public perception poll on child labour · 2.0 background and objectives 4 3.0 survey methodology 5...

Child LabourPublic Perception Poll on

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Disclaimer

This report has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. NOIPolls hereby certi�es that all the views expressed in this document accurately re�ect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsi-bility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not re�ect NOIPolls’ current �ndings and/or thinking. ©

Table of Figures 21.0 Executive Summary 42.0 Background And Objectives 43.0 Survey Methodology 54.0 Demographic Distribution 55.0 Survey Results 6 5.1 Perception On Prevalence Of Child Labour In Nigeria 6 5.2 Proportion of Children Engaged In Child Labour 7 5.3 Perceptions On The Types of Labour Children Engage In 8 5.4 Perceived Reasons for Incidence of Child Labour 9 5.5 Measures To Curbing Child Labour In Nigeria 10 5.6 Awareness On Reporting Channels Of Incidence Of Child Labour 11 5.6.1 Various Reporting Channels For Incidences Of Child Labour 11 5.7 Perceived E�ects of Child Labour In Nigeria 126.0 Conclusion 12

Table of FiguresFigure 1: Demographic Distribution 6Figure 2: Perception on Prevalence Of Child Labour in Nigeria 6Figure 3: Trended Perception On The Prevalence Of Child Labour In Nigeria 7Figure 4: Proportion Children Engaged In Child Labour 7Figure 5: Trended Proportion Children Engaged In Child Labour 7Figure 6: Perceptions On The Types of Labour Children Engage In 8Figure 7: Trended Perceptions On The Types of Labour Children Engage In 8Figure 8: Perceived Reasons for Incidence of Child Labour 9Figure 9: Perceived Reasons for Incidence of Child Labour 9Figure 10: Measures To Curbing Child Labour In Nigeria 10Figure 11: Measures To Curbing Child Labour In Nigeria (Trended) 10Figure 12: Awareness On Reporting Channels Of Incidence Of Child Labour 11Figure 13: Various Reporting Channels For Incidences Of Child Labour 11Figure 14: Perceived E�ects of Child Labour In Nigeria 12

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Table of Contents

Photo Credit: AP Images

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A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week commencing June, 3rd, 2019 has revealed that most Nigerians (84 percent) believe that the issue of child labour is prevalent in the country. The poll further showed that 8 in 10 Nigerians claimed that they normally see children engage in various forms of labour in their respective localities. Data from International Labour Organization (ILO) reported that the number of working children under the age of 14 in Nigeria is estimated to be 15 million. According to the Country Director of the International Labour Organization (ILO), Dennis Zulu, during a two-days’ workshop on ACCEL Africa on Friday May 3rd in Abuja, statistics revealed that about 43 percent of children in Nigeria aged between 5 to 10 years were involved in child labour.

Despite several measures to combat child labour, it continues to remain a great concern in Nigeria. The Child Rights Act which was passed into law in 2003 defines a child as one who is below the age of eighteen years and it categorically provides that such a child’s best interests shall remain para-mount in all considerations. Sixteen years after being incorporated into Nigerian law, the child labour situation has remained a major issue as millions of children are still engaged in child labour activities. For instance, the poll revealed that children are often seen engaged in street hawking (58 percent), domestic work (11 percent) and street begging (10 percent) amongst other labour activities within their localities. Perception on street hawking showed that it is most predominant in the Southern region (79 percent on the average) than in the Northern region (43 percent on the average). However, opinions revealed that street begging and domestic work are highest in the Northern region than in the South-ern region.

Interestingly, Nigerians blamed the prevalence of child labour on poverty (58 percent), parental neglect (16 percent) and bad economy (10 percent). Moreover, most of the respondents (27 percent) from the poll recommended that more jobs should be created as the rate unemployment in the coun-try could be a contributing factor in the issue of child labour. In addition, 21 percent suggested that government should improve the economy, 18 percent advocated for free education amongst other recommendations. It is therefore, important that the government and concerned stakeholders’ work together to tackle the issue of child labour by implementing more programmes to eradicate poverty and improve the conditions of workers. Government should also create an enabling environment for small scale businesses to thrive in Nigeria in order to improve the economy and increase the employ-ment opportunities.

1.0 Executive Summary

The menace of child labour in Nigeria has indeed become a front burner issue in the country which requires urgent attention from all and sundry. Of utmost concern are the implications and the devastat-ing e�ects of child labour on both the child and the society which is better imagined. It is worrisome that most parents are ignorant of such implications while others see it as the new norm for children to beg or hawk on the streets. Child labour refers to the exploitation of children under the age of 18 years through any form of work that deprives them of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school; and is mentally, physically, socially or morally harmful. Such exploitation is frowned at and prohibited worldwide. It must be clearly stated that these prohibitions do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artist, family duties and supervised training. Some activities like street hawking, domestic work, street begging, cargo loading, bus conductor, labourers, family business, farming, auto mechanic etc. done by children below the age of 18 years in order to survive are all termed as child labour.

2.0 Background And Objectives

1 https://www.borgenmagazine.com/20-million-nigerian-children-victims-child-labour/2 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/child_labour

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2

5

In Nigeria, many children are seen on a daily basis undertaking one form of labour or the other as enumerated above in order to make a living. Due to certain cultural and religious beliefs, some parents subject their children to child labour as a way to augment their income, others are of the opin-ion that it is as a result of high rate of poverty and unemployment bedevilling the country.

UNICEF’s recent report on child labour revealed that a staggering 15 million children under the age of 14 are working in various fields across Nigeria. Many are exposed to long hours of work in dangerous and unhealthy environments, carrying too much responsibility for their age. Working in these hazard-ous conditions with little food, small pay, no education and no medical care establishes a cycle of child right violations. Given the statistics above, Nigeria has a high number of children who are engaged in child labour and this calls for a decisive measure to curb this menace and also pro�er a solution to it. Against this background, NOIPolls conducted a survey to gauge the opinions of Nigerians regarding child labour and various ways to curb it.

The survey was conducted through telephone interviews in the week of June 3rd. 2019. A proportion-ate random nationwide selected sample of 1,000 phone-owning Nigerians, 18 years and above, were interviewed across the six geopolitical zones in the country. This sample size provides a 95% confi-dence interval that the results obtained are within a range of plus or minus 4.65% of the opinions of population. The interviews were conducted in English, Pidgin, Hausa, Igbo or Yoruba. The use of several Nigerian languages reduces the likelihood of a non-response bias.

A total of 1,000 respondents were randomly selected for this survey. The survey was administered over the telephone in five languages, using a well-structured questionnaire. The demographic distri-bution of the respondents was analyzed by the following groups: gender, age-group, geo-political zones, and occupation as illustrated in Figure 1 below.

Gender: The proportion of male and female respondents was almost equal with 51 percent and 49 percent respectively.

Age-Group: The age-group with the highest frequency in the survey was 36-60 (52 percent) and the lowest age-group represented was 60+ (9 percent).

Geo-Political Zone: All geo-political zones were adequately represented in the survey, the highest represented zone being the North-West zone (24 percent) and the lowest being the South-East zone (12 percent).

Occupation: The highest proportion of respondents surveyed were self-employed traders (31 percent); followed by government worker/civil servant (23 percent) and Artisans (13 percent). The lowest represented occupation in the survey were Youth Corpers with 1 percent.

4.0 Demographic Distribution

3.0 Survey Methodology

Respondents to the poll were asked eight specific questions. This section of the report presents findings from each question.

5.1 Perception On Prevalence Of Child Labour In NigeriaThe first question gauged the prevalence of child labour in Nigeria and findings from the poll are particularly worrisome as a large share (84 percent) of respondents nationwide believe that the issue of child labour is prevalent in Nigeria. This corroborates findings from International Labour Organiza-tion (ILO) which revealed that the number of working children under the age of 14 in Nigeria is estimat-ed to be 15 million.

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5.0 Survey Results

4%

1%

2%

3%

5%

5%

6%

7%

13%

23%

31%

20%

15%

12%

24%

14%

15%

9%

52%

39%

49%

51%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Others

Youth Corper

Religilous Leader / Missionary

Farmer/Agric Worker

Business Man/Woman

Student

Professional Worker

Unemployed Youth / Adult

Artisan

Government Worker/ Civil servant

Self - Employed Trader

South West

South South

South East

North West

North East

North Central

60+

36-60

18-35

Female

Male

Occ

upati

onGe

o-Po

litica

l Zon

eAg

e gr

oup

Gend

er

Percentage (%)Source: NOIPolls – June 2019

Summary of Demographic Variables for the Child Labour Poll (N = 1,000) June, 2019

*On a scale of 1 to 4, where 1=Not at all prevalent, 2=somewhat not prevalent, 3=somewhat prevalent, 4=very prevalent, the Closer the average score to 4, the more prevalent the issue of Child labour in Nigeria.

1% 2% 1% 3% 1% 1% 4% 2% 1% 1% 2% 1%

15% 15% 15% 11% 16% 22% 10% 10% 15% 16% 14% 17%

20% 22% 18% 20% 16% 23% 17% 20% 21% 19% 22%7%

64% 61% 66% 66% 67% 54%69% 68% 63% 64% 62% 75%

Not at all prevalent

Somewhat not prevalent

Somewhat prevalent

Very prevalent

Gender Geo-Political ZoneNationwide

Male Female NorthCentral

NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthEast

SouthSouth

SouthWest

In your opinion, how prevalent do you think the issue of child labour in Nigeria? {Jun. ‘19}

18-35 36-60 60+

Age-group

3.50 3.50 3.32 3.52 3.55 3.48 3.47 3.45 3.58Average score 3.483.433.46

Source: NOIPolls – June 2019

Figure 1: Demographic Distribution

3 https://www.borgenmagazine.com/20-million-nigerian-children-victims-child-labour/

Figure 2: Perception on Prevalence Of Child Labour in Nigeria

3

5.2 Proportion of Children Engaged In Child LabourSubsequently, the poll revealed that the larger proportion of respondents (80 percent) disclosed that they have observed children engage in one form of labour in their respective localities. Analysis by region revealed that averagely, more respondents from the Northern region (84 percent) than the Southern region (74 percent) made this assertion.

Furthermore, trend analysis revealed a 10 percent decline when current finding is compared with the result obtained 2013. This suggests that concerned stakeholders could have embarked on several awareness campaign that enlightened the general public on the negative e�ects of child labour in the society at large. However, 84 percent is still on the high side hence more e�¬orts need to made to further reduce this figure drastically.

Trend analysis also revealed an 8 percent increase in the number of children seen engaged in various forms of labour when the 2019 result is compared to the findings obtained in 2016.

1%

15%

20%

64%

1%

5%

14%

80%

Not at all prevalent

Somewhat not prevalent

Somewhat prevalent

Very prevalent

In your opinion, how prevalent do you think the issue of child labour in Nigeria?

Nov. '13 Jun. '19


86%

72%80%

14%

28%20%

Nov. '13 Dec. '16 Jun. '19

Personally, do you normally see children engaged in any form of labour or job in your locality?

Yes No


7

80% 83% 77% 84% 87% 82% 77% 74% 75% 79% 81% 85%

20% 17% 23% 16% 13% 18% 23% 26% 25% 21% 19% 15%

Yes

No



NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthEast

SouthSouth

SouthWest

Personally, do you normally see children engaged in any form of labour or job in your locality?{Jun. ‘19}

18-35 36-60 60+

Age-group


Figure 3: Trended Perception On The Prevalence Of Child Labour In Nigeria

Figure 5: Trended Proportion Children Engaged In Child Labour

Figure 4: Proportion Children Engaged In Child Labour

5.3 Perceptions On The Types of Labour Children Engage InRespondents who indicated that they see children engaged in di�erent labour or jobs were further probed and asked to mention some of these labour or jobs they have seen children engaged in. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents (58 percent) specifically mentioned that they have seen children engage in street hawking in their various localities and the South-South zone account-ed for the larger share of Nigerians in this category. This is followed by Nigerians who cited domestic work (11 percent) and street begging (10 percent) amongst other mentions. Perceptions on street hawking showed that it is most predominant in the southern region (79 percent on the average) than in the Northern region (43 percent on the average). However, opinions revealed that street begging and domestic work are highest in the Northern region than in the Southern region.

58% 53%64% 63%

33% 34%

84% 86%67% 60% 53%

74%

11% 11% 11% 12% 7%19%

4% 4% 13% 10% 14% 8%

10% 10% 11% 4%22% 19%

1% 1% 8% 8% 14% 6%

5% 7% 4% 4% 14% 9% 1% 2% 1% 6% 5% 5%

5% 6% 3% 6% 8% 6% 3% 1% 3% 5% 4% 6%

4% 4% 3% 5% 5% 6% 5% 1% 1% 4% 4% 0%3% 4% 1% 3% 5% 3% 1% 1% 3% 3% 3% 1%2% 2% 1% 1% 3% 2% 0% 3% 1% 2% 1% 0%1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1% 0%1% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0%

Street hawking

Domestic work

Street begging

Construction site/Laborers

Unskilled labour

Farming

Cargo loadingAuto mechanicBus conductor

Scavenging



NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthEast

SouthSouth

SouthWest

What type of child labour do you mostly see children engaged in? {Jun. ‘19}

18-35 36-60 60+

Age-group


8

1%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

5%

10%

11%

58%

1%

5%

2%

9%

4%

1%

5%

10%

16%

47%

8%

9%

21%

17%

45%

Scavenging

Bus conductor

Auto mechanic

Cargo loading

Farming

Unskilled labour

Construction site/Laborers

Street begging

Domestic work

Street hawking

What type of child labour do you mostly see children engaged in?

Nov. '13 Dec. '16 Jun. '19


Trend analysis showed that the proportion of Nigerians who mentioned street hawking increased from 47 percent in 2016 to 58 percent in 2019 whereas, there is a decline in the number of those who cited domestic work (from 16 percent in 2016 to 11 percent in 2019).

Figure 6: Perceptions On The Types of Labour Children Engage In

Figure 7: Trended Perceptions On The Types of Labour Children Engage In

5.4 Perceived Reasons for the Prevalence of Child LabourFurthermore, poverty (58 percent), parental neglect (16 percent) and bad economy (10 percent) were the top three factors mostly blamed for the incidence of child labour in Nigeria.

2%

4%

5%

5%

10%

16%

58%

1%

8%

14%

6%

3%

20%

48%

4%

4%

12%

3%

5%

72%

Others

High cost of education

To supplement for family income

Broken homes

Illiteracy

Bad economy

Parental neglect

Poverty

In your opinion, what is the main reason for the incidence of the child labour in Nigeria?

Nov. '13 Dec. '16 Jun. '19


9

58% 55% 63% 66% 63% 60%42%

66%54% 60% 57% 65%

16% 17% 14% 13% 22% 20% 13% 9% 14% 16% 16% 12%

10% 10% 10% 9% 4% 7%20% 13% 11% 8% 12% 6%

5% 5% 4% 5% 1% 6% 8% 1% 6% 5% 4% 6%

5% 6% 4% 2% 7% 4% 7% 9% 2% 5% 5% 4%

4% 5% 3% 4% 2% 1% 6% 1% 10% 4% 4% 5%

2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 4% 1% 3% 2% 2% 2%

Poverty

Parental neglect

Bad economy

Illiteracy

Broken homes

To supplement for family income

High cost of education



NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthEast

SouthSouth

SouthWest

In your opinion, what is the main reason for the incidence of the child labour in Nigeria?{Jun. ‘19}

18-35 36-60 60+

Age-group


While poverty seems to be the major factor Nigerians attribute to the prevalence of child labour, Trend analysis revealed that this perception has declined in 2019 when compared to 2013

Figure 8: Perceived Reasons for Incidence of Child Labour

Figure 9: Perceived Reasons for Incidence of Child Labour

5.5 Measures To Curbing Child Labour In NigeriaPerceptions on how to curb the incidence of child labour in the country were guaged and a larger share of the respondents (27 percent) believe it is by creating more jobs. This will go a long in reduc-ing poverty across the country, thereby reducing the need for children to compliment family income. 21 percent suggested that the government should improve on the economy while 18 percent recom-mended free education.

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5%

5%

6%

8%

10%

18%

21%

27%

10%

6%

6%

4%

8%

38%

9%

19%

16%

17%

5%

5%

31%

2%

24%

Birth control

Alleviate poverty

Enact and enforce strict legislation

Child welfare for the less privilege child

Awareness on the effect of child labour

Encourage free education

Government should improve the economy

Create more jobs

What do you think should be done to reduce the incidence of child labour in Nigeria?

Nov. '13 Dec. '16 Jun. '19


27% 27% 27% 28%17%

32% 28% 30% 28% 28% 28%21%

21% 20% 22% 27% 27%16%

28%

10%21% 17% 21%

34%

18% 18% 19% 17% 23%11% 17%

26%20% 20% 18% 17%

10% 11% 10% 11% 12% 13%2% 8% 11% 12% 9% 8%

8% 7% 8% 6% 12% 9% 4% 8% 7% 7% 9% 5%

6% 7% 5% 3% 4% 5% 11% 10% 4% 5% 6% 8%

5% 5% 5% 6% 3% 5% 1% 7% 6% 4% 6% 4%

5% 5% 4% 2% 2%9% 9%

1% 3% 7% 3% 3%

Create more jobs

Government should improve the economy

Encourage free education

Awareness on the effect of child labour

Child welfare for the less privilege child

Enact and enforce strict legislation

Alleviate poverty

Birth control



NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthEast

SouthSouth

SouthWest

What do you think should be done to reduce the incidence of child labour in Nigeria?{Jun. ‘19}

18-35 36-60 60+

Age-group


Current findings revealed an 8 percent increase in the proportion of Nigerians who recommended that creating more jobs would curb the prevalence of child labour in 2019 compared with 2016

Figure 10: Measures To Curbing Child Labour In Nigeria

Figure 11: Measures To Curbing Child Labour In Nigeria (Trended)

5.6 Awareness On Reporting Channels Of Incidence Of Child Labour In order to gauge the level of awareness of respondents regarding where to report incidences of child labour, respondents were asked if they are aware of any reporting channel and the result revealed that a large proportion of respondents (82 percent) are not aware of where to report incidence of child labour. This is particularly worrisome as this issue will largely be under-reported thereby leading to an increase in incidence of child labour. This implies that more needs to be done to increase the level of awareness of reporting channels.

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18% 22% 13% 15% 12%29%

12% 16% 15% 14% 21% 15%

82% 78% 87% 85% 88%71%

88% 84% 85% 86% 79% 85%

Yes

No



NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthEast

SouthSouth

SouthWest

Are you aware of any reporting channel where cases of child labour can be reported to?{Jun. ‘19}

18-35 36-60 60+

Age-group


31% 32% 26%39% 32% 32% 32%

11%

32%24% 30%

61%

29% 26%34%

15% 14%31% 29%

14%

55%

27% 31%

7%

15% 16% 15%23% 29%

4% 8%

48%

7%17% 15% 18%

14% 12% 18%6% 12%

24% 23%

4% 3%13% 16%

8%

5% 7%0% 6% 8% 6% 0% 0% 3% 5% 4% 6%

3% 3% 4% 3% 1% 3% 8% 9%0%

8% 2% 0%

3% 4% 3% 9% 4% 0% 0%14%

0% 6% 2% 0%

National Agency for the Prohibitionof Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP)

The Nigerian Police

Human rights commission

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Community leaders

International Federation of Women Lawyers

Social Media(Facebook.twitter etc)



NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthEast

SouthSouth

SouthWest

Which of the reporting channels are you aware of ?{Jun. ‘19}

18-35 36-60 60+

Age-group


5.6.1 Various Reporting Channels For Incidences Of Child LabourThe poll results revealed that the reporting channels for cases of child labour have not really gained much publicity especially by instituted agencies responsible for child welfare. From the result of the poll conducted, 31 percent of respondents who are aware of some reporting channels mentioned that they are aware of National Agency for the Prohibition of Tra�c in Persons NAPTIP, 29 percent stated the Nigerian Police; 15 percent cited Human Rights Commission and 14 percent said NGO’s amongst other agencies mentioned. As a measure to reducing the incidence of child labour, mediums through which child labour should be reported should be available to the public.

Figure 12: Awareness On Reporting Channels Of Incidence Of Child Labour

Figure 13: Various Reporting Channels For Incidences Of Child Labour

5.7 Perceived E�ects of Child Labour In NigeriaThe poll asked respondents’ opinion on the e�ect of child labour in Nigeria and the result revealed early pregnancy (17 percent) as the major e�ect of child labour in Nigeria. This is followed by sexual harassment (12 percent), Drug abuse (10 percent) and Poverty (10 percent) amongst other e�ects stated.

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3%

3%

3%

4%

6%

7%

8%

8%

9%

10%

10%

12%

17%

It could lead to motor accident

They are exposed to social vices

Insecurity

It jeopardises child's health

It kills development

Illiteracy level will be high

It turns chidren to nuisance in society

Increased crime rate

Low productivity

Poverty

Drug abuse

Sexual harrasment

Early pregnancy

In your own words, what is the effect of child labour? {Jun. ‘19}


In conclusion, the poll has shown that the menace of child labour is indeed an issue that needs to be taken more seriously in order to reduce the e�ect on both the children and the society at large. The various government agencies and stakeholders need to be fully involved in dealing with the issues associated of child labour. The Child Right Act which was passed into law in 2003 in order to curb the menace of child labour has not been implemented by about 11 states in Northern Nigeria. The di�er-ent states that have not adopted the Act should be compelled upon to ensure that the Child Right Act is given utmost concern in order to curb the dangers associated with child labour.

Government should also create an enabling environment for small scale businesses to thrive in Nige-ria in order to improve the economy and increase the employment opportunities. Furthermore, the role of education in reducing the issue of child labour cannot be over emphasized as education remains the basis of growth and development. Additionally, 5 percent of the respondents recom-mended birth control as a measure to curb child labour. Hence, parents should employ e�ective family planning methods to have limited number of children they can e�ectively take care of. Government on its part could put mechanisms in place to ensure public enlightenment and implementation of family planning while, health workers could also be saddled with the strategies for implementation.

Finally, the poll has clearly shown that the incidence of child labour is grossly under reported as 82 percent of the respondent are not aware of the reporting channels. Therefore, it is important for government agencies and concerned stakeholders to embark on an internse awareness campaign on the various ways to report the incidence of child labour.

Figure 14: Perceived Effects of Child Labour In Nigeria

4 https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/329511-12-states-in-northern-nigeria-yet-to-pass-child-rights-law-unicef-official.html

6.0 Conclusion

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Photo Credit: Fortune

Photo Credit: Atlas of Humanity

NOIPolls is the NO.1 for credible country-specific polling service in the west African region. This poll was conducted by NOIPolls Limited, for more detailed information on the poll and methodology used, please visit www.noi-polls.com

4 Dep street, off Danube street, Maitama, Abuja +234 (0) 9 291 4887 enquiries @noi-polls.com

84%58%

of Nigerians indicated that Child Labour is prevalent in Nigeria, a 10% decreasefrom 94% in 2013

Street Hawking11%

Domestic Work10%

Street Begging5%Labourer

5%Unskilled Labour

58%Poverty

16%Parental Neglect

10%Bad Economy

5%Illiteracy

5%Broken Homes

Some common types of Child Labour

Some reasons for Child Labour

Some Recommendations on Child-Labour Reduction

72% in 201348% in 2016

5% in 201320% in 2016

3% in 20133% in 2016

12% in 20136% in 2016

0% in 20130% in 2016

27%Job Creation

21%Improve Economy

18%Free Education

10%Awareness

8%Improve Welfare

24% in 201319% in 2016

2% in 20139% in 2016

31% in 201338% in 2016

0% in 20138% in 2016

5% in 20134% in 2016


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public perception poll on child labour · 2.0 background and objectives 4 3.0 survey methodology 5...

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