quality education cycle: a study of indicators/dimensions

© 2021 JETIR October 2021, Volume 8, Issue 10 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

JETIR2110384 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org d755

Quality Education Cycle: A study of

Indicators/Dimensions, Enriching Education

System in India

DR.HARI MOHAN SAXENA Assistant Professor

Lucknow Public College of Professional Studies, Lucknow (affiliated to University of Lucknow, Luckknow)

Abstract:

Present study focuses on the various dimensions contributing to quality education (primary and higher

education) in India. Researcher studies various dimensions of quality education system. The report also

focuses on initiatives taken by Government of India to raise the quality education.

Researcher offers an insight and advice on the ways to enhance the quality education system in India.

Keywords: Holistic Quality Education System, Primary and secondary Intervention of Quality Education

system, Job satisfaction of faculty members, staff and students.

I.0 Introduction:

Human civilization is old as its origin but it is incomplete without education. Education and civilization two

are the important factors responsible for the growth of any Nation and both are interdependent to each other.

Now a days Education plays a basic role in Human life without which human can survive only and cant

think for his growth. It became a physiological need of Human beings which directly impact on the growth

of Nation.

Mother is known as the first teacher of a child from which child gets educated. As he grows up, and his

interaction takes place with environment, two source of Education has a great role in making personality of a

Human being which is Primary Education and Higher Education.

If primary Education prepares the base of a child then Higher Education offers and sharpens the knowledge,

skills and qualities of Human being to make him perfect for the society and environment.

This paper focuses on various dimensions (interventions) of Quality Education System. For this researcher

focuses on primary and secondary interventions of Quality Education System who are responsible for the

Quality Education which directly affects the growth of students, Institutions and Nation as well.

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I.I Quality in education

There is no single definition for quality in Education and there is no universal consensus on what is the

appropriate strategy to assure and manage quality in higher education (Becket, 2006 as cited in Brucaj,

2014) Quality can be defined in terms of excellence, perfection, value for money, fitness to purpose.

(Harvey, 2005 as cited in Brucaj, 2014). Quality in education is a multi-dimensional concept with different

components (Sallis, 2002).

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (2010), defines education the act or process of imparting or

acquiring particular knowledge or skills, as for a profession and quality as referring to character with

respect to fineness, or grade of excellence. The combination of these words however may mean different

things depending on the perception of the one person to another. Also The Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, (2010), defines quality education as equipping leaners with skill and knowledge that would

help develop psychologically and benefit them in future, being able to employ the skills they learnt in the

days to day lives to sustain themselves even after graduation.

I.II Scope of the study

Present study focuses on the analysis and evaluation of quality education provided in Primary and Higher

Education. Quality Education Contributes a lot for the development of any Nation because Education is only

the source, acts as weapon for the students in sharpening the knowledge, skills and qualities of students. So

there is a wide scope of this research to understand the various dimension of quality education.

II.0 Literature review

Various researcher has studied the different dimensions of quality education. Here is the brief information of

dimensions proposed by them in their research which are as follows.

S.No. Author Dimensions

1. Gronroos (1988) Professionalism and skill

Attitudes and behaviour

Access and flexibility

Reliability and trustworthiness

Recovery

Reputation and credibility

2. Gronroos (1990) Technical Quality

Functional Quality

Corporate Image

3. Lehtinen and Lehtinen

(1991)

Physical Quality

Interactive Quality

Corporate Quality

4. Parasuraman et. al. 1991

Service Quality Model

(SERVQUAL)

Reliability

Responsiveness

Competence

Access

Courtesy

Communication

Credibility

Security

Understanding the customer

Tangibles




5. Parasuraman and Berry,

1991; Zeithaml et al, 1990

Service Quality Model

(SERVQUAL)

Tangibles

Reliability

Responsiveness

Assurance

Empathy

6. Cronin and Taylor, 1992

Performance Only; Service

Quality Performance Model

(SERVPERF)

Tangibles

Reliability

Responsiveness

Assurance

Empathy

7. R. K. Teas,1993;

Normed Quality Model

( NQ)

Revised Expectation and Performance of PZB

SERVQUAL model

8. Carney (1994) Student Qualification (Academic)

Student Qualities (Personal)

Faculty-Student Interaction

Quality Instruction (Faculty)

Variety of Courses

Academic Reputation

Class Size

Career Preparation

Athletic Programs

Student Activities (Social Life)

Community Service

Facilities and Equipment

Location

Physical Appearance (Campus)

On Campus Residence

Friendly and Caring Atmosphere

Religious Atmosphere

Safe Campus

Cost/Financial Aid

9. Owlia and Aspinwall

(1996)

Tangibles: Sufficient equipment/facilities, modern

equipment/facilities, ease of access, visually appealing

environment, support services (accommodation, sports)

Competence: Sufficient (academic) staff, theoretical

knowledge, qualifications; practical knowledge, up to date,

teaching expertise, communication.

Attitude: Understanding student‟s need, willingness to help,

availability for guidance and advisory, giving personal

attention, emotion, courtesy.

Content: Relevance of curriculum to the future jobs of

students, effectiveness, containing primary knowledge skills,

completeness, use of computer, communication skills and

team working, flexibility of knowledge, being cross-

disciplinary

Delivery: Effective presentation, sequencing, timeliness,

consistency, fairness of examinations; feedback from students,

encouraging students




Reliability: Trustworthiness, giving valid award, keeping promises, match to the goals, handling

complaints and solving problems.

10. Ho and Wearn, 1996,

Higher education

TQM model of

excellence;

(HETQMEX)

Leadership

Commitment

Total customer satisfaction

Total involvement

Training education

Ownership of problem

Reward and recognition

Error prevention and

Teamwork

11. Athiyaman (1997) Teaching Students Well

Availability of Staff for Student Consultation

Library Services

Computing Facilities

Recreational Facilities

Class Size

Level and Difficulty of Subject Content

Student Workload

12. Lee et al (2000) Overall impression of the university/institute

Overall impression of the education quality

13. Hadikoemoro (2002) Academic Services

Readiness and Attentiveness

Fair and Impartial

Tangible

General Attitudes

14. Sangeeta et al. (2004) Competence: Appropriate physical

facilities/infrastructure, faculty‟s expertise, faculty‟s teaching

ability and skills, sufficient faculty/support staff

Attitude: Effective problem solving, orientation towards

achievement, healthy competitive and collegial environment

Content: Learn to apply, clarity of course objectives, relevance

of curriculum to future needs, flexibility of knowledge being cross

disciplinary

Delivery: Ease of contract/access to teachers and

administrative staff, effective classroom management, adequate

and appropriate classroom

Reliability: Clearly specified values and aims, consistency of

practice, clearly specified policies/guidelines, fairly and firmly-

enforced rules and regulations, adherence to course objectives.

15. Brooks (2005) Reputation,

Faculty Research Productivity

Student Educational Experiences and Outcomes

Program Characteristics: Counts of degree issued, financial

support, fellowship grant support, teaching assistantship

Program Effectiveness: Timeline of their programme,

proportion of students, completing their intended degree




programme,

Student Satisfaction: Classroom, co-curricular activities, interaction with faculty and peers,

instructions, campus life and

Student Outcome: Assessment of learning and career outcomes of educational programs

16. Firdaus Abdullah

(2006); Higher

education performance

model; (HEdPERF)

Academic aspect

Non academic aspect

Reputation

Access

Programme issue

Understanding

17. Voon (2006);

Service driven

market orientation

model; (SERVMO)

Customer Orientation

Competitor Orientation

Inter-Functional Orientation

Performance Orientation

Employee Orientation

Long term Orientation

18. Landrum et. al. (2008);

Service quality and

information system

success model

(SERVCESS)

Service Quality

Information Quality

System Quality

Users Involvement

19. Sangeeta Sahney

(2010) Application of

QFD on SERVQUAL

Customer focus/need based

Channels of communication

Instructional competence

Specific policies and procedures

Evaluation and control system

Curriculum design

Effective leadership

Periodic review

Resource allocation (as in contingencies)

Operational planning

II.I INITIATIVES OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF HRD TOWARDS HIGHER

EDUCATION IN INDIA.

As per the press Information Bureau of Government of India, Ministry of HRD, various reforms has been

done to improve quality and access to education. Various reforms such as

SWAYAM MOOCs portal ( (Study Webs of Active learning for Young Aspiring Minds) is an indigenous

MOOCs portal that provides high quality education - anyone, anytime, anywhere at no cost- has been made

operational. The portal has courses by the best teachers in the country and offers video lectures, e-reading

material, discussion forum and assessment system - resulting in award of credits to the successful learners.

The initiative of National Digital Library (NDL) is a virtual repository of learning resources with a single

window search facility. It has already brought together 15 million digital books and journals and 31 lakh

learners are using this facility. It supports all academic levels including researchers and life-long learners, all

disciplines, all popular form of access devices and differently abled learners. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan

(UBA) is a new initiative to make use the knowledge base in the higher educational institutions for plugging

technology gaps in the rural areas. In this year, 750 institutions are being selected on challenge mode.Pandit




Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT) scheme has

been launched in Dec, 2014, to address the issues of supply of qualified teachers, attarcting talent into

teaching profession, raising the quality teaching in schools and colleges.Global Initiative of Academic

Networks (GIAN) is an initiative launched on 30th November 2015 to garner best international knowledge

and experience into the country’s higher education so as to enable Indian students & faculty to interact with

best academic and industry experts from across the world. GIAN courses are short duration courses and as

on date, 1075 courses have been conducted, in which more than 40,000 students gained enriched academic

inputs and knowledge. These courses are also video recorded for subsequent use and some are also telecast

live, depending upon the available infrastructure.Government has embarked on building 20 Institutions of

higher learning - 10 public and 10 private institutions as “Institutions of Eminence” (IoE), so that they are

related among the global best institutions. These institutions to be declared in April, 2018, will have

complete academic and administrative freedom and the public institutions will be given 1000 crore fund in

next 3 years.IMPRINT India is an effort to direct research in the premier institutions into areas of social

relevance. 10 such domains have been identified which could substantially impact the living standards of the

rural areas . More than 2600 research proposals have been submitted by scientists in these

areas. The Uchchtar Avishkar Yojana (UAY) has been launched to promote industry specific need-based

research so as to keep up the competitiveness of Indian industry in the global market. It is proposed to invest

Rs. 250 crores every year on identified projects. The Industry is expected to contribute 25 % of the project

cost. Prime Minister Research Fellows (PMRF) scheme is launched to support 1000 bright undergraduate

students every year, for direct admission in the research programmes in the reputed institutions like IISc,

IITs. The fellowship carries a lot of social recognition and it ranges from Rs 70,000 to 80,000 per month for

5 year period. Smart India Hackathon initiative is to promote innovation in the students by encouraging

out of the box solutions for common problems faced by the society at large. In the first edition held in 2017,

more than 40,000 students have participated to solve more than 600 problems. In 2018, the scope has been

expanded to Hardware area also.

National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) is the biggest ranking exercise launched in 2015, in

which more than 3,500 institutions participated. The first edition of India Rankings 2016 were released in

April, 2016. The India Rankings 2018 , the 3rd edition, will be released on 3rd April, 2018. The India

Rankings is one of the biggest efforts for bringing in accountability and transparency in the higher

educational institutions. The ranks are released in the various categories of institutions namely Universities,

Engineering, Management, Pharmacy etc. Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA) has been

approved by the Cabinet for creation of a fund with government equity of Rs. 1000 crores, to give a big push

for building up robust higher educational institutions. The HEFA would finance the academic and research

infrastructure projects through a 10 year loan. It is expected to spend Rs. 1,00,000 crore in next 5 years, for

creation of high quality infrastructure in premier education institutions. Rashtriya Uchchatar Siksha

Abhiyan (RUSA) scheme has been given extension by Cabinet recently to provide more assistance for

infrastructure to Universities and Colleges, creation of Model Degree colleges, Cluster universitite3s,

Upgradation of autonomous colleges and Vocationalisation of higher education. Under the Technical

Education Quality Improvement Programme Phase III (TEQUIP-III) focus has been given to the

backward States in central tribal belt and north-eastern region. Under this Rs. 2,600 Cr would be spent for

improving the quality of teaching and research in the engineering institutions. With a view to promoting

autonomy for the premier institutions, the IIM Act has declared them as Institutes of National Importance

and gave complete autonomy for deciding their dministrative and academic matters, without any Govt

interference.

In accordance with the policy that education should be accessible for everyone, the National Scholarship

Portal has been started. Apart from this, the Vidyalaxmi portal provides one-window clearance for the

Education Loans with Interest Subvention.




II.II Research Model:

III.0 Research Methodology

Researcher studied various journal, text book, magazines, thesis, institutional web sites and newspapers to

identify various dimensions of Quality Education. On the basis of secondary data researcher suggested some

dimensions of quality education system.

IV.0 Interpretation

IV.I Dimensions of Quality Education System:

Research focuses on primary intervention of Quality Education System which is as follows.

1-Primary intervention of Quality Education System-Plays a very important role in quality education

system. Primary intervention consist of the following.

A- Governance of Institutional Bodies- Government and Institutional bodies should regularly monitor

and observe the quality parameters of institutions and university for excellence in education. Government

should focus and introduce innovative teaching pedagogies and curriculum for the betterment of quality

education and enriching education system.

A good governance consist of the following.

i.Vision of Institution and Leadership

ii.Strategic Development Approach

iii.Faculty Development Programme and strategies

iv.Financial Management System




v.Internal Quality Assurance System (IQAS)

B- Community Participation Scheme- Government should introduce innovative and feasible

community scheme for the betterment of education and must be observed the strength of outcome. Various

scheme of government such as Sarv shiksha abhiyan, beti pathao beti bacho etc should be promoted.

C- Physical and Academic Infrastructure - Government and Institution bodies must emphasis on

physical and academic infrastructural development and pay their attention for the infrastructural

augmentation development which consist of physical and academic facilities for the students, faculty staff

members.

` Physical and Academic Infrastructure consist of the following.

i.Physical Facilities

ii.Academic Facilities

iii.IT Infrastructure

iv.Maintenance of Infrastructure

D- Teaching, Learning and evaluation- Institutions and Universities must adopt those techniques

which contribute in enhancing and enriching learning skills of students. Institutions and Universities must

focus on various interactive approaches viz. group discussion, debate, seminar, conference, symposium,

internship, project, research, presentation, Industrial visit, interviews and counseling programmes. Faculty

Development programmes, management development programmes should also be entertained for enriching

faculty members in Institutions and Universities.

Teaching, Learning and Evaluation consist of the following.

i.Student Enrolment and Profile

ii.Student Diversity management

iii.Teaching Pedagogies

iv. Teacher eligibility and profile

v.Evaluation Methods

vi.Performance and Learning of students

vii.Satisfaction Survey of students

E-Research and development support- Institutions and Universities focus on research and development

aspect. Faculty members must be encouraged to take part in research programme and research project which

can be useful for the them and society as well.

Research and development aspect consist of the following.

i.Promotion of Research and Facilities

ii.Resource Mobilization for Research

iii.Research Publications and Awards

iv.Consultancy

v.Extension Activities

vi.Collaboration

F-Curricular Aspects- Government and Institutional bodies should enrich the curriculum which should

meet the standards of global requirements. It should be combination of theoretical and practical aspect of

learning. It is major and basic part of quality education cycle which contributes a lot in enriching students

and quality education. It consists of the following.

i.Design and Development of Curriculum

ii.Planning and Implementation of Curriculum

iii.Curriculum Enrichment




G-Institutional Values and Ethics- As a part of society, Institutions and Universities must educate values

and ethics to the students for the development of society and students. They must be understand about their

social responsibilities for development of society. Every institution has a mandate to be responsive to at least

a few pressing issues such as gender equity, environmental consciousness and sustainability, inclusiveness

and professional ethics, but the way it addresses these and evolves practices will always be unique. Most of

the institutions and universities encounter various pressures and situations while doing this. Some

meaningful practices pertinent to such situations are evolved within the institution and these help smooth

functioning and also lead to enhanced impact. Institutions and Universities should promote gender equity

programmes, environment friendly programmes,waste and e-waste management programmes. Institutions

and Universities should take care of differently abled

.

2-Secondary or supportive intervention are as follows:

A-Faculty and staff member support system

I.Compensation- Compensation for the faculty and staff members should be fair and on time.

II.Recognition and achievement-Employee should be recognize and invited for planning and decision making

in various activities concerning to them.

III.Reward and Penalty Management-Good work should be rewarded and recognized. It contributes to the

best of employees in future.

IV.Equity, Justice and grievance handling-There should be equal treatment among employee. They should

not be discrimated. Proper grievance procedure should be adopted to resolve the grievance of employee.

V.Relationship with colleagues-Sound relationship always contributes in growth of any organization/institute.

So there should be healthy and sound relationship exist between/among employee.

VI.Working conditions-It contributes in efforts of employee. Working timing, rest and place of work should be

flexible. It should be pay attention regularly by management so that employee could contribute best of them.

VII.Job security-No employee should be removed in short span of time. It leads to lack of quality workers

sometimes. Employee should be given proper time for their justification about their performance.

VIII.Career prospect- Employee should be regularly informed and trained about their career prospect. What can

be better for them and students in career terms,they should be trained for this.

B-Student support system- efforts of an institution to provide necessary assistance to students, to enable

them to acquire meaningful experiences for learning at the campus and to facilitate their holistic

development and progression. It also looks into student performance and alumni profiles and the progression

of students to higher education and gainful employment.

Facilitating mechanisms like guidance cell, placement cell, grievance redressal cell and welfare measures to

support students. Specially designed inputs are provided to the needy students with learning difficulties.

Provision is made for bridge and value added courses in relevant areas. Institution has a well structured,

organized guidance and counseling system in place. Students benefited through scholarships, freeships and

other means should be identified by HEIs.

I.Counseling and mentoring- There should be existence of counseling and mentoring system in Universities

and Institutions. Administration should focus on and develop mentor mentee and counselor counselee

system in which student should be invited to share and transfer their grievance and problem with authorities.

II.Feedback system- This is last but not the least, students should be invited to share their feedback with

management periodically. It helps in developing and maintaining trust and recognition among them.

3- Job satisfaction of faculty members, staff and students- The ultimate objective of any Institute

should be on satisfaction of faculty members, staff and students because it directly impact on growth of

institutions, students and as well as on Nation also.




V.0 Conclusion-

It is gratifying to note that the Ministry of HRD of the Government of India has embarked upon an

ambitious project of renovating and overhauling the present education system to promote

excellence in higher education with a view to sustaining the growing economy of the country. Education

system can be succeed All the stakeholders of education system viz. government, educationalist, faculty and

staff members, students etc. work hand-in-hand with utmost cooperation by treating education as the

national issue. Moreover, the onus of successful implementation of educational reforms lies with well-

equipped, motivated and dedicated teachers. The qualities of such teachers can thrive in a conducive and

encouraging academic environment, which has to be created by universities and colleges with the active

financial and non financial support. For the proper implementation of any educational policy the

teachers should have central place and it must be a sine qua non for the success of educational reforms.

So beside Government’s efforts, Educationalists also should take care of smooth execution and

implementation of Government initiatives. Government should be highly pay attention, observation and

monitor, educationalist’s efforts periodically. Last but not the least all the stakeholders viz. Faculty and staff

members, students etc of education system must be entertained regularly to promote excellence in higher

education.

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quality education cycle: a study of indicators/dimensions

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