t!pi(a%%! in'o%'es   Identi&!ing re9uirements
  5e6ning o*4e(ti'es
  /a%an(ing te (ompeting demands &or S(ope: Time: Cost: and Bua%it!
  Managing sta+eo%ders
 
W! Pro4e(t Management#
 To enan(e te pro*a*i%it! o& pro4e(t su((ess  To &o(us on o*4e(ti'es ) S(ope: Time: Cost: Bua%it! Ris+
$or efe(ti'e response to rapid (anges  To manage efe(ti'e uti%i>ation o& resour(es  To address sta+eo%ders interests  To manage ris+s efe(ti'e%! A(ie'e $inan(ia% E(ien(!
  Pro4e(t Cost
  Pro4e(t Time
 
It de6nes   Wat "or+ to do in ea(
pase
  Wo a%% are in'o%'ed in ea( pase
  ;o" to manage ea( pase
 
se9uentia%
  Cost and stang are %o" at te start: pea+ in te midd%e and are %o" again
  Ris+ is ig at te start and s%o"%! de(%ines
 
Pro4e(t Pases
Preparaing   5e6nes and autori>es te pro4e(t or a pro4e(t pase
Panning   5e6nes and re6nes o*4e(ti'es: and p%ans te (ourse o& a(tions re9uired to attain te
o*4e(ti'es and s(ope tat te pro4e(t "as underta+en to address
E.e(uting   Integrates peop%e and oter resour(es to (arr! out te pro4e(t management p%an &or te
pro4e(t
  Regu%ar%! measures and monitors progress to identi&! 'arian(es &rom te pro4e(t management p%an so tat (orre(ti'e a(tion (an *e ta+en "en ne(essar! to meet pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es
C%osing   $orma%i>es te a((eptan(e o& te produ(t: ser'i(e or resu%t: and *rings te pro4e(t or a pro4e(t
pase to an order%! end
 
Pro4e(t Carter
 Te do(ument tat &orma%%! autori>es te pro4e(t
Autori>es Pro4e(t Manager to app%! organi>ationa% resour(es
PM sou%d *e assigned at te ear%iest &easi*%e: *ut sou%d a%"a!s *e assigned *e&ore start o& te p%anning pase: or during (arter de'e%opment
 
Pro4e(t Carter
Pro4e(t Carter sou%d address te &o%%o"ing   Re9uirements o& te (ustomers: sponsors and oter sta+eo%ders
  /usiness needs: pro4e(t 4usti6(ation: strategi( p%an
  Assigned PM and autorit! ?some oter resour(es ma! a%so *e pre)assigned@
  Produ(t des(ription=de%i'era*%es
  Summar! mi%estone s(edu%e
  Sta+eo%der inFuen(es
  $un(tiona% organi>ation and its parti(ipation
  Constraints and assumptions re%ating to organi>ation: en'ironment and e.terna% &a(tors Summar! *udget
 
P%anning
 Te Co%um*us 5isease
He left but he didn’t now where he was going
!hen he got there he didn’t now where he was
!hen he got ba" he didn’t now where he had been
 
P%anning is a pro(ess - not an out(ome
P%anning sou%d address   Setting te *oundaries S(ope statement
  A(ti'it! p%anning
  Cost p%anning
  Ris+ p%anning
S(ope Statement
Pro4e(t s(ope statement sou%d address te &o%%o"ing areas7   Pro4e(t and produ(t o*4e(ti'es
  Produ(t=ser'i(e re9uirements and (ara(teristi(s
  Produ(t a((eptan(e (riteria
  Pro4e(t *oundaries - Wat is in(%uded and "at is not
  Pro4e(t re9uirements and de%i'era*%es
  Pro4e(t (onstraints
  Pro4e(t assumptions
 
Pro4e(t A(ti'it! P%anning
Steps to de'e%op pro4e(t a(ti'it! s(edu%e   Spe(i&! te indi'idua% a(ti'ities ?W/S@
  5etermine te se9uen(e o& tese a(ti'ities ?A(ti'it! Ta*%e@
  5ra" a se9uen(e diagram ?AON or AOA@
  Estimate te (omp%etion time &or ea( a(ti'it! ?A(ti'it! Estimates@
  Identi&! te (riti(a% pat ?1sing CPM@
  Create a s(edu%e o& a(ti'ities
 
Creates te re9uired de%i'era*%es
W/S organi>es and de6nes te tota% s(ope o& te pro4e(t
Su*di'ides te pro4e(t "or+ into sma%%er: more managea*%e pie(es o& "or+
;as des(ending %e'e%s "it in(reasing%! detai%ed de6nition o& te pro4e(t "or+
 
autorit!=responsi*i%it! assigned@
  Independent ?"it respe(t to oter e%ements o? pro4e(ts@
  Integratea*%e so tat te tota% pa(+age (an *e seen@
  Measura*%e ?ea( de%i'era*%e@
Purpose    To simp%i&! a (omp%e. pro4e(t ) it is a
summation o& e%ements
  5uration: (ost and *udget (an *e esta*%ised
   Time: e.penditure: and per&orman(e (an *e tra(+ed
  Net"or+ and Contro% P%anning (an *e initiated
  Responsi*i%ities and Resour(es (an *e assigned
  Omission=dup%i(ation o& tas+s (an *e a'oided
  Pro'ide a (ommon stru(ture and (oding s!stem
 
de%i'era*%es into sma%%er (un+s
  Goa% 7 (reate "or+ pa(+ages
  Ma! not *e possi*%e &or de%i'era*%es tat are &ar into te &uture
  5iferent de%i'era*%es ma! a'e diferent %e'e%s
 
Identi6(ation o& %ogi(a% se9uen(ing among s(edu%e a(ti'ities
A%%o"s &or a smoot Fo" o& pro4e(t a(ti'ities
 
;e%ps to de'e%op pro4e(t s(edu%e
Identi6es dependen(ies o& diferent a(ti'ities to esta*%is te &astest pat to tas+ (omp%etion
Most use&u% &or (omp%e. pro4e(ts
isua% disp%a! e%ps to (ommuni(ate a(ti'it! e.e(ution
Identi6es missing a(ti'ities
 
  A(ti'it!
  5ependen(!
  Start to Start
  $inis to $inis
Pra(ti(e
 Tas+ Se9uen(ing Too% ) A5M
Arro" 5iagram Metod
Anoter "a! to (reate a s(edu%e net"or+ diagram
AOA - A(ti'it! on Arro"
  A(ti'ities (onne(t on nodes to so" dependen(ies
  On%! as $inis to Start dependen(!
  Can a%so a'e dumm! nodes
  Less (ommon%! used in pro4e(t p%anning
Sample ADM
  A5M
Parametri( Estimate   5etermined *! mu%tip%!ing
te 9uantit! o& "or+ *! te produ(ti'it! rate Constru(tion "or+ - per
s9uare &oot
5ri%%ing - time ta+en per (u*i( in(
 Tree)point Estimate   ;e%ps to (onsider te
amount o& ris+ in te initia% estimate
  Considers t!pes o& estimates Most %i+e%!
Optimisti(
Pessimisti(
S(edu%e 5e'e%opment
Out%ines te proposed time%ines &or te pro4e(t a(ti'ities
Is an iterati'e pro(ess
Is t!pi(a%%! (omp%eted A$TER a(ti'it! duration estimate
 
S(edu%e 5e'e%opment Too% ) CPM
5upont de'e%oped te (on(ept in 2 - to address te sutting o& p%ants &or maintenan(e
;e%ps to identi&! te pat o& a(ti'ities "ere an! de%a! WILL (ause a de%a! in te pro4e(t time%ine
$or a(ti'ities outside te Criti(a% Pat: tere is to%eran(e &or   Late start
  Late 6nis
  Ear%! start
1sed to *e (arried out *! and - no" tere are so&t"are a'ai%a*%e   MS Pro4e(t
  Prima'era
 
More on CPM
Ca%(u%ated *! estimating te &o%%o"ing parameters &or ea( a(ti'it!   ES ) Ear%iest start time
Ear%iest time at "i( te a(ti'it! (an start gi'en tat its pre(edent a(ti'ities must *e (omp%eted 6rst
  E$ ) Ear%iest 6nis time E9ua% to te ear%iest start time &or te a(ti'it! p%us te time re9uired to (omp%ete te a(ti'it!
  LS ) Latest start time E9ua% to te %atest 6nis time minus te time re9uired to (omp%ete te a(ti'it!
  L$ ) Latest 6nis time Latest time at "i( te a(ti'it! (an *e (omp%eted "itout de%a!ing te pro4e(t
S%a(+ Time    Time *et"een its ear%iest and %atest start time
  Amount o& time tat !ou (an de%a! an a(ti'it! "itout de%a!ing te pro4e(t s(edu%e
 
W! CPM
CPM e%ps to identi&!   5iferent a(ti'ities tat M1ST *e (omp%eted on time &or
te pro4e(t to sta! on s(edu%e
  Wi( a(ti'ities (an *e de%a!ed and teir resour(es (an *e rea%%o(ated
  Minimum duration o& te pro4e(t
 
S(edu%e Compression Too%s
S(edu%e Compression   ;e%ps to sorten pro4e(t s(edu%e WIT;O1T (anging te pro4e(t s(ope
Compression te(ni9ues   Crasing
Cost and Time tradeofs are ana%!>ed to determine te greatest amount o& pro4e(t (ompression
O&ten resu%ts in in(reased (ost
  $ast Tra(+ing Se9uen(ed a(ti'ities are per&ormed in para%%e%
E<g< - &oundation "or+ is started *e&ore detai%ed ar(ite(ture dra"ings are (omp%ete
In(reases pro4e(t ris+s
W! Per&orm Cost P%anning
;e%ps to manage te (ost o& te resour(es needed to (omp%ete s(edu%e a(ti'ities
Pro4e(ts (as outFo"s at diferent stages o& te pro4e(t
;e%ps to ig%igt te ris+ o& ma4or (ost o'er)runs
Esta*%ises a *ase%ine to (ompare "it te a(tua% pro4e(t (ost
 
Cost P%anning Too%s
/ottom)up Estimating   Starts &rom Wor+ Pa(+ages - &rom *ottom %e'e% a(ti'ities
  Add up teir (osts and "or+ up"ards
  Aggregate te (osts to rea( a 6na% 6gure
  Pros and Cons 1pside - is more a((urate: (ost (anges (an *e re(orded
easi%!
5o"nside - ta+es more time: re9uires detai%ed +no"%edge
Parametri( Estimating ?dis(ussed ear%ier@
 
Cost P%anning Too%s
 Top)do"n Estimating ?Ana%ogous Estimating@    Ta+es (ost inspiration &rom simi%ar pro4e(ts: tas+s
  Starts &rom te top and "or+ do"n"ards
  5i'ide te (ost 6gures among diferent su*)pro4e(ts or tas+s
  Pros and Cons 1pside - 9ui(+ and eas! to use: good &or ear%!)stage p%anning
5o"nside - o&ten is 'er! ina((urate: (an mis%ead i& used at a %ater stage
Reser'e Ana%!sis   Contingen(! &a(tor - "at)i& s(enario
  5o"nside - (an o'er)state te (ost estimate o& s(edu%e a(ti'it!
 
Enterprise En'ironment $a(tors
Stang Management P%an
Ris+ Register
Wat is Pro4e(t Ris+
Pro*a*i%it! o& an un(ertain e'ent or (ondition "it a positi'e or negati'e efe(t on an! one o& te &o%%o"ing pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es   S(ope
  Cost
   Time
  Bua%it!
E.amp%es   Pro*a*i%it! o& de%a! in a(9uiring a permit &rom te go'ernment &or an aspe(t o&
te pro4e(t
  Pro*a*i%it! o& una'ai%a*i%it! o& ade9uate resour(es assigned &or a parti(u%ar tas+
  Pro*a*i%it! o& in(rease in resour(e (ost
 
1nderstand Ris+
 T!pes o& ris+s   Kno"n ris+s - someting "e (an p%an &or
  1n+no"n ris+s - "e are (augt of guard
Ris+s - treats or opportunities#    Ta+ing ris+ against pro6ta*%e gain
1sing $ast Tra(+ing to sorten pro4e(t time%ine
  Ris+s tat ofer opportunities Lo"ering o& ta.es on pro4e(t resour(es: *rining (ost do"n
Attitude to"ard ris+#   $ear and a'oid
  A((ept and &a(e
5o(umenting "i( ris+s migt afe(t te pro4e(t
Is an iterati'e pro(ess   PM sou%d de(ide te &re9uen(! o& re'ie"
Leads (ommon%! to 9ua%itati'e ana%!sis
Grouping o& ris+s "it respe(t   ;o" te! re%ate to ea( oter
  ;o" te! impa(t te pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es
   Teir pro*a*i%it!
Ris+ Register   A (o%%e(tion o& a%% t!pes o& ris+s and teir (ara(teristi(s
 
/rainstorming   Gater "it diferent sta+eo%ders in
separate groups
  Conso%idate
5e%pi Te(ni9ue   As+s a group o& e.perts anon!mous%!
a set o& 9uestions a*out potentia% ris+s
  Conso%idate data
  Send it to te e.perts again and see+ (omment
  Repeat ) times
  Wea+nesses
Ce(+%ist Ana%!sis   ;istori(a% data
  Ris+ Register &rom anoter pro4e(t
 
;e%ps to prioriti>e pro4e(t ris+s
Sets !ou up &or te ne.t step   Eiter 9uantitati'e ris+ ana%!sis
  Or ris+ response p%anning
Main ingredients   Ris+ pro*a*i%it!
  Ris+ impa(t
  Ris+ to%eran(e &or S(ope: Cost: Bua%it! and Time
Ad'antages   Eas! and simp%e to use
  Gi'es a *a%%par+ 6gure o& ris+ impa(t 'a%ue
5isad'antages    Too simp%e &or (omp%e.
pro4e(ts
 Too% Ris+ Matri.
;e%ps !ou to   isua%i>e te efe(t o&
diferent ris+s
   0)a.is - Ris+ Pro*a*i%it!
High Probability – Low Impact
High Probability – High Impact
Low Probability – Low Impact
Low Probability – High Impact
 Too% Pro*a*i%it!)Impa(t Matri.
Ris+ pro*a*i%it!   Li+e%iood tat a (ertain pro*a*i%it! "i%% o((ur
Ris+ impa(t   Potentia% efe(t o& a (ertain ris+ on an! o& te &our pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es7 s(ope: time: 9ua%it! and
(ost
Assesses *ot positi'e as "e%% as negati'e ris+   Positi'e ris+ - opportunities
  Negati'e ris+ - treats
Ris+ $a(tor   Resu%t o& mu%tip%!ing ris+ pro*a*i%it! "it ris+ impa(t
  Gi'es te 6na% impa(t o& a (ertain ris+
 
Pro4e(t O*4e(ti'e    To esta*%is a ne" territoria%
o(e
estimated
  Pro4e(t team mem*ers %ea'ing *e&ore pro4e(t (omp%etion
  Canges in pro4e(t s(ope
  Se(urit! situation o& te area
Risk Name
Probabi lity
;iger InFation
3<2 3<Q 3<3Q
S(ope Cange
Se(urit! Situation
Bua%itati'e Ris+ Ana%!sis Output
Bua%itati'e ana%!sis resu%ts in   Ran+ing o& diferent ris+s
  Grouping o& ris+s
  List o& ris+s re9uiring response in te near)term = %ong) term
  List o& ris+s &or additiona% ana%!sis
 
  Redu(e treats
Sou%d address ris+s *ased on teir Ris+ $a(tor or priorit!
;e%ps to (reate some (usion *!   A%%o(ating e.tra *udget
  A%%o(ating e.tra time
 Too%s Ris+ Response Strategies
Responding to Treats   A'oid
Cange te PM p%an to a'oid a ris+
   Trans&er Si&ting te impa(t and o"nersip
o& ris+ to tird part! ?insuran(e po%i(!@
  Mitigate Wor+ to redu(e te pro*a*i%it! or
impa(t o& a ris+ ?test mar+eting: protot!ping@
Proa(ti'e s Rea(ti'e
Responding to Opportunities   E.p%oit
See+ to &a(e te ris+ ead on ?assigning *etter ta%ent to a tas+@
  Sare Saring te o"nersip "it a
tird part! ?Js@
  Enan(e See+ to in(rease te pro*a*i%it!
or impa(t o& te positi'e ris+
 
Pro4e(t Communi(ation Management
O*4e(ti'e    To ensure time%! and appropriate generation: (o%%e(tion:
distri*ution: storage: retrie'a% and u%timate disposition o& pro4e(t in&ormation
Pro(esses &or (ommuni(ation management   In&ormation distri*ution
  Per&orman(e reporting
 
/road Strateg!   Need)to)+no" *asis
Restri(ts a((ess - Keeps se(urit! inta(t - Maintains strong %ines o& separation - Keeps te &o(us o& te mem*ers inta(t
  Want)to)+no" *asis Opens a((ess - Ris+s in&ormation pro%i&eration - A%%o"s &or
in'o%'ement - Ma! in(rease distra(tion
 
5istri*ution Triggers    Time)*ased reports = meetings
$re9uen(!
St!%e   $orma%
Standard temp%ates
  Pro4e(t team meetings
  E)mai%s and 6%e saring s!stems
Content   ;ig)%e'e%
Less detai%s
  Lo")%e'e% More detai%s
$o(uses on pro(esses
against pro4e(t estimated *ase%ines re%ated to S(ope
Bua%it!
Num*ers dont %ieU
;e%ps to measure per&orman(e o*4e(ti'e%!
  Remem*er tat KPIs sou%d Conne(t "it eiter one o& te &our pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es ?SCTB@
Measure %i'e pro4e(t per&orman(e
Sou%d *e designed so te! resu%t in num*ers or V
 
Sta+eo%der Communi(ation Management
Purpose    To satis&! te needs o& and reso%'e issues "it pro4e(t
sta+eo%ders
Suggested Strateg!   Need to +no" *asisU - "e%%)de6ned %ines o&
(ommuni(ation separation
 
Ris+ Management
Ris+ Management
O*4e(ti'e   E.e(uting te ris+ p%ans and reassessing tem to meet
pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es
Ris+ Monitoring and Contro%   Assess te assumption o& ear%ier identi6ed ris+s
  Monitor te progress o& ris+ response e.e(ution
  Identi&! and ana%!>e ne" ris+s
 
Ris+ Management Too%
Ris+ Audit   E.amines and do(uments te ris+ responses and (ompares it against te
esta*%ised *ase%ines
  Su*4e(ti'e a(ti'it! - e%ps to see te trend and reassess te ris+ responses
arian(e Ana%!sis   Identi6es o" mu( te a(tua% progress as de'iated &rom te *ase%ine estimates
  Statisti(a% metod
  Pro'ides an o*4e(ti'e ana%!sis
Reser'e Ana%!sis   Ris+s "i%% o((ur - !our reser'es "i%% get (onsumed: *ut o" mu(#
  Ana%!>e te use o& reser'es (onsumption
 
Bua%it! Management
Bua%it!   5egree to "i( a set o& inerent (ara(teristi(s meet re9uirements
Purpose    To ensure te *ase%ine 9ua%it! targets are met troug
A(ie'ed troug   Bua%it! Assuran(e
 To ensure tat pro(esses are *eing &o%%o"ed as p%anned and proposed
  Bua%it! Contro%  To ensure spe(i6( pro4e(t de%i'era*%es meet te 9ua%it! standard tat "as
p%anned and proposed
Bua%it! Assuran(e
App%i(ation o& p%anned and s!stemati( a(ti'ities to ensure tat pro(esses are in %ine to meet te pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es   Negates 5ont 6. it i& it isnt *ro+enU pi%osop!
Setup   A separate designated team
  Bua%it! Cir(%es Mem*ers &rom "itin te team are assigned and rotated to per&orm BA
/ene6ts   Ce(+s de'iations *e&ore te! resu%t in *ad 9ua%it! de%i'era*%e
  Pa'es "a! &or Continuous Impro'ement ?Kai>en#@
  ;e%ps to de'e%op stronger standards &or pro(esses
 
BA Too%s
Bua%it! Audits   Stru(tured re'ie" a(ti'it! to (e(+ "eter pro4e(t pro(esses
(omp%! "it organi>ationa% = pro4e(t po%i(ies and pro(edures
  Sou%dnt *e announ(ed - *est "en done "itout prior noti(e
  Condu(ted *! trained in)ouse personne%
Pro(ess Ana%!sis   A s(edu%ed a(ti'it! to s!stemati(a%%! re'ie" pro(esses in 'ie"
o& te de%i'era*%es and pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es
  $eed*a(+ &rom pro4e(t mem*ers
 
Bua%it! Contro%
Monitoring o& spe(i6( pro4e(t de%i'era*%es to (e(+ "eter te! (omp%! "it p%anned = proposed 9ua%it! standards
Setup   An independent team per&orms 9ua%it! (e(+s
  5one troug samp%ing
  Statisti(a% ana%!sis - to identi&! patterns and ten identi&! root (ause
/ene6ts   Keeps poor 9ua%it! de%i'era*%es &rom rea(ing in te ands o& te (ustomer or
sponsor
  ;e%ps to identi&! poor inputs into a(ti'ities
 
Cange Management
Purpose    To assess: re(ord and in(orporate an! (anges to te pro4e(t
o*4e(ti'es main%! T)B)S)C
Is per&ormed &rom in(eption to (omp%etion
Is important as pro4e(ts se%dom get e.e(uted e.a(t%! as p%anned
Is o&ten a resu%t o& a ris+ *eing materia%i>ed   Positi'e ris+ - positi'e (ange
  Negati'e ris+ - negati'e (ange
Cange Management
Steps to per&orm (ontro% and manage (anges   Identi&! te need &or a (ange in te pro4e(t o*4e(ti'es
  Re'ie" re9uest &or (anges
  Assessing te efe(ts o& proposed (anges to SCTB
  In&orm and re'ie" te proposed (anges "it sta+eo%ders
  I& appro'ed: do(ument and update a%% SCTB *ase%ines
 
Stru(tured pro(ess
Ensure tat de%i'era*%es are anded o'er to pro4e(t sponsors or (ustomers
5o(ument and ar(i'e pro4e(t re(ords &or &uture pro4e(ts
Ensure pro4e(t de%i'era*%es are a((epted *! sponsors = (ustomers
 
5o(umentation
Purpose    To ensure tat a%% important a(ti'ities: po%i(ies: pro(esses and
de%i'era*%es are do(umented &or re'ie"
/ene6t   $a(i%itates pro4e(t per&orman(e ana%!sis
  A%%o"s &or (omparati'e ana%!sis *et"een pro4e(ted and a(tua%
  Ma+es temp%ates a'ai%a*%e &or &uture pro4e(ts
  Some po%i(ies and pro(esses (an *e uti%i>ed *! oter departments in organi>ations
  Pro'ides important data &or operations