raptors research ИЗУЧЕНИЕПЕРНАТЫХХИЩНИКОВ

Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 17

Êîíòàêò:

Ñ. ÃîìáîáààòàðÁ. ÎäõóóÁ. ÌóíõçàÿàÌîíãîëüñêîå îðíèòî-ëîãè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâîÌîíãîëèÿÓëààíáààòàð210646Àà/ÿ 537òåë.: 976 11 323 970976 99 180 148ôàêñ: 976 11 320 [email protected]@mail.comhttp://num.edu.mn/ornithology

Ä. ÑóìúÿàÌîíãîëüñêèé Íàöèî-íàëüíûé ÓíèâåðñèòåòÌîíãîëèÿÓëààíáààòàð210646À à/ÿ 537òåë.: 976 11 323 [email protected]

Ââåäåíèå

Â Ìîíãîëèè îáèòàåò àçèàòñêèé áàëîáàíFalco cherrug milvipes Jerdon, 1871. Îíøèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ñòåïíîé, ëåñî-ñòåïíîé, ïóñòûííî-ñòåïíîé çîíàõ è ìàëî-÷èñëåí â ïóñòûíè (Shagdarsuren 1983).Ïèòàåòñÿ áàëîáàí øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í-íûìè â ìåñòàõ åãî îáèòàíèÿ, àêòèâíûìè,â òîì ÷èñëå è â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, è ëåãêîäîáûâàåìûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ, òàêèìèêàê ïîë¸âêà Áðàíäòà (Lasiopodomysbrandtii), ìîíãîëüñêàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (Merionesunguiculatus), ðîãàòûé (Eremophila alpes-tris) è ìîíãîëüñêèé æàâîðîíêè (Melanoco-rypha mongolica) (Shagdarsuren, 1983,Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001, Gombobaatar et al.,1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). Ê äâóìãîäàì áàëîáàí äîñòèãàåò ïîëîâîé çðåëîñ-òè. Ãíåçäèòñÿ íà åñòåñòâåííûõ èëè èñêóññò-âåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ â ãí¸çäàõ âîðîíà(Corvus corax), ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà(Buteo hemilasius), áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysa-etos) è ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis)(Ellis et al., 1995, 1997, Potapov et al., 2000,2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Îòêëàäûâàåò äî6 ÿèö è âûðàùèâàåò ïðèìåðíî ñòîëüêî æåïòåíöîâ. Îáû÷íî ñàìêà çàáîòèòñÿ î ïòåí-öàõ, à ñàìåö äîáûâàåò äëÿ íèõ ïèùó(Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar, 2006).Çèìóåò â Êèòàå è Âíóòðåííåé Ìîíãîëèè. Âçàâèñèìîñòè îò òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãî ïîêðî-âà è íàëè÷èÿ êîðìîâîé áàçû íåêîòîðûåâçðîñëûå áàëîáàíû çèìóþò â ïðåäåëàõÌîíãîëèè, ñîâåðøàÿ íåáîëüøèå êî÷¸âêè(Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006).

Introduction

Subspecies Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon,1871 of Saker falcon widely distributes insteppe, forest steppe, desert steppe andoccurs rarely in Gobi desert in the Mongo-lia. Saker preys Brandt’s Vole (Lasiopodomysbrandtii), Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones un-guiculatus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpes-tris), Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mon-golica) which are abundant species innumber, occur all year around in Mongolia(Shagdarsuren, 1983, Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001,Shagdarsuren et al., 2001, Gombobaatar etal., 1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). Thisspecies of falcon prefer to nest in old and newlybuilt nests by Raven (Corvus corax), UplandBuzzard (Buteo hemilasius), Steppe (Aquilanipalensis) and Golden Eagles (Aquilachrysaetos) located on natural and artificialsubstrates (Ellis et al.1995, 1997, Potapov etal., 2000, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Clutchsize is max. 6, average in 3.7±1.02 (1 – 6,n=330). Female broods and males spendmuch time in hunting during breeding sea-son (Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar,2006). Sakers of Mongolia winter in Chinaand Inner Mongolia and also in the countrydepending on snow coverage and food sup-ply. All fledglings are migratory and seasonalmovement is recorded for few adult individu-als (Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006). Sci-entific collaboration is urgent in order to con-serve and sustainable use of the species inregional and International levels (Fox, 2001,2002, Gombobaatar, 2006).

Breeding�Biology�of�the�Saker�Falcon�in�Mongolia

БИОЛОГИЯ�РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ�СОКОЛА�БАЛОБАНА�B�МОНГОЛИИ

Gombobaatar�S.�(Mongolian�Ornithological�Society)

Sumiya�D.�(National�University�of�Mongolia)

Potapov�E.�(Natural�Research,�UK)

Munkhzaya�B.,�Odkhuu�B.�(Mongolian�Ornithological�Society)

Гомбобаатар�С.�(Мон�ольсое�орнитоло�ичесое�общество)

С$мъяа�Д.�(Мон�ольсий�национальный�$ниверситет)

Потапов�Е.�(Исследование�природы,�Велиобритания)

М$нхзаяа�Б.,�Одх$$�Б.�(Мон�ольсое�орнитоло�ичесое�общество)

Raptors� Research

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 918

Location of Study Areas

We marked all study areas by letters in or-der to understand easy and simply (fig. 1).Sakers are rarely registered in taiga, highmountains, elevated in 3000–4000 m abovesea level, and desert. But there is no recordof breeding in these areas. Suitable breed-ing territories of the species are steppe, for-est steppe, desert steppe, mountain steppeand mountains elevated less than 3000–4000 m above sea level. Size of suitablebreeding and distribution territories for Sak-ers in Mongolia is 1085400 sq. km. The sizeof our study areas represents 1.1% of wholeMongolian territory and 1.4% of suitablebreeding territories of Sakers.

Ìaterials and Methods

We analyzed all data in the Zoology De-partment of the National University of Mon-golia, Institute of Zoology, Halle-WittenbergUniversity, Germany in 2000–2002, Nau-mann Museum in Kothen, Germany in2000–2001, and Yamashina Institute for Or-nithology, Japan in 2000 and 2001). In theresult of field works, we recorded and re-checked in total of 498 breeding pairs inorder to study the taxonomy, nest site se-lection, age group of nestlings, estimatenumber and density, clutch and brood sizeof breeding pairs, and calculate the breed-ing success of Sakers depending on foodsupply. Long term monitoring studies ofbreeding Sakers in study areas were con-ducted by following the International stand-ard methods of Fox et al. (1997). Anova-Single factor, Anova-two tail, Kruskal-WallisTest Statistic, correlation and discritive ana-lyzes of the Ms. Excel, Systat 10.0 software’swere used for statistic analyze. We usedArcView 3.2, OZI-Explorer 4.0. software formapping and estimation of breeding pairs.

Results and Discussions

Role of female and male to select nestsites and nesting period

Most successful breeding pairs of Sakers,Ravens, and Upland Buzzards prefer to neston cliffs, rocks, trees and artificial substrateswhere are located in outside of blocks ofhigh cliffs and rocks middle of flat steppe inour study areas. The reason for selection ofnest site for those breeding pairs was to saveenergy during hunting (close by food re-sources) and to reduce of predator threats(Eagle Owl Bubo bubo). Nest site selection

Òðåáóåòñÿ ïðèíÿòèå ìåð ïî îõðàíå áà-ëîáàíà è åãî ðàöèîíàëüíîìó èñïîëüçîâà-íèþ (Fox, 2001, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006).

Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé

Äëÿ ïðîñòîòû è ÿñíîñòè âñå ó÷¸òíûå ïëî-ùàäè óñëîâíî îòìå÷åíû çíàêàìè: ALT, BH,BGC, EK, UB, DA, CH (ðèñ. 1). Õîòÿ áàëî-áàí èçðåäêà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â òàéãå, âûñîêî-ãîðíûõ ëåñàõ íà âûñîòå 3000–4000 ì íàäóðîâíåì ìîðÿ, à òàêæå â ïóñòûíå, ñâåäå-íèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõîòñóòñòâóþò. Â Ìîíãîëèè áàëîáàíû ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíû â ñòåïíîé, ëåñîñòåïíîé èîïóñòûíåííîé çîíàõ, à òàêæå â ãîðàõ íàâûñîòàõ íå áîëåå 3000–4000 ì í.ó.ì. Îá-ùàÿ ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà ñîñòàâëÿåò1085400 êì2. Ïëîùàäü âñåõ îáñëåäîâàí-íûõ òåððèòîðèé – 15986,9 êì2, ÷òî ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò 1,1% îò òåððèòîðèè Ìîíãîëèè è 1,4%âñåõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñò.

Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà

èññëåäîâàíèé

Îáðàáîòêà ñîáðàííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ïðî-èçâîäèëàñü íà Êàôåäðå çîîëîãèè Ìîíãîëü-ñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà, â èíñòèòóòå Çîîëî-ãèè óíèâåðñèòåòà Õàëëå-Âèòòåíáåðãà,Ãåðìàíèÿ (2000–2002 ãã.) è â ìóçåå Íàóìàí-íà ãîðîäà Êåòýí, Ãåðìàíèÿ (2000–2001 ãã.),â Èíñòèòóòå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâà-íèé ßàìàøèíà ßïîíèè (2000–2001 ãã.) è âíàöèîíàëüíîì îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîì öåíòðåÀíãëèè (2005 ã.). Òàì æå, à òàêæå â Óíèâåð-ñèòåòå Ãåòòèíãåíà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), â òð¸õ öåíò-ðàõ ïî êîëüöåâàíèþ ïòèö, áûëè ñîáðàíûëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå ïî ñîêîëó áàëîáàíó.

Ðèñ. 1. Íàçâàíèå è ðàñ-ïîëîæåíèå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëî-ùàäåé

Fig. 1. Name and locationof study areas

Contact:

S. GombobaatarB. OdkhuuB. MunkhzayaMongolianOrnithological SocietyP.O. Box 537, 210646AUlaanbaatarMongoliatel.: 976 11 323 970976 99 180 148fax: 976 11 320 [email protected]@mail.comhttp://num.edu.mn/ornithology

D. SumiyaNational University ofMongoliaP.O. Box 537, 210646AUlaanbaatarMongoliatel.: 976 11 323 [email protected]


was directly and highly depended on seriesfactors such as number and density of Ea-gle Owl, food supply, location of nest sub-strates, and human disturbance. Accordingto data of 1998–2005, nest selection ofbreeding pairs started from second half ofthe March (n=13) and was very intensive ina first week of the April. Breeding pairs ac-tively defended nest sites (n=21) and cop-ulated (n=3) at this time. Rising of air tem-perature and thinning of snow coveragewere the main factors to early nesting andcopulating in 1998–2005. 66.7% of ob-served old or newly built nests (n=21) wereselected by males.

Types of nest substrates

All nest substrates of successful breedingpairs were categorized as natural (cliff, rockcolumn, ground, tree, sandy precipice) andartificial (rest of substrates). A total of 21types of natural and artificial nest substrateswere selected by 303 breeding pairs of Sak-ers in 1998–2005. High percentages of nestsite selected by Sakers were clif fs 78(25.7%), rock columns 48 (15.8%) from nat-ural and pylons 56 (18.5%), wooden poles36 (11.9%) of high power electric line fromartificial substrates (table 1). 43.2% (n=131)

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâó÷òåíî 498 ïàð áàëîáàíîâ è ïðîâåäåíûèññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ñèñòåìàòèêå, îêðàñêå,÷èñëåííîñòè è ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð,

âûáîðó ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ,ðàçìåðàì êëàäêè è âûâîäêîâ,âîçðàñòíûì ãðóïïàì ïòåí-öîâ, çàâèñèìîñòè óñïåõà ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ îò ñòàáèëüíîñòèêîðìîâîé áàçû. Èññëåäîâà-íèÿ ïî ìîíèòîðèíãó ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ ïàð ïðîâîäèëèñüåæåãîäíî ïî îáùåïðèíÿòîéìåæäóíàðîäíûìè èññëåäîâà-òåëÿìè ìåòîäèêå (Fox et al.,1997). Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêóþ îáðà-áîòêó äàííûõ ïðîâîäèëè ñïîìîùüþ ïðîãðàìì Ms.Excel, Systat 10.0, Anova-Single factor, Anova-two tail,Kruskal-Wallis Test Statistic,ïðîâåäåíû êîððåëÿöèîííûéè äèñêðèòèâíûé àíàëèçû èêàðòèðîâàíèå ñ ïðèìåíåíè-

åì ArcView 3.2, OZI-Explorer 4.0.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé

è îáñóæäåíèå

Ðîëü ñàìêè è ñàìöà â âûáîðåãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, ãí¸çäè âðåìåíè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ

Áàëîáàíû, âîðîíû è ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàí-íèêè â áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ïîãðà-íè÷íîé ìåæäó ñòåïüþ è ñêàëèñòûìè ãîðà-ìè çîíå. Òàêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çäâûãîäíî ïî äâóì ïðè÷èíàì: âî-ïåðâûõ,áëèçîñòü îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ïî-çâîëÿåò óìåíüøèòü çàòðàòû ýíåðãèè íà ïî-èñê ïèùè, âî-âòîðûõ, îíî îáåñïå÷èâàåò çà-ùèù¸ííîñòü ãí¸çä îò ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo).Âûáîð ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíàìè, àòàêæå ñìåðòíîñòü ïòåíöîâ è âçðîñëûõ îñî-áåé çàâèñÿò îò öåëîãî ðÿäà ôàêòîðîâ, òà-êèõ êàê ÷èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà,äîñòàòî÷íîñòü êîðìîâîé áàçû, îñîáåííî-ñòè ìåñòíîñòè, àíòðîïîãåííûé ôàêòîð,íàëè÷èå ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê, ïëîòíîñòüäðóãèõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö (ìîõíîíîãèé êóð-ãàííèê, âîðîí è äð.). Ñðîêè âûáîðà ãíåç-äà è åãî îñâîåíèÿ ïàðîé ðàçëè÷íû. Ïî äàí-íûì 1998–2005 ãã. âûáîð ãíåçäàíà÷èíàåòñÿ ñî âòîðîé-òðåòüåé íåäåëè ìàð-òà (n=13), è íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû â ýòî âðåìÿóæå ñïàðèâàþòñÿ (n=1). Â ïåðâóþ íåäåëþàïðåëÿ ýòîò ïðîöåññ èä¸ò èíòåíñèâíåå:ïàðû âûáèðàþò ãí¸çäà è àêòèâíî çàùè-ùàþò èõ (n=21), ñïàðèâàþòñÿ (n=3). Áî-

Ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ (Falcocherrug) íà ãíåçäå â Öåí-òðàëüíîé Ìîíãîëèè.Ìàðò 2004 ã. Ôîòî Ñ.Ãîìáîáààòàð

A pair of the Saker Falcon(Falco cherrug) in the nestin Central Mongolia.March 2004. Photo by S.Gombobaatar

Ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ â ãíåçäå íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ(ââåðõó) è ñàìêà â ãíåçäå íà çåìëå (âíèçó). 2004 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

A pair of the Saker Falcon in the nest on the woodenelectric pole (upper) and female in the nest on theground (bottom). 2004. Photos by S. Gombobaatar


of 303 breeding pairs successfully nestedon natural substrates and 56.8% on artificialsubstrates (fig. 2).

Nest site selection of Saker was heavilydepended on number of suitable nest sub-strates and nests of other raptors. Averageheight of nest substrates was 15.8±0.7 m(min. 0, max. 120, n=303) and height of nestlocation – 10.2±0.4 m (min. 0, max. 60,n=303). “0” means ground nesting sakers.

Nest and nest site selection

Sometimes female lays eggs into shallowscrapes of the sandy and gravel ground, anddusty remains of pellets in concrete banksof abandoned well without nest materials.There was significant difference betweennests of raptor species selected by Sakers(ANOVA

0.05:F10,55

=2.0; p=0.0001). UplandBuzzard, a dominant species in numbers, wasa pioneering nest builder for Saker. Size, nestmaterials, and location of the Buzzard nestsare suitable for laying eggs, brooding andfeeding chicks, and easily occupying for Sak-ers in the steppe zone. Northern Raven was asecond important nest provider species. Adultfalcons attack to host of the nest, kill themand occupy freshly built theirs nests. Sakersare always keeping a distance from powerfulraptors comparing own body size such asBlack Vulture, Steppe and Golden Eagles.

ëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ñïàðè-âàíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ïàð ñâÿçàíû ñ óâåëè÷å-íèåì òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà è óìåíüøå-íèåì ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà â ÿíâàðå-ìàðòå.

Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì çà 21 ïàðîé áàëîáàíîâ,êîòîðûå çàíèìàëè ñâåæåïîñòðîåííûåãí¸çäà èëè âïåðâûå ïîñåëÿëèñü íà ñòàðûõãí¸çäàõ, âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî â 14 ñëó÷àÿõ (66,7%)ãëàâíóþ ðîëü èãðàëè ñàìöû.

Áàëîáàíû â ãí¸çäàõ íàñêàëå (ââåðõó) è íà äíåñòàðîãî êîëîäöà íà çåìëå(âíèçó). 2004 – 2005 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Sakers in the nests on therock (upper) and on theground in the pit (bot-tom). 2004 – 2005. Pho-tos by S. Gombobaatar

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëî ïàð èõàðàêòåðèñòèêà ãíåçäî-âûõ ïîñòðîåê, çàíèìà-åìûõ áàëîáàíîì (Falcocherrug)

Table 1. Number ofbreeding pairs and nestsubstrates occupied bySakers (Falco cherrug)


Repeating and shifting of nest sites

Sakers are a very conservative for nesting.Few breeding pairs nested from 2 to 7 timesat the same nests. Sakers prefer to nestmostly in Upland Buzzard nets. There wassignificant difference between nests of rap-tors selected by Sakers (ANOVA

0.05: F

4,50=2.5,

p=0.00001). The reason for this was causedby size, location, and nest materials of theBuzzard nests were more suitable for Sakersand also prey species of Sakers and UplandBuzzards were almost same in Mongolia.Eggs of Sakers nested on nests of Black Vul-ture, Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), Steppe andGolden Eagles easily overcooled because ofsize of these nests was big, nest materialswere unsuitable for egg laying. After 2–3 timesrepeat nesting, most nests were unsuitablefor laying eggs and brooding chicks in thesenests. 42 (52.5%) of repeated nesting pairswas on natural and 38 (47.5%) on artificial sub-strates. 52 (10.4%) breeding pairs from a to-tal of 498, was shifted to neighboring nestsdue to destroyed nests caused by wind, fail-ure of first attempt of nesting, disturbance ofEagle Owls and possibly ectoparasites in thenests. Distance between shifted nests was1.02±0.3 km in average, the furthest was 5km and the nearest was 10 sm.

Copulation

Each breeding pair has individual breed-ing behavior. While female was eating foodpassed by male, theirs copulation startedon the nest, poles, cliffs and ground. Dura-tion of copulation was 4.1±0.9 såc. (min. 1,max. 12, n=11). Pose of female in eatingfood was similar to pre-copulation pose offemale for males. Therefore, it might be oneof the simulative factors to males for suc-cessful copulating.

Number and Density of breeding pairs

According to our studies of 1998–2005,there was no significant decline of numbersof breeding pairs in Central Mongolian studyareas. Positive and medium correlation wasoccurred between number of breeding pairsand density of Brandt’s Vole, average airtemperature. Our data show that influencefrom wind speed and snow depth to numberof breeding pairs was not significant.Number of breeding pairs changed and fluc-tuated across years due to complex variousfactors including number of Brandt’s Vole,snow depth, air temperature in February-March, and human activities and distur-bance. High density of breeding pairs inaverage was recorded in BGC and EK study

Ãíåçäîâûå ñóáñòðàòû

Ðàçëè÷àþò åñòåñòâåííûå è èñêóññòâåííûåãíåçäîâûå ñóáñòðàòû (òàáë. 1). Ïî äàííûìíàáëþäåíèÿ çà 303 ïàðàìè áàëîáàíîâ â1998–2005 ãã., ïòèöû èñïîëüçîâàëè äëÿïîñòðîéêè ãí¸çä 21 òèï åñòåñòâåííûõ èèñêóññòâåííûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ. Íà åñòåñòâåí-íûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ ãíåçäèëèñü 131 èëè 43,2%ïàð (n=131). Íà èñêóññòâåííûõ – 172 ïàðû,÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 56,8% (ðèñ. 2).

Âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ íàõîäèòñÿâ ïðÿìîé çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ íàëè÷èÿ, à òàê-æå îò íàëè÷èÿ íà íèõ ïîñòðîåê äðóãèõ õèù-íûõ ïòèö – ïîñòàâùèêîâ ãí¸çä äëÿ áàëîáà-íîâ. Ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà ñóáñòðàòîâ,âûáèðàåìûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 15,8±0,7 ì(0–120, n=303), ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íàâûñîòå 10,2±0,4 ì (0–60, n=303). Âûñîòàðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà, ðàâíàÿ íóëþ, ïîä-ðàçóìåâàåò åãî óñòðîéñòâî íà çåìëå.

Âûáîð ãí¸çä è èõ îñîáåííîñòè

Áàëîáàíû íå ñòðîÿò ñîáñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä,à çàíèìàþò ãí¸çäà äðóãèõ ïòèö. Èíîãäà îíèîòêëàäûâàþò ÿéöà è âûðàùèâàþò ïòåíöîâíà ïåñ÷àíûõ è êàìåíèñòûõ ðîññûïÿõ, íàçåìëå èëè íà ñêîïëåíèè ïîãàäîê â âàííàõçàáðîøåííûõ êîëîäöåâ. Íà îñíîâàíèè èñ-ñëåäîâàíèé 466 ãí¸çä âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî âûáîðïîñòðîåê äðóãèõ ïòèö ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ ïî âè-äàì (ANOVA

0.05:F10,55

=2,0; p=0,0001). Âáîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ áàëîáàíû âûáèðàþòãí¸çäà ãîñïîäñòâóþùåãî ïî ÷èñëåííîñòèìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà – îíè ïîäõîäÿò ïîðàçìåðó äëÿ îòêëàäêè ÿèö è âûðàùèâàíèÿïòåíöîâ, à òàêæå èõ ëåã÷å îòáèòü ó õîçÿåâ.Äðóãèì íå ìåíåå âàæíûì “ïîñòàâùèêîì”ãí¸çä ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîðîí. Óáèâ âîðîíà, ïàðàáàëîáàíîâ çàíèìàåò ïîñòðîåííîå èì íî-âîå ãíåçäî. Êàê ïðàâèëî, áàëîáàíû óêëî-íÿþòñÿ îò áîðüáû çà ãíåçäî ñ êðóïíûìèïòèöàìè, òàêèìè êàê ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, áåðêóòè ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus).

Ðèñ. 2. ×èñëî è ïðîöåí-òíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ïàð,ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà åñòå-ñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåí-íûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ íà êîíò-ðîëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ

Fig. 2. Number and per-centage of breeding pairsnested on natural and ar-tificial or man made sub-strates in control territo-ries of study


areas (fig. 1), which consisted of only natu-ral substrates. No sharp difference of densi-ty of breeding pairs per 100 km2 across yearsand study areas was occurred.

We estimated density of breeding pairsin average using observed breeding pairs,non-breeding birds and successful fledgedchicks in study areas per 100 km2 each year(table 2).

Egg laying and incubation

Period of egg laying of Sakers in the coun-try varied across years depending on aver-age air temperature, food supply and snowcoverage. Interval of egg laying was 1–2days. In 2000, egg laying started early dueto thin snow cover and rising of air temper-ature. In 1998–2005, intensive mass egglaying was observed at the end of the March.Full or 4–5 clutches were recorded at theend of the April.

Color, size and influencing factorsto number of egg

Color. Eggshell is from red brown to yel-lowish brown with informal dark brown andpinkish brown spots and dots with 0.05–10mm diameter. Under the influence of sun-rays and wind, spots and dots of eggs be-coming dull (depigmentation) and color ofeggs changed from red brown to yellowishbrown and complete white.

Size. Egg length was 56.5±2.0 (M±SD)mm (min 50.86, max 66.2, n=220), width46.69±1.6 mm (min 32.5, max 47.24,n=90), and weight 50.64±5.9 gr. (min 36,max 65, n=90) in average. Egg size was big-ger than other subspecies of Sakers in Eu-ropean countries and similar to Chinesepopulation.

Number. Average clutch size was3.7±1.02 (min 1, max 6, N=330). Clutch sizesignificantly varied with years and controlterritories (ANOVA

0.05: F

7,322=2.03,

p=0.0001). Old breeding pairs naturally layeggs less than 2–5 years (Ilichiev et al.1982). For Mongolian Sakers, clutch size was4 (3–5) shows that age of breeding popula-tion of Mongolia is consisted of compara-tively younger females. G.P. Dementiev(1951), D.W. Snow et al. (1989) mentionedabout 6 eggs for Saker, but there was notany proffer documentation before our sur-veys (Potapov et al. 2002a). Laying of sixeggs depends on individual behavioral he-reditary of breeding female, air temperature,snow coverage, and sufficient of food sup-ply. No negative affects of height of nestsubstrates and height of nest location onsubstrates, type of nest substrates, nest di-

Ïîâòîðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèåè ñìåíà ãí¸çä

Áàëîáàíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â îäíîì ãíåçäå â òå-÷åíèå 2–7 ëåò. Îíè ïðåäïî÷èòàþò ïîâòîð-íî ãíåçäèòüñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà(ANOVA

0.05: F

4,50=2,5, p=0,00001). Êðîìå

òîãî, ÷òî ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà áîëüøå ïîäõî-äÿò ïî ôîðìå è ðàçìåðàì, ýòîò âèä èìååòòîò æå ñîñòàâ ïèòàíèÿ. Ãí¸çäà ÷¸ðíîãî ãðè-ôà, ÷¸ðíîãî àèñòà (Ciconia nigra), áåðêóòàè ñòåïíîãî îðëà êðóïíåå, ïîýòîìó â íåíà-ñòíóþ ïîãîäó âåëèêà îïàñíîñòü ïåðåîõëàæ-äåíèÿ ÿèö. Ïîñëå 2–3-õ ëåòíåãî ïîâòîðíî-ãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåêîòîðûå ãí¸çäà ñòàíîâÿòñÿíåïðèãîäíûìè äëÿ îòêëàäêè è íàñèæèâàíèÿÿèö. Èç ïîâòîðíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà åñ-òåñòâåííûõ îáúåêòàõ îòìå÷åíî 42 (52,5%),íà èñêóññòâåííûõ 38 (47,5%) ïàð. Äëÿ íå-êîòîðûõ ïàð îòìå÷åíà ñìåíà ãí¸çä. Èç 498ïàð ñìåíèëè ãí¸çäà 52 ïàðû, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿ-åò 10,4%. Ïðè ýòîì ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâèëî 1,02±0,3 êì,íàèáîëüøåå ðàññòîÿíèå – 5 êì, íàèìåíü-øåå – 10 ñì. Ãëàâíûìè ïðè÷èíàìè ñìåíûãí¸çä ÿâëÿþòñÿ èõ ðàçðóøåíèå îò ñèëüíûõâåòðîâ, áåçóñïåøíîñòü ïåðâîãî ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ, ïðèñóòñòâèå â ïîñòðîéêå ýêòîïàðàçè-òîâ èëè ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíîâ íà äàííîéòåððèòîðèè.

Ñïàðèâàíèå

Êàæäàÿ ïàðà èìååò ñâîè èíäèâèäóàëüíûåîñîáåííîñòè áðà÷íîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ. Íåêî-òîðûå ñàìöû ïðèíîñÿò ïèùó ñàìêàì è âìîìåíò êîðìåæêè èëè ïîñëå íå¸ âñòóïà-þò â ñïàðèâàíèå. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñïà-ðèâàíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,1±0,9 ñåê. (1–12,n=11). Ïîçû, êîòîðûå ñàìêè ïðèíèìàþò âîâðåìÿ êîðìåæêè è ïåðåä ñïàðèâàíèåì

Êîïóëèðóþùàÿ ïàðà áà-ëîáàíîâ. ÖåíòðàëüíàÿÌîíãîëèÿ. Ìàðò 2004 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Sakers copulating. CentralMongolia. March 2004.Photo by S. Gombobaatar


ameter, depth, wind speed, snow coverage,and air temperature to clutch size was re-corded in study areas. High and positivecorrelation was appeared between clutchsize and density of Brandt’s Vole.

Incubation and hatching

Females and males do not incubate firstand second eggs but shelter eggs from coldwind. Intensive incubation started from thirdeggs in the nest. According to our observa-tion of incubation of females and males,73.9% (51) out of 69 occasions was femaleand 26.1% male. After 26.5 – 33.5 days (28days in average) of first incubation, chicks pipinside of eggshell. This result was confirmedby L. Brown, D. Amadon (1968). Late hatch-ing of eggs was caused by nest location closeby busy car route, disturbance of lifestock,dropping of air temperature, lack of nestmaterials for stick nests on artificial sub-strates, and less sheltered nests from windand rain. After 31.5 – 38.5 days of first incu-bation or after 2 – 3 days of first piping, eggshatch asynchrony. Therefore, age differenceof chicks was 1 – 4 days for the same nest.

Number of chicks and influencingfactors to them

Eggs 3.79 and 3.31 (min 1, max 6, n=401)hatchlings, and 2.8±0,7 (min 1, max 6,n=401) fledglings in average from 401breeding records were for successful breed-ing pairs. There was no difference betweennumber of chicks across years and studyareas. 3.34 chicks hatched from 3.79 eggs,so hatching success was 88.1% in average.Breeding success was 73.8% based on cal-culation of 2.8 hatchlings from 3.79 eggs.Number of successful fledged chicks de-pends on nest selection of raptors (North-

îäèíàêîâû, ÷òî äåéñòâóåò êàê âîçáóæäàþ-ùèé ôàêòîð è âëèÿåò íà óñïåøíîå ñïàðè-âàíèå ñàìöà.

×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòüãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð

Ïî äàííûì 1998–2005 ãã., íåñìîòðÿ íàòåíäåíöèþ ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåç-äÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ îñòà-âàëàñü ñðàâíèòåëüíî ñòàáèëüíîé. Ðåçóëüòà-òû èññëåäîâàíèé ïîêàçûâàþò íàñóùåñòâîâàíèå íåáîëüøèõ ïîëîæèòåëüíûõêîððåëÿöèé ìåæäó ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ ïàð, ïëîòíîñòüþ ïîë¸âêè è ñðåäíåéòåìïåðàòóðîé âîçäóõà. Cêîðîñòü âåòðà ïî-÷òè íå âëèÿåò íà ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿïàð, îòìå÷åíà íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿñ âûñîòîé ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà. Òàêèì îáðà-çîì, èçìåíåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿïàð áàëîáàíîâ çàâèñèò îò öåëîãî ðÿäà ôàê-òîðîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ àíòðîïîãåííûé. Âûñîêàÿïëîòíîñòü íàáëþäàëàñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ BGC èEK (ðèñ. 1), ñîñòîÿùèõ òîëüêî èç åñòåñòâåí-íûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ. Ñðàâíèòåëü-íûé àíàëèç ïëîòíîñòè îñîáåé íà ïëîùà-äè â 100 êì2 íå âûÿâèë ðåçêèõ ðàçëè÷èéïî ó÷àñòêàì è ãîäàì (òàáë. 2).

Îòêëàäêà ÿèö è íàñèæèâàíèå

Ñðîêè îòêëàäûâàíèÿ ÿèö â óñëîâèÿõÌîíãîëèè çàâèñÿò îò ñðåäíåãîäîâîé òåì-ïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà è òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãîïîêðîâà, ïîýòîìó îíè íåìíîãî âàðüèðóþòïî ãîäàì. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò ñ èí-òåðâàëîì â 1–2 äíÿ. Â 2000 ã. èç-çà ïîòåï-ëåíèÿ è íåáîëüøîãî ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâàêëàäêà íà÷àëàñü ðàíüøå. Â 1998–2005 ãã.íàáëþäàëîñü ìàññîâîå ïîÿâëåíèå êëàäîêíà 3–4 íåäåëå ìàðòà. Êëàäêè ñ 4 è 5 ÿéöà-ìè îáû÷íî íàáëþäàþòñÿ â 3–4-þ íåäåëèàïðåëÿ, íî èíîãäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïî-

Òàáë. 2. Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü îñîáåé íà 100 êì2 âñåõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê

Table 2. Average density of the Saker Falcon in study areas by 100 km2

* ðàññ÷èòàíî ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè îäèíî÷íûõ âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé ñ ïëîùàäîê* number calculated on adult birds from study areas


ern Raven, Upland Buzzard, Black Vulture,Black Kite, Steppe and Golden Eagles). Mostchicks of Sakers in control territories suc-cessfully fledged in nests of Upland Buz-zards. Negative and positive, low correla-tion was appeared between number offledglings and height of nest substrates(r=–0.01), nest diameter (r=0.1), nest depth(r=0.08), height of nest location on sub-strates (r=–0.1), and number of perches sur-rounded nest sites. The main limiting fac-tors to number of fledgling were density ofBrandt’s Vole and weather conditions (airtemperature, wind speed, snow coverage)(correlation between number of fledglingsand the factors: r=0.5 – 0.7).

Age group of chicks and colorvariation

Due to limited data of chicks, we couldnot describe all features and plumageswhich identify age and sex of chicks. Butwe have written group of ages in generalas follows:

Nestlings with first down (15 –17 daysold).

Nestlings with first vascular of primaries(wing length 187 mm for male, 204.5 ììfor females, ~17 – 30 days old).

Nestlings with second vasculars of prima-ries (wing length more than 187 mm formale, more than 204.5 mm for females,more than 30 days old).

Fledglings (Dispersed but depends onparent birds).

Young birds (left breeding sites and inde-pendent from parents, more than 75 days).

Upper part of fledglings is a dark or choc-olate brown with yellowish brown or buff-ish edges. There are distinct 3 color morphs(brown (normal), dark brown, reddishbrown) and also transit colors in plumage.

Portion 1% from recorded 498 breedingpairs was symmetrically developed the nar-row and whitish gray stripe of feathers alongthird and fourth toes. This might be appear-ance of atavism. According to biogeneticprinciples, this is facts of that ancestor ofSakers was feathered tarsus and lived in coldhabitats and zones. 0.6% (3 nearly fledgedchicks) from total recorded pairs was asym-metrically grown 13 tail feathers.

Literature

Bold A. & Boldbaatar S. Range and seasonaldistribution, peak and decline of the Saker Falconin Mongolia. – Proc. of the II International Con-ference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bus-tard. Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2001. P. 155–159.

ãîäíûõ óñëîâèé, ìîãóò áûòü ñäâèíóòû ê ïåð-âîé íåäåëå àïðåëÿ.

×èñëî, ðàçìåðû, îêðàñêà ÿèö èôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå íà íèõ

Îêðàñêà. ßéöà áëåäíî-áóðîâàòûå, îõðè-ñòûå, ñ ðûæåâàòî-áóðûìè, áóðûìè ïÿòíà-ìè íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé ôîðìû ðàçìåðîì â0,05–10 ìì. Îêðàñêà ñêîðëóïû çàâèñèò îòîêðàñêè ôîíà è ïÿòåí. Ïîñêîëüêó öâåò ïÿ-òåí ðåçêî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ôîíîâîé îêðàñêèÿéöà, îíè îïðåäåëÿþò îáùóþ îêðàñêó ÿèö.Ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè ñîëíöà è âåòðà ïðîèñõî-äèò äåïèãìåíòàöèÿ ñêîðëóïû, âñëåäñòâèå÷åãî ïÿòíà èñ÷åçàþò, è ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîíî-âàÿ îõðèñòàÿ, áëåäíî-áóðîâàòàÿ îêðàñêà.

Ðàçìåðû. Äëèíà ÿéöà ñîñòàâëÿåò56,5±2,0 (M±SD) ìì (50,86–66,2, n=220),øèðèíà 46,69±1,6 ìì (32,5–47,24, n=90),âåñ 50,64±5,9 ã. (36–65, n=90). ßéöà áà-ëîáàíîâ, æèâóùèõ â Ìîíãîëèè, íå îòëè÷à-þòñÿ îò ÿèö áàëîáàíîâ, æèâóùèõ â Êèòàå,è êðóïíåå, ÷åì ó ïòèö èç äðóãèõ ìåñò.

Êîëè÷åñòâî. Â ñðåäíåì êëàäêà ñîñòîèòèç 3,7±1,02 ÿèö (1–6, n=330). ×èñëî ÿèö âêëàäêå ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ ïî ãîäàì è ó÷¸òíûìïëîùàäêàì (ANOVA

0.05: F

7,322=2,03,

p=0,0001). Ñòàðûå ïàðû îòêëàäûâàþòîáû÷íî ìåíüøå ÿèö (Èëüè÷åâ è äð., 1982).Äëÿ ìîíãîëüñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ îáû÷íûì ÿâ-ëÿåòñÿ 4 ÿéöà â êëàäêå (3–5) è, ïî-âèäèìî-ìó, ñàìêè â ïîïóëÿöèè ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿïàð â îñíîâíîì ìîëîäûå. Õîòÿ â ðàáîòàõÃ.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951) è D.W. Snow et al.(1989) óïîìèíàåòñÿ î òîì, ÷òî êëàäêà áà-ëîáàíîâ ñîäåðæèò 6 ÿèö, äîêàçàòåëüñòâà

Êëàäêà áàëîáàíà èç 6 ÿèö(ââåðõó) è âûâîäîê èç 6ïòåíöîâ (âíèçó). 2002 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Clutch of the Saker Falconfrom 6 eggs (upper) andbrood from 6 nestlings(bottom). 2002. Photosby S. Gombobaatar


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Gombobaatar S., Potapov E., Fox N, Sumiya D.,Stubbe M. On the diet studies of breeding SakerFalcons in Mongolia. – Proceeding of the Confer-ence for 150 years anniversary of the GermanOrnithological Society. Leipzig. 2000. 82.

Gombobaatar S., Sumya D., Shagdarsuren O.,Potapov E., Fox N. Diet studies of Saker falcon(Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. – Proceedings of theII international Conference on the Saker Falconand Houbara Bustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar.2000. 2001a. P. 116–127.

Gombobaatar S., Uuganbayar Ch., Sumiya D.,Shagdarsuren O., Potapov E., Fox N. On diet stud-ies of breeding and wintering Saker Falcon inMongolia. – Scientific Journal of the NationalUniversity of Mongolia. 2001b. 12 (172). P. 89–95 (In Mongolian)

Gombobaatar S., Uuganbayar Ch., Potapov E.Comparative diet studies of breeding Saker Fal-con (Falco cherrug) in different sites of CentralMongolia. – Proceedings of Biodiversity of Mon-golia. 23–25 September 2002. Ulaanbaatar. Mon-golia. 2002. P. 41–42.

Gombobaatar S. Biology, Ecology and Con-servation of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug milvipeJerdon) in Central Mongolia. PhD thesis. 2006.213 p. (In Mongolian)

ýòîìó áûëè ïîëó÷åíû ëèøü íàìè. Îòêëà-äûâàíèå 6 ÿèö ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàñëåäñòâåííûìïðèçíàêîì âçðîñëûõ ñàìîê è çàâèñèò îòñóììàðíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñðåäíåãîäîâîéòåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà, òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãîïîêðîâà è îáèëèÿ ïèùè. Ïîêàçàòåëè âû-ñîòû ìåñòíîñòè, ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà,îáúåêòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, íàðóæíîãî è âíóò-ðåííåãî äèàìåòðà, ãëóáèíû ãíåçäà, ñêîðî-ñòè âåòðà íå îêàçûâàþò çàìåòíîãî îòðèöà-òåëüíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ÷èñëî ÿèö âêëàäêå. Íî, ìåæäó òåì, áûëà âûÿâëåíà ïî-ëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó ÷èñëîìÿèö â êëàäêå è ïëîòíîñòüþ ïîë¸âêè, ÷òîëèøíèé ðàç äîêàçûâàåò ñâÿçü ìåæäó ÷èñ-ëîì ÿèö è îáèëèåì êîðìîâîé áàçû.

Íàñèæèâàíèå è âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöîâ

Â äíåâíûå ÷àñû êëàäêó èç 1–2 ÿèö ïòèöûàêòèâíî íå íàñèæèâàþò, à ëèøü ïðèêðû-âàþò èõ, çàùèùàÿ îò ïåðåîõëàæäåíèÿ. Íà-÷èíàÿ ñ 3-ãî ÿéöà íà÷èíàåòñÿ àêòèâíîåíàñèæèâàíèå. Ïî íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì, èç69 ñëó÷àåâ â 73,9% (51) êëàäêó íàñèæèâà-ëà ñàìêà, à â 26,1% ñàìöû. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,ñàìêè èãðàþò ãëàâíóþ ðîëü â ýòîì ïðîöåñ-ñå. ×åðåç 26,5–33,5 äíÿ, â ñðåäíåì 28äíåé ïîñëå íàñèæèâàíèÿ â ÿéöàõ ñëûøíûçâóêè, èçäàâàåìûå ïòåíöàìè. Ýòè ñðîêè ñî-âïàäàþò ñ äàííûìè L. Brown, D. Amadon(1968). Ñðîêè âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ íåîäè-íàêîâû. Áëèçêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå äîðîã, âû-ïàñîâ ñêîòà, ïîíèæåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû âîç-äóõà, íåäîñòàòî÷íàÿ ïîäñòèëêà íà áåòîííûõ,æåëåçíûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ ãí¸çä, ïëîõàÿ çàùè-ù¸ííîñòü îò âåòðà ïðèâîäÿò ê ïåðåîõëàæ-äåíèþ ÿèö, ñëåäñòâèåì ÷åãî è ÿâëÿþòñÿïîçäíèå ñðîêè âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ. ×åðåç31,5–38,5 äíÿ ïîñëå íàñèæèâàíèÿ èëè ÷å-ðåç 2–3 äíÿ ïîñëå ïåðâûõ çâóêîâ â ÿéöàõèç ñêîðëóïû ïîî÷åðåäíî âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ïòåí-öû. Ïîýòîìó ïòåíöû èç îäíîé êëàäêè ðàç-ëè÷àþòñÿ â âîçðàñòå â 1–4 äíÿ.

×èñëî ïòåíöîâ è ôàêòîðû,âëèÿþùèå íà íèõ

Êëàäêè 401 ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ ñîäåðæàëèâ ñðåäíåì 3,79 ÿèö, âûâîäêè – 3,31 ïòåí-öîâ (1–6, n=401), ëåòíûå âûâîäêè – 2,8±0,7ñë¸òêîâ (1–6, n=401) íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî.Åñëè ñðàâíèòü ÷èñëî ñë¸òêîâ íà âñåé ãíåç-äîâîé òåððèòîðèè ïî ãîäàì è ó÷¸òíûì ïëî-ùàäêàì, òî âèäèìûõ ðàçëè÷èé íå âûÿâëå-íî. Èç 3,79 ÿèö âûëóïèëîñü 3,34 ïòåíöà,ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óñïåøíîñòü êëàäêè ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò â ñðåäíåì 88,1%. Èç 3,34 âûâîäêîâ2,8 âñòàëè íà êðûëî, ò.å. âûëåòåëî 83,8%ñë¸òêîâ íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. Íà 3,79 ÿèöáàëîáàíà ïðèõîäèòñÿ 2,8 ñë¸òêà, à îáùèéóñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 73,8%.


×èñëî óñïåøíî ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ ïòåíöîâñèëüíî çàâèñèò îò âèäà ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðî-åê, òî åñòü ãí¸çäà êàêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö áûëèçàíÿòû áàëîáàíàìè. Áîëüøå âñåõ ïòåíöîâîòìå÷åíî â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð-ãàííèêà. Âûÿâëåíà ñëàáàÿ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿêîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó ÷èñëîì ïòåíöîâ è âû-ñîòîé ìåñòíîñòè (r=–0,01), íåçíà÷èòåëü-íàÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ – ìåæäó÷èñëîì ïòåíöîâ, äèàìåòðîì (r=0,1) è ãëó-áèíîé (r=0,08) ãíåçäà, âûñîòîé ðàñïîëî-æåíèÿ ãíåçäà (r=–0,1) è ÷èñëîì ïðèñàä(r=0,3) – ÷òî ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî âëèÿíèåýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé íà ÷èñëî ïòåíöîâ íå ñó-ùåñòâåííî. Ãëàâíûìè ëèìèòèðóþùèìèôàêòîðàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîë¸â-êè è ïîãîäíûå óñëîâèÿ (òåìïåðàòóðà âîç-äóõà, ñêîðîñòü âåòðà, òîëùèíà ñíåæíîãîïîêðîâà) (r=0,5–0,7).

Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû ïòåíöîâ,âíåøíèå ïðèçíàêè è èõèçìåí÷èâîñòü

Ñîáðàííûé íàìè ìàòåðèàë íåäîñòàòî÷åíäëÿ ïîëíîãî îïèñàíèÿ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïïïòåíöîâ, ïîýòîìó çäåñü ìû îãðàíè÷èìñÿëèøü îáùèìè ñîîáðàæåíèÿìè:

– Âçðîñëûå ïóõîâèêè (15–17 äíåâíûå).– Ñ ïåðâè÷íûìè ñîñóäèñòûìè ìàõîâûìè

(ó ñàìöà äëèíà êðûëà–187 ìì, ó ñàìêè–204.5 ìì, ~17–30 äíåâíûå).

– Ðàçâèòû âòîðè÷íîñîñóäèñòûå ìàõîâûåïåðüÿ (ó ñàìöà äëèíà êðûëà–187 ìì, ó ñàì-êè-áîëåå 204.5 ìì, áîëüøå 30 äíåé).

– Ñë¸òêè èëè ïòåíöû ñ ïîëíûì îïåðåíè-åì (ïîêèäàþò ãíåçäà, çàâèñÿò îò ðîäèòåëåé).

– Ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà (íå çàâèñèò îò ðîäèòå-ëåé è æèâ¸ò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, 75 äíåé èáîëüøå).

Îêðàñêà. Ôîíîâàÿ îêðàñêà ïåðüåâ ñïè-íû â îñíîâíîì áóðàÿ, íî â çàâèñèìîñòè îòïèãìåíòàöèè ìîæåò èìåòü 3 öâåòîâûå âà-ðèàöèè: áóðóþ, ò¸ìíî-áóðóþ, áëåäíî-áó-ðóþ. Ñóùåñòâóþò òàêæå ðàçëè÷íûå ïåðå-õîäíûå ôîðìû ðàñöâåòêè.

Ñëó÷àéíûå ïðèçíàêè. Ó 1% ñàìîê(n=498) íà 3, 4 ïàëüöàõ è âíóòðåííåé ñòî-ðîíå 1 ïàëüöà, îáðàçóÿ óçêèå ïîëîñû, âû-ðîñëè ñèììåòðè÷íî ðàñïîëîæåííûå ïó÷-êè áëåäíî-ñåðûõ ïåðüåâ. Òàêîå îïåðåíèåïàëüöåâ è öåâêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîÿâëåíèåì "àòà-âèçìà". Ïî áèîãåíåòè÷åñêîìó çàêîíó ýòîñëóæèò äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì òîìó, ÷òî ïðåäêà-ìè áàëîáàíîâ áûëè ïòèöû õîëîäíûõ ïîÿñîâñ îïåðåííîé öåâêîé. Â íîðìå ó áàëîáàíà12 ñèììåòðè÷íî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ðóëåâûõïåðüåâ. Ó 0,6% ïòèö íàáëþäàåòñÿ óâåëè-÷åíèå ÷èñëà ðóëåâûõ ïåðüåâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè,ó 3-õ ñàìîê îòìå÷åíî 13 ðóëåâûõ ïåðüåâ.

Ilichiev V.D., Êartashev V.D., Shilov I.A. GeneralOrnithology. Moskow. 1982. 464 p. (In Russian).

Krebs Ch.J. Ecological methodology. USA.1989. P. 293–371.

Potapov E.R., Fox N., Sumiya D., ShagdarsurenO., Gombobaatar S. Nest site selection for Mon-golian Saker. – Proceedings of the II internationalConference on the Saker Falcon and Houbarabustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2000. P. 132–137

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S., Fox N.Nest site selection in Mongolian sakers. – Falco.2002a. 19. P. 9–10.

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S.,Shagdarsuren O., Tuya S., Ochirkhuyag L., Fox N.First documented clutch and brood of six in SakerFalcons. The newsletter of the Middle East FalconResearch Group. – Falco. 2002b. 20. P. 14–16.

Potapov E. Report of migration studies of Sak-er Falcon in Mongolia. – Report for the NARC,UK, and ERWDA, UAE. 2003.

Shagdarsuren O. Raptors of Mongolia. Ulaan-baatar. 1983. (In Mongolian)

Shagdarsuren O., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S.,Potapov E., Fox N. The Saker in Mongolia: num-bers and distribution. – Proceedings of the II in-ternational Con. on the Saker Falcon and Hou-bara bustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2001. P.25–33.

Snow D.W., Perrins C.M. The Birds of the West-ern Palearctic. V. I. Non–Passerines. Oxford Uni-versity Press. 1998. P. 346–348.

Ðàçëè÷íûå àòàâèçìû ó áàëîáàíîâ: 13 ðóëåâûõ (ââåð-õó) è ÷àñòè÷íîå îïåðåíèå ïàëüöåâ (âíèçó). Âîñòî÷íàÿÌîíãîëèÿ. 2004 ã. Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Different atavisms beside from Saker Falcon: 13 tailfeathers (upper) and feathered fingers (bottom). East-ern Mongolia. 2004. Photos by S. Gombobaatar

raptors research ИЗУЧЕНИЕПЕРНАТЫХХИЩНИКОВ

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