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Reconstruction Era (1863-1877) Slide 2 President Lincolns 10% Plan * Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the South. * He didnt consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * Pardon to all citizens except the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. Slide 3 President Lincolns Plan 1864 Lincoln Governments formed in LA, TN, AR * loyal assemblies * They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival. * Used military force & minority rule to establish loyalty Slide 4 13 th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Ended slavery, DID NOT grant citizenship Slide 5 Freedmens Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Northern abolitionists move south to help slaves and gain political power. Called carpetbaggers by white southern Democrats. Group wanted to liberate former slaves, create equal opportunities Slide 6 Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do. Slide 7 Lincoln is Dead! Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater * Sic Semper Tyrannus! * Shot in the back of the head * Dies within the day * Andrew Johnson becomes President; must continue Reconstruction Slide 8 Johnson & Reconstruction Jacksonian Democrat From Tennessee White Supremacist Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters! Slide 9 Johnson's Reconstruction Plan Offered amnesty upon simple loyalty oath to all except: - Civil War Officers - Former Plantation Owners - Individuals with property valued over $20,000 States must create new constitutions; must accept minimum conditions forbidding slavery and secession Must pay back state debts for war to federal govt. Johnson chose (did not elect) new governors of each state EFFECTS? 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South. Slide 10 Slavery is Dead? Slide 11 Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons; plantation owners resume power Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES Slide 12 Black Codes Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Slide 13 Sharecropping Slide 14 Black Codes - laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen. African- Americans were forbidden from voting. owning guns. serving on juries. running for political office. Slide 15 Section 6. All contracts for labor made with freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes for a longer period than one month shall be in writingand if the laborer shall quit the service of the employer before the expiration of his term of service, without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year up to the time of quitting. "Black Codes" of Mississippi 1865 Section 3. it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life. Section 5. Every freedman, free negro and mulatto shallhave a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereofif living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from that mayor thereof; and if living outside of an incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, which license may be revoked for cause at any time by the authority granting the same. Slide 16 Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmens Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnsons vetoes 1 st time in U. S. history Slide 17 Radical Reconstruction (1866-1870) Slide 18 14 th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against the return of Confederate political power. * Force Southern states to pay back federal govt. for war debt. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! Slide 19 Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions to include black suffrage; ratify the 13 th and 14 th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. Slide 20 Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment. * Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5 military districts. Slide 21 Slide 22 Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senates consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. Designed to protect radical members of Lincolns government. Is this law constitutional?? Slide 23 President Johnsons Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 47! Slide 24 The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote). Slide 25 African-Americans & Govt. During Reconstruction, freed blacks were finally able to vote and participate in govt. Created fear and white hysteria in many areas; opposition to racial reconstruction Southern states feel need to re-establish white rule Examples: - Poll Taxes- Ku Klux Klan - Black Codes- Lynchings Slide 26 White Hysteria: Colored Rule in the South? Slide 27 The Balance of Power in Congress StateWhite CitizensFreedmen SC291,000411,000 MS353,000436,000 LA357,000350,000 GA591,000465,000 AL596,000437,000 VA719,000533,000 NC631,000331,000 Slide 28 Black & White Political Participation Slide 29 Black Senate & House Delegates Slide 30 Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans from Civil War Blacks were politically unprepared. Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. The 15 th Amendment guaranteed federal voting. Slide 31 15 th Amendment Ratified in 1870. Amendment 15: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. IMPACTS: - Forbid denying the right to vote based on race - Allowed federal govt. to pass new laws to enforce the amendment Slide 32 The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. The Lost Cause. Little to no enforcement, abuse of blacks remains in South Slide 33 The Invisible Empire of the South Slide 34 Abandoning Reconstruction Northern support decreases Grantism & problems with political corruption. Panic of 1873 (6-year economic depression); economic issues overwhelm civil rights issues. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Congress leaves enforcement up to states States institute Poll Taxes & literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting