R&D Plan towards100 ktonLAr

Detector

A. M

arch

ionn

i, ETH Z

urich

NN

N08, P

aris, S

ept. 2

008

�GLACIER: a concept for a scalable LArdetector up to ~ 100 kton

�a precision detector for

�proton decay searches

�neutrino oscillation measurements

�low energy neutrino astronomy

�same technique suitable for dark matter searches

�Necessary R&D and plans

�dewardesign, safety, underground operation

�novelreadouttechniques, electronics

(performance, reliability, cost

reduction,…)

�LArLEM-TPC: a novel scalable detector for cryogenic operation

�first operation

of a 0.1 x 0.1 m

2test setup

�low-noise preamplifiers and DAQ developments

�ArDM: a ton-scale LArdetector with a 1 x 1 m

2LEM readout

�status of the inner detector

�cryogenics and first cool down

�Conclusions

Processes induced by charged

particles in liquid argon

•Ionizationprocess

•Scintillation(luminescence)

–UV spectrum (λ=128 nm)

–Not energetic enough to

further ionize, hence, argon

is transparent

–Rayleigh-scattering

•Cerenkov light(if fast particle)

M. Suzuki et al., NIM 192 (1982) 565

UV light

Charge

When a charged particle traverses medium:

Cerenkov light (if β>1/n)

τ τττ 2= 1.6 μ μμμs

τ τττ 1 = 6 ns

Comparison W

ater -liquid Argon

�LArallows lower thresholds than Water Cerenkov for most particles

�Comparable performance for low energy electrons

105

1070

p

59

568

K

16

159

π πππ12

120

μ μμμ0.07

0.6

e

Corresponding Range

in LAr

(cm)

Cerenkov Threshold

in H

2O (MeV

/c)

Particle

�A.M

ere

gagl

ia, A. Rub

bia

, “Neutrino oscillation physics at an upgraded CNGS with

large next generation liquid argon TPC detectors”

, JHEP

0611

:032, 2006

�V. Bar

ger et al.,

“Report of the US long baseline neutrino experiment study”,

arXiv:0

705.4

396, M

ay 2

007

�A. Bad

ert

scheret al.,

“A possible future long baseline neutrino and nucleon decay

experiment with a 100 ktonLiquid Argon TPC at Okinoshimausing the J-PARC

neutrino facility

”, a

rXiv:0

804.2

111, M

arch

2008

•se

ealso

T. Has

ega

wa,

“J-PARC neutrino beam”, talk

at this W

orks

hop

LArTPC as proton decay and neutrino

detector

LArMC: p → →→→

K+ ν ννν

10x efficiency than WC

only way to reach 1035 years

A. Bue

noet al.“Nucleon decay searches with large liquid

Argon TPC detectors at shallow depths: atmospheric

neutrinos and cosmogenicbackground”, J

HEP0

4 (2007) 041

0π

µµ

νµ

pn

−+

−→

∆→

F. Arneodoet al., “Performance of a liquid argon

time projection chamber exposed to the W

ANF

neutrino beam”, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 112001

A LArTPC is the best detector for oscillation

searches:

•provides high efficiency for ν ννν

echarged current interactions

•adequate rejection against ν ννν

µ µµµNC and CC backgrounds

eν

νµ→

�mus

t be BIG

to b

e c

ompe

titive

with o

ther te

chno

logi

es

�50 ÷

100 k

ton

rang

e

�drift

leng

ths of

at le

ast a

few m

ete

rs a

re n

ece

ssar

y

A LArdetector …

Shopping list for a large LArdetector:

•Dewar

(un

derg

roun

d c

onst

ruct

ion

and o

pera

tion

)•Arg

on p

rocu

rement

and

pur

ific

atio

n sy

stem

•Hig

h V

olta

ge sys

tem

•Read

out device

•Ele

ctro

nics

•Dete

ctor

eng

ineering

•Pr

otot

ypes an

d “Test

”beam

s

20 m

70 m

�10

0 k

ton

R&D on novelreadouttechniques, otherthanwires,

possiblywithamplification of the ionizationsignals

R&D on warm/cold solutions

�HV feedthroughtested by ICARUS up to

150 kV (E=1kV/cm in T600)

�v drift= 2

mm/µ µµµs @ 1kV/cm

�Diffusion of electrons:

σ σσσd=1.4 mm for t=2 ms (4 m @ 1 kV/cm)

σ σσσd=3.1 mm for t=10 ms (20 m @ 1 kV/cm)

Can we drift over over long distances?

T=8

9 K

12

ds

cm 0.2

4.8

D,tD

2σ

−±

=×

×=

�to drift over macroscopic distances,

LArmust be very pure

�a concentration of 0.1 ppb Oxygen

equivalent gives an electron lifetime

of 3 ms

�for a 20 m drift and >30% collected

signal, an electron lifetime of at least 10

ms is needed

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.91

05

10

15

20

25

Drift length (m)

Fraction collected signal

5 ms

10 ms

15 ms

20 ms

Electron

lifetime

30 ms

Vdrift=2.0 mm/µ µµµs

7

Passive perliteinsulation

≈ ≈≈≈70 m

Drift length

h =20 m max

Electronic crates

Single module cryo-tank based on

industrial LNG technology

Single module cryo-tank based on

industrial LNG technology

A. Rubbia hep-ph/0402110

Venice, Nov 2003

Giant Liquid Argon Charge Imaging ExpeRiment

possibly up to 100 kton

GLACIER

A scalable detector with a non-evacuabledewarand ionization

charge detection with amplification

8

GLACIER concepts for a scalable design

�LArstorage based on LNG tank technology

•Cert

ifie

dLN

G tan

k with sta

ndar

d a

spect

rat

io•

Smalle

r th

an lar

gest

existing

tan

ks f

or m

eth

ane, but

und

erg

roun

d•

Vertical electron drift

for fu

ll a

ctive vol

ume

�A n

ew m

eth

od o

f re

adou

t (Double-phase with LEM

)•

to a

llow

for

very

lon

g drift

pat

hsan

d c

hea

per ele

ctro

nics

•to

allow

for

low

det

ect

ion

thre

shol

d(≈

50 k

eV)

•to

avo

id u

se o

f re

adou

t wires

•A p

ath tow

ards pi

xelize

dre

adou

t fo

r 3D imag

es

�Cockroft-Walton (Greinacher) Voltage Multiplierto

exte

nd d

rift

dista

nce

•Hig

h d

rift

fie

ld o

f 1 kV

/cm b

y in

creas

ing

number of

sta

ges, w

/o V

HV f

eed-t

hro

ugh

�Very long drift path

•M

inim

ize

chan

nels b

y in

creas

ing

active

vol

ume w

ith lon

ger drift

pat

h�

Light readouton

sur

face

of

tank

�Po

ssib

ly immers

ed s

uperc

onduc

ting

sol

eno

id f

or B

-fie

ld

Size

(kton)

Diameter

(m)

Height

(m)

100

70

20

10

30

10

110

10

Scalable

Scalable

Scalable

Scalable

detector

detector

detector

detector

�Many large LNG tanks in service

•Vessel volumes up to 200000 m

3

�Excellent safety record

•Last serious accident in 1944, Cleveland, Ohio,

due to tank with low nickel content (3.5%)

Cryogenic storage tanks for LNG

More on LNG storage tanks

In-ground and underground

storage tanks from Tokyo Gas

LArvs

LNG (≥ ≥≥≥95% Methane)

�Boiling points of LArand CH4are 87.3 and

111.6°K

�Latent heat of vaporization per unit volume

is the same for both liquids within 5%

�Main differences:

•LNG flammable when present in air within 5 –

15% by volume, LArnot flammable

•ρ ρρρ LAr= 3.3 ρ ρρρ

CH4, tank needs to withstand 3.3

times higher hydrostatic pressure

Tokyo Gas

A first study of an underground LArstorage tank

A feasibility study mandated to

Technodyne Ltd (UK): Feb-Dec 2004

Full containment tank

consisting of an inner

and an outer tank made

from stainless steel

1.2 m thick side insulation

consisting of a resilient

layer and perlitefill

Tanks construction:

6 mm thick at the base,

sides ranging from 48 mm

thick at the bottom to 8

mm thick at the top

One thousand 1 m high

support pillars arranged

on a 2 m grid

Estimated boil-off 0.04%/day

Dew

ar Considerations

�The dewartechnologyisa crucial choicefor hugeLArdetectors

•A modularapproach

isunfeasiblefor ~100 ktonLArmass (cost,

complications, …)

•Hugeevacuabledewars

(~40x40x40 m

3) have quite

a complicated

mechanicalstructure and mightpresent

safety

problemsduring

evacuation

•Hugenon-evacuabledewars

are currentlybuiltas LNG containers ,

alsoas underground installation

•heat

inpu

t an

d a

rgon

con

sumpt

ion

hav

e to

be

care

fully

eva

luat

ed

(�ru

nnin

g co

sts)

•pu

rifica

tion

of

such

larg

e vol

umes st

arting

from

air at

atmos

pheric

press

ure shou

ldno

t be

a pr

oble

m(b

ut R

&D o

n po

werf

ulclean

cry

ogen

icpu

mpi

ngsy

stem

isess

ential)

•a

har

der pr

oble

mis

how

to

check

for

leak

s, w

hich

mig

htlimit

the

achie

vable

argo

n pu

rity

, if itis

not po

ssib

le to

eva

cuat

eth

e d

ewar

. W

ill

hav

e to

rely

on c

arefu

lch

eck

sof

all w

eld

ing

join

ts …

•Case

Case

Case

Case studies

studies

studies

studiesof

of of

of specific

specific

specific

specific

European

European

European

Europeansites by

sites by

sites by

sites by Technodyne

Technodyne

Technodyne

Technodynein the

in the

in the

in the

framework

framework

framework

framework

of the LAGUNA

of the LAGUNA

of the LAGUNA

of the LAGUNA project

project

project

projectby 2010

by 2010

by 2010

by 2010

13

Steps towards GLACIER

Small prototypes

Small prototypes

Small prototypes

Small prototypes ➠ ➠➠➠

ton

ton

ton

ton- ---scale detectors

scale detectors

scale detectors

scale detectors ➠ ➠➠➠

1

1 1

1 kton

kton

kton

kton➠ ➠➠➠? ???

proof of principle double-

phase LArLEM-TPC on

0.1x0.1 m

2scale

LEM readout on 1x1 m

2scale

UHV, cr

yoge

nic

syst

em a

t to

n sc

ale, cr

yoge

nic

pum

p fo

r re

circ

ulat

ion,

PM

T o

pera

tion

in

col

d, ligh

t re

flect

or a

nd

collect

ion,

very

hig

h-v

olta

ge

syst

ems, f

eed-t

hro

ughs,

indus

trial re

adou

t ele

ctro

nics

, sa

fety

(in

Col

lab. with C

ERN

)

Application of LArLEM TPC

to neutrino physics: p

article

ident

ificat

ion

(200-1

000 M

eV

ele

ctro

ns), o

ptim

izat

ion

of

read

out an

d e

lect

roni

cs, co

ld

ASIC e

lect

roni

cs, pos

sibility

of n

eut

rino

beam

expo

sure

full engineering demonstrator

for larger detectors, ac

ting

as

near

dete

ctor

for

neut

rino

flux

es an

d c

ross

-sect

ions

meas

urement

s, …

➠

➠

➠direct

proof of

long drift

path up to

5 m

➠

LEM

test

ArD

Mto

n-sc

ale

ArgonTube: long drift, ton-scale

Test

bea

m

1 to

10 ton

-sca

le1 kt

on

B-f

ield

test

➠

12m

10m

we are here

Operated in double phase: liquid-vapor

LArLEM-TPC

10 cm drift

Maximum sensitive volume

10 x 10 x 30 cm3

A novel kind of LArTPC based

on a Large Electron Multiplier

(LEM)

A. Badertscheret al., ’Construction and operation

of

a double phase LArLarge Electron Multiplier TPC’,

acceptedcontribution atthe 2008 IEEE Nucler

Science Symposium, Dresden, Germany

TPB coated PMT

15

Double stage LEM withAnode readout

�Produced by standard Printed Circuit Board methods

�Double-sided copper-clad (18 μ μμμm layer) FR4 plates

�Precision holes by drilling

�Gold deposition on Cu (<~ 1 μ μμμm layer) to avoid oxidization

�Single LEM Thickness: 1.55 mm

�Amplification hole diameter = 500 µm

�Distance between centers of neighboring holes = 800 µm

BottomLEM

Top LEM

Signal collection plane

Anode

10 x 10 cm2

16 strips6 mm wide

10 x 10 cm2

16 strips 6 mm wide

1 nF

500 MΩ

LEM 2

LEM 1

LArlevel

Grids

LArLEM-TPC: principleof

operation

LEM 1

LEM 2

Electric field in the LEM region

up to 30 kV/cm

Drift Field

~0.9 kV/cm

1 kV/cm

1 kV/cm

1.3 kV/cm

3.8 kV/cm

5.7 kV/cm

up to 30 kV/cm

up to 30 kV/cm

Gain=GLEM1•GLEM2=G2=e2α αααx

x: effective LEM hole length (~0.8 mm)

α ααα: 1

stTownsend coefficient≈ ≈≈≈Aρ ρρρe

-Bρ ρρρ/E

Typical Electric Fields for

double-phase operation

Anode

17

Preamplifierdevelopment

Custom-m

ade front-end

charge preamp + shaper

Inspired from C. Boiano

et al.

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52(2004)1931

2 channels on

one hybrid

Version

FET integrator

decay tim

e

constant (µs)

Shaper

integration

time constant

(µs)

Shaper

differentiation

time constant

(µs)

Sensitivity

(mV/fC)

Noise

(e- )

Ci=

200

pF

S/N @

1 fC

Ci=

200 pF

V1

470

3.6

13

12.5

395

15

V2

470

3.6

1.3

11.9

485

13

V3

470

0.15

0.5

(10)

(6)

V4

470

0.6

2

11.6

620

10

4 different shaping constants

Measured values

ICARUS electronics

(τ τττf=1.6 μ μμμs)

�S/N=10 @ 2 fC, Ci=350 pF

�equivalent

to

S/N=7 @ 1 fC, Ci=200 pF

18

�In collaboration withCAEN, developedA/D conversion and DAQ system

Data Acquisition System

development

32 preamplifier

channels

A/D + DAQ

section

CAEN A2792

prototype

256 channels

SY2791

�12 bit 2.5 MS/s flash ADCs+ programmable

FPGA withtrigger logic

�Global trigger and channel-by-channel

trigger,switch

to ’lowthreshold’whena ‘trigger

alert’ispresent

�1 MB circularbuffer, zero

suppression

capability, 80 MB/s chainable opticallink

to PC

ETHZ p

ream

ps

CAEN SY2791

prototype

Tests in progress

LEM-TPC operation in pure GArat 300K

Typical cosmic ray events

Radioactive sources

6.9 kBq55Fe

0.5 kBq109Cd

Top LEM

view

Anode

view

Typical cosmic ray events

LEM-TPC operation in double phase Ar

Top LEM

Anode

PMT Signal

prim

ary

ioni

zation

ele

ctro

ns

Proof of principle of a LArLEM-TPC

direct

luminescence

proportional

scintillation

scintillation

in LEM holes

21

ArD

M: a ton-scale LArdetector

with a 1 x 1 m

2LEM readout

A. Rubbia, “ArDM: a Ton-scale liquid Argon experiment for direct detection

of dark matter in the universe”, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 39 (2006) 129

800 mm

Cockroft-Walton (Greinacher) chain

: su

pplies

the rig

ht

voltag

es to

the f

ield

shap

er ring

s an

d the

cath

ode u

p to

500 k

V (E=1

-4kV/c

m)

1200 mm

14 PMTs

Field shaping rings

and support pillars

Cathode grid

ETHZ, Zurich,

Granada, CIEMAT,

Soltan, Sheffield

Assembly

@ CERN

Two-stage LEM

22

ArD

MInner Detector

Shielding grid

Cockroft-Walton

(Greinacher) chain

Field shaping rings

and support pillars

PMTs

Cathode grid

Light measurements

vs. position of

241Am

source

GAr@ 88K

P=1.1bar

τ τττ 2~3.2µ µµµs

Reflector foils

23

ArD

M

Cryogenics and

LArpurification

Recirculation and

CuO

purification

cartridge

vacuum insulation

LN2 cooling jacket

‘dirty’LArcooling bath

pure LArclosed circuit

Bellow pump

1400 l

In collaboration with BIERI engineering

Winterthur, Switzerland

24

CryogenicTests

30 c

m3

volu

me

In collaboration with BIERI

engineering

Winterthur, Switzerland

First ArDMcooldown

with

auto

mat

icre

fill

of

LArco

olin

gbat

h

LArPumptest

Measured LArflux ~ 20 l/hr

25

The next short-term steps …

�Engineering design of an underground 100 ktonLArtank

�Part of LAGUNA package by Technodyne

�Small LArLEM-TPC

�implementation of a recirculation system for LArpurification

�test of cold electronics

�investigation of efficiency, stability and energy resolution of the

LEM readout system

�Filling of ArDMinner detector with LAr

�address

safety

issues of ArDM: handling

of one ton of LAr, in

situ-regeneration

of the LArpurification cartridge

�operation of the LArpump and purification cartridge

�tests of light readout in LAr

�test of the HV system

�stability of cryogenic operation of the device: installation of a

cryocooler

�Design and construction of a 1 x 1 m

2LEM readout system

for ArDM

26

Steps towards GLACIER

Small prototypes

Small prototypes

Small prototypes

Small prototypes ➠ ➠➠➠

ton

ton

ton

ton- ---scale detectors

scale detectors

scale detectors

scale detectors ➠ ➠➠➠

1

1 1

1 kton

kton

kton

kton➠ ➠➠➠? ???

proof of principle double-

phase LArLEM-TPC on

0.1x0.1 m

2scale

LEM readout on 1x1 m

2scale

UHV, cr

yoge

nic

syst

em a

t to

n sc

ale, cr

yoge

nic

pum

p fo

r re

circ

ulat

ion,

PM

T o

pera

tion

in

col

d, ligh

t re

flect

or a

nd

collect

ion,

very

hig

h-v

olta

ge

syst

ems, f

eed-t

hro

ughs,

indus

trial re

adou

t ele

ctro

nics

, sa

fety

(in

Col

lab. with C

ERN

)

Application of LArLEM TPC

to neutrino physics: p

article

ident

ificat

ion

(200-1

000 M

eV

ele

ctro

ns), o

ptim

izat

ion

of

read

out an

d e

lect

roni

cs, co

ld

ASIC e

lect

roni

cs, pos

sibility

of n

eut

rino

beam

expo

sure

full engineering demonstrator

for larger detectors, ac

ting

as

near

dete

ctor

for

neut

rino

flux

es an

d c

ross

-sect

ions

meas

urement

s, …

➠

➠

➠direct

proof of

long drift

path up to

5 m

➠

LEM

test

ArD

Mto

n-sc

ale

ArgonTube: long drift, ton-scale

Test

bea

m

1 to

10 ton

-sca

le1 kt

on

B-f

ield

test

➠

12m

10m

we are here

ARGONTUBE

�Ful

l sc

ale m

eas

urement

of

long

drift

(5 m

), sig

nal

atte

nuat

ion

and m

ultipl

icat

ion,

eff

ect

of

char

ge d

iffu

sion

�Sim

ulat

e ‘v

ery

lon

g’drift

(10

-20 m

) by

reduc

ed E

fie

ld &

LArpu

rity

�Hig

h vol

tage

test

(up

to

500 k

V)

�M

eas

urement

Ray

leig

h sca

tt. le

ngth

and

att

enu

atio

n le

ngth

vspu

rity

�Infrastructure ready

�External dewardelivered

�Detector vessel, inner detector, readout system, …in

design/procurement phase

Bern, ETHZ, Granada

R&D on electronics integrated on the detector

�R&D on an analog ASIC preamplifier working at

cryogenic temperature

�ve

ry lar

ge s

cale

int

egr

atio

n�lo

w c

ost

�re

duc

tion

of

cable

cap

acitan

ces

�R&D on a Gigabit Ethernet readout chain + network

time distribution system PTP

�fu

rther deve

lopm

ent

of

the O

PERA D

AQ

, with lar

ger

inte

grat

ion,

gig

abit e

thern

et, reduc

ed c

osts

�im

plement

atio

n in

jus

t on

e ine

xpe

nsive F

PGA o

f th

e

capa

bilitie

s pr

ovid

ed b

y th

e O

PERA ‘m

ezz

anin

e’c

ard

�co

ntin

uous

and

aut

o-tr

igge

rable

read

out

�sy

nchro

niza

tion

and

eve

nt tim

e sta

mp

on e

ach sens

or w

ith a

n ac

cura

cy o

f 1 ns

IPNL Lyon in collaboration with ETHZ

0.35μ μμμm

CMOS

charge amplifier

First test (characterization of

the components,…)

received in October 2007

PA

PAshaperbuffer

E. Bechetoille, H. Mathez, IPNL Lyon

Proceedings of Wolte-08, June 2008

to be tested on the

LEM-TPC setup integrated

with IPNL DAQ

delivered on July 2008

presently under test in Lyon

�selectable feedback

capacitance (500 fF-1 pf)

and resistor (2 –10 MΩ ΩΩΩ)

�selectable shaping times

(0.5 –4 μ μμμs range)

30

Conclusions

�The synergy between precise detectors for long neutrino

baseline experiments and proton decay (and astrophysical

neutrinos) detectors is essential for a realistic proposal of a

100 ktonLArdetector

�discovery

physics, not onlyprecision

measurements

�GLACIER isa concept for a scalableLArdetector up to 100

kton

demandingconcrete

R&D

�ArDMisa real 1-ton prototype of the GLACIER concepts

�ArgonTubewillbea dedicatedmeasurement

of long drifts (5m)

�AggressiveR&D on readoutelectronics

ongoing(warm/cold

options, detector integration…)

�After a successful completion of this R&D (ArDM, test beams,

…) we want to proceed to a proposal for a 100 ktonscale

underground device

�discussion of a 1 ktonfull engineering prototype