Reconstruction and the SouthReconstruction and the South

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Rebuilding the NationRebuilding the Nation

– There were large There were large problems at the end problems at the end of the Civil War, of the Civil War, including that the including that the South was South was destroyed. destroyed.

There was a question There was a question about what would be about what would be done for the people done for the people who were freed, and who were freed, and the homelessthe homeless

Rebuilding the NationRebuilding the Nation

Lincoln massed the Lincoln massed the Ten Percent Plan Ten Percent Plan before his death, it before his death, it said that if 10% of the said that if 10% of the population of the population of the state swore loyalty to state swore loyalty to the United States the the United States the voters could create a voters could create a new governmentnew government– There would be no There would be no

slaveryslavery

– Confederates who Confederates who took this oath would took this oath would receive amnesty.receive amnesty.

Rebuilding the NationRebuilding the Nation

Six months later Six months later Congress passed the Congress passed the Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill– This said that 50% This said that 50%

of the population of the population would have to would have to swear loyalty, but swear loyalty, but Lincoln would not Lincoln would not sign this law. sign this law.

They wanted to They wanted to prevent the states prevent the states from leaving again. from leaving again.

Rebuilding the NationRebuilding the Nation

– There were many freedmenThere were many freedmenCongress created the Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help Freedmen’s Bureau to help people that were homeless people that were homeless because of the warbecause of the war

Set up schools so freedmen Set up schools so freedmen could learn to read and write. could learn to read and write. – Teachers were often Teachers were often

northern white women or northern white women or Northern African American Northern African American women women

The Bureau also helped The Bureau also helped freedmen find jobs and freedmen find jobs and decide fights between whites decide fights between whites and blacksand blacks

Rebuilding the NationRebuilding the Nation

– On April 14, 1865, 4 On April 14, 1865, 4 days after Lee days after Lee surrendered for the surrendered for the South, Lincoln was South, Lincoln was assassinated by John assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Wilkes Booth.

He was shot while in He was shot while in the theatre, died a few the theatre, died a few hours laterhours later

Vice President Andrew Vice President Andrew Johnson became Johnson became President and although President and although he was southern, he did he was southern, he did not like Confederates at not like Confederates at all.all.

The Battle over ReconstructionThe Battle over Reconstruction– January 1865, January 1865,

Congressed passed the Congressed passed the 13th amendment to 13th amendment to abolish slavery.abolish slavery.

– Johnson wanted to give Johnson wanted to give amnesty to most amnesty to most confederatesconfederates

Black Codes were passed Black Codes were passed and people said they and people said they replaced slaveryreplaced slavery

– Congress passed the Civil Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1866Rights Act in 1866

It gave citizenship to It gave citizenship to African Americans and all African Americans and all people except Native people except Native Americans.Americans.– Johnson vetoed it, but he Johnson vetoed it, but he

was overturnedwas overturned

The Battle over ReconstructionThe Battle over Reconstruction

– The 14th The 14th amendment was amendment was created to make created to make sure that the sure that the Supreme Court did Supreme Court did not get rid of the not get rid of the Civil Rights ActCivil Rights Act

It was passed in It was passed in 18681868This act stated that This act stated that all people born or all people born or naturalized in the naturalized in the United States are United States are citizenscitizens

The Battle over ReconstructionThe Battle over Reconstruction

– In 1867, “Radical In 1867, “Radical Reconstruction” beganReconstruction” began

The Reconstruction Act of The Reconstruction Act of 1867 removed southern 1867 removed southern governments that refused governments that refused to approve the 14th to approve the 14th AmendmentAmendment

Then the military was sent Then the military was sent into these states, they had into these states, they had to write a new constitution to write a new constitution and approve the 14th and approve the 14th amendment before they amendment before they would be allowed to rejoin would be allowed to rejoin

the Union.the Union.

The Battle over ReconstructionThe Battle over Reconstruction

– African Americans were African Americans were now elected as sheriffs, now elected as sheriffs, mayors, judges and mayors, judges and legislators. legislators.

Southern states opened Southern states opened schools for the first schools for the first time, they spread taxes time, they spread taxes more evenly, and gave more evenly, and gave property rights to property rights to womenwomen

More importantly, they More importantly, they began to rebuild began to rebuild bridges, roads and bridges, roads and buildings destroyed by buildings destroyed by war.war.

The Battle over ReconstructionThe Battle over Reconstruction

– The Republican The Republican Party had 3 main Party had 3 main groupsgroups

Scalawags –Scalawags –Southern white that Southern white that opposed successionopposed succession

Freedmen votersFreedmen voters

Carpetbaggers-Carpetbaggers-Northern whites who Northern whites who went south to start went south to start businesses or gain businesses or gain political officepolitical office

The Battle over ReconstructionThe Battle over Reconstruction– The Radicals tried to The Radicals tried to

impeach President impeach President Johnson saying he Johnson saying he committed “treason, committed “treason, bribery or other high bribery or other high crimes and crimes and misdemeanors”misdemeanors”

Although the House of Although the House of representatives voted to representatives voted to impeach Johnson, he was impeach Johnson, he was not convicted by the not convicted by the SenateSenate

– General Ulysses S. Grant, General Ulysses S. Grant, who was a war hero was who was a war hero was elected to the presidency elected to the presidency in 1868. in 1868.

The 15th Amendment The 15th Amendment allowed all males the right allowed all males the right to voteto vote

The Battle over ReconstructionThe Battle over Reconstruction

– Many whites were upset Many whites were upset at their lack of power, at their lack of power, they turned to violence. they turned to violence.

They created secret They created secret societies such as the societies such as the Ku Klux Klan to Ku Klux Klan to terrorize African terrorize African AmericansAmericans

Although they started Although they started with threats, the Klan with threats, the Klan would whip, torture, would whip, torture, shoot or hang African shoot or hang African Americans and white Americans and white Republicans.Republicans.

The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction– As people began to forget As people began to forget

about the Civil War, about the Civil War, Southern states began to Southern states began to ask for the withdrawal of ask for the withdrawal of federal troops and full federal troops and full amnesty for former amnesty for former ConfederatesConfederates

– By the election of 1876, By the election of 1876, Republican Rutherford B. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Hayes ran against Democrat Samuel J. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden.

Republicans wanted to Republicans wanted to continue the continue the reconstruction but the reconstruction but the Democrats wanted to end Democrats wanted to end it. it. Although Tilden won the Although Tilden won the popular vote, Hayes won popular vote, Hayes won the electoral vote.the electoral vote.

The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction

– With the end of the With the end of the Reconstruction, African Reconstruction, African Americans began to Americans began to lose their powerlose their power

A poll tax, literacy test A poll tax, literacy test and grandfather clause and grandfather clause were institutedwere instituted

There were also laws that There were also laws that required segregation required segregation called Jim Crow laws. called Jim Crow laws. – ““Separate but equal” Separate but equal”

was allowed because of was allowed because of the court case the court case Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson

The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction– Because of poverty, Because of poverty,

many African many African Americans and poor Americans and poor whites became whites became sharecroppers. sharecroppers.

The Landlord The Landlord supplied living supplied living quarters, tools, seed quarters, tools, seed and food on credit. and food on credit. When harvest time When harvest time came, the landlord came, the landlord sold the crop and left sold the crop and left the farmers with the farmers with whatever was left whatever was left over.over.

The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction

– By the 1880’s, new By the 1880’s, new industries appeared in industries appeared in the South, including the South, including agriculture, cotton and agriculture, cotton and tobacco farming as well tobacco farming as well as the textile industry. as the textile industry.

– The south also began to The south also began to have new mill such as have new mill such as iron, timber and oil. iron, timber and oil.

The leaders of the The leaders of the south were proud that south were proud that they no longer they no longer depended on cotton.depended on cotton.