protists eukaryotes w/o tissue level of organization as in animals, plants, and fungi
TRANSCRIPT
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Protists
Eukaryotes w/o tissue level of organization as in animals, plants, and fungi
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Generalizations
Most unicellular
Organelles that are similar to eukaryote animals
None have embryonic tissue layers as in animals
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Classification of Protista:
Excavata Diplomonadida = Giardia Kinetoplastida = trypanosomes Euglenida = Euglena
Alveolata & Chromista Ciliophora = ciliates Apicomplexa = gregarines, coccidians Dinoflagellata = flagellates Opalinida = Opalina
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Classification of Protista:
Rhizaria Rhizopoda = amoebas Actinopoda = radiolarians
Amoebozoa Lobosea = amoebas
Opisthokonta Chlorophyta = Volvox
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Support and Locomotion
Plasma membrane Many have thickening = pellicle Or a test
Pseudopodia, cilia, flagella
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Nutrition
Autotrophs = ? Heterotrophs = ? Or both
Saprobic = take in dissolved stuff Holozoic = solid foods (food vacuole)
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Reproduction
Asexual and sexual
Complex = parasites
Binary fission
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Budding
Yeast
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Sexual repro
Production of gametes and then fusion = syngamy
Isogamy = same size gametes Anisogamy = one larger
Or conjugation
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Phylum Euglenida
Mostly freshwater, few marine, brackish
Usually in habitat w/decaying organic matter
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Support
Pellicle = protein under cell membrane Stripes are seams in protein strips Flexible
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Locomotion by flagella
Two flagella, one usually shorter
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Nutrition
1/3 have chloroplasts Positive phototaxis Photoreceptor near base of anterior flagellum
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2/3 euglenids w/o chloroplasts = heterotrophs = phagocytosis Others can lose chloroplasts and switch
Few parasitic forms
Saprotrophic = take in dissolved nutrients
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Euglenid reproduction
Asexual by longitudinal cell division
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Euglenida examples you need to know:
Euglena
Perinema
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Other Euglenida?
Phacus
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+ Astasia
Other Euglenida?
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Phylum Kinetoplastida
Trypanosomes, etc. ~ 600 species described Some free-living
Trypanosomes strictly parasitic Digestive tracts of invert’s, phloem of plants,
blood of vert’s
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Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle: Chagas’
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Reduviid = assasin bug
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Other parasitic forms Leishmania: transmitted by sandflies Causes skin and mucous membrane
infections in humans
T. gambiense, others = sleeping sickness Tse-tse fly is intermediate host Tryps get into blood, then lymphatics and CS
fluid
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Support, locomotion
Pellicle, glycoprotein protects outside
Flagella: single, against side of cell
nucleus
kinetoplastkinetosome
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Nutrition
Mostly unknown in parasitic forms
Free-living spp. are heterotrophic; capture bacteria with flagellum
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Reproduction
Asexual by longitudinal binary fission, budding
Complex life cycles
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Kinetoplastida you need to know!
Leishmania
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Infection occurs when infected sandfly regurgitates infective promastigotes into the blood while feeding.
The promastigotes are phagocytized by macrophages and transform into amastigotes.
The amastigotes multiply by binary fission in the macrophages.
The life cycle is continued when a sandfly feeds on an infected person and ingests the amastigotes in the macrophages.
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Leishmania
Amastigotes in blood
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Amastigotes in liver cells
Leishmania
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Trypanosoma lewisi
Trypomastigote in vert. blood (infective form)
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Phylum Ciliophora ~ 12,000 described species
Common in benthic, planktonic communities
Freshwater, marine, brackish
Most are single celled
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Mutualistic symbionts
E.g., in goats, sheep Feed on plant material
Some are parasites in fish gut, one in human gut
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Support, locomotion
Alveolar membrane system Underlying fibrous layer = epiplasm
Cilia in rows; used in taxonomy More flexible for locomotion than flagella Beat in cone
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Ciliophora you need to know: Didinium
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Ciliophora Paramecium, Vorticella
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Ciliophora Euplotes
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Ciliophora Spirostomum