QOD 3/12

• As the turning point of the Civil Rights Movement, how did the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott influence other events during the Civil Rights Movement?

The Movement Gains Ground

Focus Question:

How did the civil rights movement gain ground in the 1960s?

Impact of Bus Boycott

• The Montgomery Bus Boycott influenced African Americans in other Southern states and cities to fight for desegregation

• Methods used:– Boycott -Courts -Protests– Sit-ins -Marches

• ALL RELY ON NON-VIOLENCE

• Many protests lead by youth- WHY?

The Sit-In Movement

What do you see here?

Describe the people.Why aren’t they eating?

What are they doing?

How do you think other Southerners would react to this?

Is this an effective protest Against segregation?

Sit-Ins Challenge Segregation

February 1, 1960: Greensboro, NC• Four African-Americans ordered doughnuts at

Woolworth’s lunch counter in North Carolina• Were not served-”White Only” lunch counter• Stayed until closing time• Word of sit-in spread• Happened across the country• Also, read-ins, wrote letters, protested

Youth Participation

Significance:

Marked the beginning of a new militancy, vigorously active and aggressive, especially in support of a cause

175 students met at Shaw University to build on momentum

SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Led to founding of new civilRights organization—SNCC

Led to Ella Baker

Goal: to create a grass-rootsMovement involving all classesof African-Americans

The Freedom Rides

What do you see here?

What do you think happened?

Who were the bus’ passengers?

Who might bomb a bus of riders nonviolently protesting segregation?

How might the protestors have feltafter their bus was bombed?

Freedom Rides--1961

• Next Battleground– Interstate Transportation

• Why transportation? – Federal Power

Transportation

Boynton v. Virginia-1960• Supreme Court Case• Segregation on interstate buses and

waiting rooms, illegal• Infringement of Interstate Commerce• Activists wanted to test willingness to

enforce the law– provoke the federal government to enforce the law

Freedom Rides

1961: CORE, Congress of Racial Equality, stages “freedom ride”through deep south

En route: defied segregation codes

In Alabama: Violent turn

Pro-segregationists fire Bombed bus, riders attacked by mob

Elected in 1960

Worked with Martin Luther King

Mississippi state police would protect freedom riders

Federal Transportation Commission issued anorder desegregating interstate transportation

Kennedy Administration agreed NOT to intervene if protestors were arrested

President John F. Kennedy

QOD 3/17

• What was the purpose of the Freedom Ride Protests?

Ole’ Miss

• 1962- James Meredith– Air Force vet.– Wants to attend Ole’ Miss– All white school– Miss. Governor says NO– Federal Marshalls escort Meredith– Riots break out

Demonstrations in Birmingham

What do you see here?

What is the African-Americanman doing? The police officer?

Why is the police officer allowingthe dog to attack the man?

What do you think he has done?

How do you think the police Officer feels about this?

Demonstrations in Birmingham

Martin Luther King and other leaders targeted Birmingham in spring of 1963.

• Most segregated city in the south• Began with sit-ins, led to demonstrations on city

hall• 150 demonstrators arrested• King was arrested and brought to jail on Good

Friday- Why symbolic?

King Arrested

Defended protestors actions

Criticized harsh tactics and broken promises

“When you suddenly find your tongue twisted…to seek to explainto your 6 yr. old daughter why she can’t go to the amusement park…(because) Funtown is closed to colored children...”

Released from prison

Other Marches—The Children’s March

3/18

• QOD: (Recap) Why did Civil Rights leaders and activists hold protests in Birmingham, Alabama?

Kennedy Backs Civil Rights

June 11, 1963:• National address• Civil rights was a moral issue• America had to fulfill its promise of “giving all

Americans equal right and equal opportunities• Sent Congress proposal for sweeping civil rights

legislation• Attorney General Robert Kennedy for passage of

the bill

March on Washington

• Purpose: Pressure Congress to pass a new civil rights bill

“ I have a dream…”

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing in Birmingham

• Violence still continues

• KKK bombed SCLC church, killing four girls

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Banned segregation• Gave federal gov’t ability to desegregate schools• Allowed Attorney General to prosecute those who

violated people’s civil rights• Outlawed discrimination in employment • Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(EEOC)» President Kennedy assassinated before this bill was

passed

Not the First Time…

• President Eisenhower also created a Civil Rights Act in 1957

• However, this Civil Rights Act had many flaws– Focused mainly on voting– Never really enforced– Even if it were to be enforced it would have been

brought before an all white jury in the South• Still significant because it was the first Civil Rights bill

passed since Reconstruction & it set the tone for the Civil Rights Act of 1964