pumpkin production issues and trials, 2013 -...
TRANSCRIPT
Pumpkin Production Issues and Trials, 2013 - 2014
R. Allen Straw Area Specialist SW VA AREC
Virginia Cooperative Extension
Slugs
Several Calls – Losing stand – Birds ? – Herbicides ? – SLUGS!
When examining at night as many as 7 slugs per leaf
Magnesium Deficiency
Manganese Toxicity
Fertilization – Bare Soil
Pre-Plant (medium soil test) – 50 – 100 – 100 lb/A
500 lb/A of 10-20-20 or equivalent
Sidedress at 12” runner – 31 – 0 – 0 to 62 – 0 – 0 lb/A
200 - 400 lb/A of calcium nitrate – 34 – 0 – 0 to 64 – 0 – 0 lb/A
100 – 200 lb/A of ammonium nitrate
Fertilization – Plastic Mulch & Drip
Pre-Plant (medium soil test) – 50 – 100 – 100 lb/A
1,000 lb/A of 5 – 10 – 10 or equivalent
8 to 10 weekly applications (beginning 3 to 4 weeks after planting) – Alternate
7.75 – 0 – 0 – 9.6 (Ca) 50 lb/A/week of calcium nitrate
6.875 – 0 – 23 50 lb/A/week of potassium nitrate
10 – 10 – 10 – 50 lb/A/week of water soluble 20 – 20 – 20
Pumpkin Spacing
Traditionally – 6 – 8’ between rows – 4’ in-row – 24 – 32 ft2
Grower Practices – 3 – 4’ between rows – 3’ – 5’ in-row – 12 – 20 ft2
Plant Type Bush
12 – 18 ft2
Semi-Bush 18 – 32 ft2
Prolific Vining 32+ ft2
Extremes – 12 ft2
– 100 ft2
Spacings for Specific Pumpkin Varieties
Wholesale Jack-O-Lantern
‘Aladdin’ 12 – 24 ft2
‘Gladiator’ 15 – 30 ft2
‘Magician’ 12 – 24 ft2
10 – 12 ft2 School tours
‘Magic Lantern’ 12 – 32 ft2
‘Cronus’ 36 – 48 ft2
Large Fruited 18 – 36 ft2
‘Big Doris’ ‘Captain Jack’ ‘Early Giant’
Small Fruited (“Pies”) – 12 – 18 ft2
‘Hybrid Pam’ ‘Mystic Plus’ ‘Pik-A-Pie’
12 – 18 ft2 ‘Iron Man’ ‘Cannon Ball'
Spacing Work on Varieties
Would like to do some more spacing work
Cronus – HMX 0685 – Optimize Yield – Optimize Size
Magician – Tighten up spacings
to make “school tour” pumpkin. 8 to 12 square feet
Pie Pumpkins – Optimize Yield
8 to 12 square feet on restricted vine varieties
Pollination
Rule of thumb: – 1 hive/A
Observations 0 hives/A
Native bees Cucumber beetles
2 hives/A Competition
Admire and Colony Collapse
Irrigation
Most pumpkins have been grown utilizing Dry Land Production
Trends Overhead Irrigation (Traveling Gun) Following annual plasticulture strawberries with pumpkins, utilizing the mulch and trickle irrigation system Possible Future Trends - Trickle Irrigation of bare ground production
Needs: – 1 to 2 1/2 inches of water/A/week
Environmental Conditions
Year after year we experience times of irregular rainfall. – Extremely Dry – Poor Distribution – Extremely Wet
Nearly every year we experience a time pumpkins need supplemental water. ‘Magic Lantern’
Diseases: The Problem with Overhead Irrigation of Pumpkins
Downy Mildew Microdochium Blight
Trickle Irrigation
Increased yields – Double and even
triple non-irrigated Increased fruit size
– 25% larger fruit Less incidence of
Fusarium Fruit Rot
Yield – Pumpkins/A
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Bare No Irr Plastic DripIrr
Bare Drip Irr
Yie
ld (n
o/A
) Iron ManMagicianMagic LanternAladdin
Yield – Tons/A
0102030405060708090
100
Bare No Irr Plastic Drip Irr Bare Drip Irr
Yie
ld (t
ons/
A)
Iron ManMagicianMagic LanternAladdin
Average Fruit Weight – lb
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Bare No Irr Plastic Drip Irr Bare Drip Irr
Aver
age
Frui
t Wei
ght (
lb)
Iron ManMagicianMagic LanternAladdin
Weed burn down with hooded sprayer Weekly fertigation Fungicide and insecticide
Pumpkin Growth in Mid-August
Pumpkin Harvest in Early October
MONTH PRECIPITATION TEMP
2004 AVG Percent
DIFF
JUN 4.60 4.81 96% 1.7
JUL 6.10 5.04 121% -0.7
AUG 2.43 3.81 64% -2.2
SEP 8.43 3.84 220% 1.3
OCT 4.03 3.71 109% 6.9
SUM 25.6 21.2 121%
PES-Crossville, TN, Weather Data
Yield – No./A
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Mulch100% Irr
Mulch50% Irr
Mulch NoIrr
Bare100% Irr
Bare 50%Irr
Bare NoIrr
Yie
ld (n
o./A
)
a a a
b b b
Yield – Tons/A
0
5
10
15
20
Mulch100% Irr
Mulch50% Irr
Mulch NoIrr
Bare100% Irr
Bare 50%Irr
Bare NoIrr
Yie
ld (t
ons/
A)
a ab
b
c c c
Average Fruit Weight – (lb/fruit)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Mulch100% Irr
Mulch50% Irr
Mulch NoIrr
Bare100% Irr
Bare 50%Irr
Bare NoIrr
Aver
age
Frui
t Wt.
(lb/fr
uit)
a a a
b b
b
Conclusions
Plastic mulch more than doubled yield in 2004.
Irrigation increased yield by nearly 20% in 2004.
A warmer drier growing season may produce more irrigation response and less plastic mulch response.
Some rainfall was effective under plastic mulch. How much still to be determined.
Irrigation / Plasticulture 2012
A trial was conducted in Floyd County in 2012
4 Treatments – Black Plastic & Drip – White Plastic & Drip – NT with Drip – NT without Irrigation
Varieties – Field Trip – Apollo – Apogee – Gladiator – Magic Lantern – Magic Wand
Summary
Plastic Mulch increased yields – Weed Control
Fertigation – Need to pay close
attention to N rates – Too much can keep
the vines vegetative Differences among
varieties
Yield – Plastic and drip
irrigation tended to increase yields by 10 to 20%
– Magic Lantern most noticeable
– Magic Wand some trend, but not as obvious.
No-Till Considerations
Preparation is KEY! – NT into sod is a
gamble – Ron Morse has
developed some very good guidelines
– Prepare for no-till Work soil in the fall Sow appropriate cover crop
Control the cover at the appropriate time in the spring
– Too short – not enough cover
– Too tall – hard to control
Fertility – Concern: surface
application of urea – Nutrisphere (?)
Water (Irrigation) Allelopathic Effects (?)
Which Cover Crop?
Rye – Most growth – Best “mulch” – Grows very rapidly in
the spring – Use 1 bu/A – 2 bu/A often gets too
thick
Wheat – Less growth than rye – Not as much “mulch” – Doesn’t grow as fast – 1 to 2 bu/A
Vetch – Adds N – Harder to kill
Cover Crop – 2011 - 2012
Which is Best? – Barley @ 2 bu/A – Winter Oats @ 2
bu/A – Spring Oats @ 2 bu – Triticale @ 2 bu/A – Wheat @ 2 bu/A – Rye @ 1 bu/A – Rye @ 2 bu/A
Results – Really didn’t see any
differences – However, huge
difference as compared to no cover
– Time of seeding is very important
– Rye Rate ?
Rodent Control
Rodents – Field mice have
been bad the last couple of years
– Worse in NT production
– Control • Admire • Furadan (?) • Whatever Means ?
Traditional Planters
For several years: – 4 row - 36” JD 7000
series planter – Plant the outside two
boxes for a 9 ft row spacing
– Use and idler that would cut seeding rate in half
– About 24 to 36 inches in the row
– Problem Seed Metering
Cole Planters
In other areas something like a one row “Cole” planter would be used
Problem: – Variable seed
placement Depth In-Row Spacing
Something about ingenuity? Some growers
become very creative! – One grower fixed a
drag type tobacco setter to plant pumpkins:
– Spring loaded film canister in a PVC Tee to drop the seed at the correct spacing
Problem: Seeding depth
Hand Planting
Of course if you wanted accuracy in planting you could always do it by hand
Problem: – A lot of work – Takes a lot of people
to plant very many acres
– Sometimes difficult to plant into NT
Ultimate in Hand Planting
The ultimate in back breaking planting labor is the hoe – Problem:
Back-breaking Seeding depth
Seeding Goals
What is our goal in seeding: – Plant the desired
population without wasting seed.
– Uniform Seeding rate (in-row
and between row spacing)
Seeding depth
What are our best options?
Hand – Labor intensive and
time consuming Vacuum Planter
– Very accurate in seeding rate
– Expensive – Some older models:
Concern about uniform seeding depth
Three Options
Monosem Vacuum Planter
MaterMacc Vacuum Planter
JD Vacuum Planter
Which one do you choose?
?
Farmore Seed Treatment
Syngenta – Different
formulations I100 D300 DI400
Cucurbits – DI400
Disease Control: – azoxystrobin – fludioxonil – mefenoxam
Insect control: – thiamethoxam
seed treatment for pumpkins, squash and cukes
Contains the systemic neonicotinoid – Thiamethoxam (same insecticide as Platinum™ and Cruiser™)
Also contains 3 fungicides: Dynasty, Apron and Maxim
Downy Mildew
New Strain of Downy Mildew
There appears to be a new strain of downy mildew that is resistant to many of our labeled fungicides.
Forecasting: – http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/cucurbit/
Epidemic Map
New Products for Control of Downy Mildew
Presidio 4F @3 to 4 fl oz/A
Previcur Flex @ 1.2 pints/A
Ranman 400SC @ 2.75 fl oz/A
Revus 2.08F @ 8 fl oz/A
Tanos 50WP @ 8 oz/A
Rotation is very important!
Tank mixes are recommended! – Chlorothalonil – Maneb
Microdochium Blight
Powdery Mildew
Fungal Disease Control
Downy Mildew
Gummy Stem Blight
Acrobat chlorothalonil (Bravo) Gavel Previcur Flex Presidio Ranman Revus Sonato Tanos chlorothalonil (Bravo) Folicure Inspire Super Pristine (res. In GA)
Fungal Disease Control
Microdochium Blight
Powdery Mildew
chlorothalonil (Bravo) (?) Cabrio Dithane Inspire Super Maneb Pristine Quadris (?) chlorothalonil (Bravo) Inspire Super Folicure Fontelis Pristine Procure Qunitec (Melons and Pumpkins) Rally Topsin M (R) Wettable Sulfur
Fontelis Fungicide
DuPont – Fungicide – FRAC Code 7 – Penthiopyrad – Rate
16 to 24 fl oz/A
Tomato – Early Blight – Botrytis
Cucurbits – Powdery Mildew
Strawberry – Botrytis
Bravo and Sunburn
Sunburn issues with Bravo on mature watermelon.
Could mature pumpkins be sensitive to Bravo?
Grower experience suggests a good possibility!
2008 observations suggest a good possibility!
Fusarium Fruit Rot
Fusarium Control
At least 11 different species of Fusarium that infect pumpkins
Manifestation – It often appears after
periods of stress Drought Heat Sometimes, even during excessively wet seasons
Fusarium Control – Irrigation – Use of calcium nitrate at
sidedressing – Foliar applications of
calcium – Foliar fertilizer
applications (?) – Use of no-till or minimum
tillage systems (?) – Rotation (?)
Phytophthora capsici (Fruit Rot)
Phytophthora Control
No such thing!!! Very persistent in the
soil – Resting spore
At least 8 years (15) Alternate host plants
Cucurbits Squash and pumpkins most sensitive
Solanaceous Peppers most sensitive
Green Beans
Phases – Root Rot – Plant – Fruit & Foliar
Management – Avoid fields with
Phytophthora – Avoid low or wet areas – Ridomil Gold at planting – Ridomil Gold Bravo
applied to foliage – Presidio – Tanos
Biofumigation
Caliente Mustard – AITC – Very effective on
Phytophthora Arugula
– Nematodes
Combination – Caliente 199 – Arugula – Very effective
Pelleted Mustard – Biofence
Stem Quality
Control Diseases – Powdery Mildew – Microdochium Blight
Vine Health – Fertility
• Sidedressing • Foliar
– Irrigation
Percent Bad Stems
01020304050607080
Gold ChallengerGladiatorColumn1
Unusual Observation in 2013
Sclerotinia Stem Rot - Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
S. sclerotiotum Control
– Fontelis @ 1 pint/A – Endura @ 6.5 oz/A
Disease not on Label
– Pristine @ 12.5 to 18.5 oz/A Disease not on Label
Wildlife Control
Deer Control
Fencing – Expensive
$500 to $2,000/A Electric Slant
Repellents Biosolids Hair Soap Human Scent
Get to familiar Lose activity over time Reapplication
Repellents (cont.) – Blood or Blood Meals
Expense Longevity Reapplication
Noise – Air Cannons
Lead Poisoning – Timing – Time to hunt
Plant Skydd Findings, 2004
Treatments – 2.2 lb / 5 gallon
Broadcast – 2.2 lb / 10 gallons
Broadcast – 2.2 lb / 5 gallon
Perimeter – UTC
Crops – Pumpkins – Snap Beans – Strawberries
Results – Worked for 3 to 4 weeks,
then the deer would move back into the entire area regardless of treatment
Plant Skydd Use
Begin applications prior to any feeding
Spray as a perimeter spray, especially where deer traffic is expected to be the heaviest
Apply at 1 cup / 3 gallons of spray solution
Repeat every 3 to 4 weeks
Post Harvest Handling (cont.)
Store in a cool, dry, dark place – Cool: 45 – 55 degrees F – Relative Humidity: 70 – 75% – Single Layer
Research for the Future
Research 2013 – Strip-Till – Biofumigation
(Cost?) – Herbicides – Planting Date (?) – Spacing – Varieties – Fungicides – Cover Crops
Other things of Interest – Calcium Silicate – Maximizer
Research for the Future (cont.)
The use of Calcium Silicate – “Old” weathered soils like
most of us have are low in plant available silica
– Therefore, the plant is unable to take up enough Silica
– Silica in the leaves helps resist disease
– Silica can also increase yields 5 to 10%
Results for 2012 – Apply Calcium Silicate at
3,000 lb/A. NT CT ‘Conestoga Giant’
– Evaluate severity of foliar diseases
– Evaluate yield
– No observable benefit from Calcium silicate Marginal Field ?
Research for the Future
Maximizer – 3-18-18 nutrient
broth with Auxin, Cytokinin, Giberillic Acid
– Increase bloom set / flower retention (?)
– Have seen good results in tomatoes
– Foliar applications with Boron
Possible Grower Trial – Make 5 foliar
applications – Beginning 2 to
weeks after planting – Data Collection
Female Bloom Counts
Fruit Set Yield
Maximizer Results
5 Trials – Sparta, NC – Craig County, VA – Floyd County, VA – Hanover County, VA – Grayson County, VA
General Observations – Yield increases of 25
to 33% Field Trip generally
had 2 fruit per vine 1 out of every 5 to 10
plants had a 3rd fruit
– Slightly Larger Fruit – Healthier Vines
Research for 2013
Maximizer – 3-18-18 nutrient
broth with Auxin, Cytokinin, Giberillic Acid
– Increase bloom set / flower retention (?)
– Have seen good results in tomatoes
– Foliar applications with Boron
Replicated Grower Trials – Make 5 foliar
applications – Beginning 2 to
weeks after planting – Data Collection
Female Bloom Counts
Fruit Set Yield
Questions?
R. Allen Straw Area Specialist SW VA AREC 12326 VPI Farm Rd. Glade Spring, VA 24340 Mobile: 931.261.0973 Office: 276.944.2202 E-mail: astraw@ vt.edu Fax: 276.944.2206