Range Anxiety, RekkEVidde or Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

• Facts about EV range• EV or Plug-in Hybrid?

TEMPO - 13. mai 2013 - Rolf Hagman rha@toi.no

Side 2

EV - Range Anxiety

Side 3

Assessing Range Anxiety

Side 4

RekkEVidde (EV range) Consortium

Side 5

RekkEVidde objectives

Side 6

What about range for the new EVs?

Citroën C-Zero Nissan Leaf

Scientific aproachRange is influenced by - driving pattern (cycle), low temperature, rolling and air resistence (coast down)

Side 7

Real winter and laboratory tests

Test cell - VTT

Real winter Artic Falls - TSS

Side 8

Real winter results - Rolling resistance:Coast down 25 – 5 km/h (TSS)

asphalt

snow (compr)

Asphalt

Snow (softprep.)

00% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Side 9

Laboratory tests conditions - VTT

Normal temperature (+23 °C) Air resistance for normal temperature Road load for normal asphalt

Intermediate ambient temperature (-0°C) Air resistance for intermediate temperature Road load for normal asphalt

Low ambient temperature (-20 °C) Air resistance for low temperature Road load for normal asphalt Road load for old snow Road load for new snow

Side 10

Results for one of the EVsEnergy Consumption (kWh/km)Driving – external cabin heating

Driving asphalt asphalt asphalt old snow new snowcycle +23 °C 0 °C -20 °C -20 °C -20 °C

kWh/km kWh/km kWh/km kWh/km kWh/kmNEDC 0,142 0,159 0,192 0,196 0,201Helsinki 0,137 0,148 0,173 0,211 0,207

Side 11

Results for one of the EVs Estimated driving range (km)

Driving – external cabin heating

Note that this EV perform better with the Helsinki City driving cycle on asphalt than with the NED Cycle on asphalt

Driving asphalt asphalt asphalt old snow new snowcycle +23 °C 0 °C -20 °C -20 °C -20 °C

km km km km kmNEDC 124 111 92 90 87Helsinki 128 119 102 83 85

Side 12

Results for one of the EVs Estimated driving range at -20 ºC (km)

Driving – with battery heating 3 kWRange Anxiety at remote areas -20 ºC!!!

Measures to reduce range anxiety at -20 ºC: • Vehicle electric pre-heating and liquid fuel cabin heater.• Or a plug-in Hybrid vehicle might be the right choice?

Driving asphalt old snow new snowcycle -20 °C -20 °C -20 °C

km km kmNEDC 63 62 60Helsinki 58 47 48

Side 13

Avaliable plug-in hybrid vehicles in Norway

In relation to today’s combustion engine vehicles - realistic tailpipe CO2 savings:• ”Power split hybridisation” (Toyota style) - 30 %• Plug-in hybridisation - 60 %

Side 14

Plug-in hybrid vehiclesTwo technologies in one vehicle

EV for short tripsHybrid vehicle for long tripsNo range anxiety

CD mode CS mode

+/- 3%

Discharging Hybrid

Toyota picture

Side 15

Plug-in Prius pre commercial tests with leased vehicles

Average driving trip lengths

Side 16

Plug-in Prius pre commercial tests with leased vehicles

Average petrol consumption/CO2 emissions

Side 17

EVs

Siz

e

Driving range needPetrol, diesel, biofuels Electric energy

Plug-in Hybrid vehicles

Avoiding Range Anxiety in cold climate