refer to page 496 to 497 - mrs. tran's biology...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Refer to page 496 to 497 - Mrs. Tran's Biology Portalpearlandbiology.weebly.com/uploads/8/6/1/4/86149256/taxonomy_ppt.pdfcopyright cmassengale 25. Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa622c97f8b9a7c1a8e54da/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Refer to page 496 to 497
Group
practice
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Individual practice
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Classification
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How long would it take you to find an outfit?
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How are the clothing grouped together?
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What are some
groups you see
here?
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What is Classification?
•Classification is when we place organisms into organized groupsbased on their similarities•Classification is also known as taxonomy.•Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms
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Why Classify?
•Give organisms a universally accepted name, eliminates confusion from using common names
•Groups numerous & diverse (different) organisms into logical order
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Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778
•Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
•Classified organisms by their similar structures & appearance
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Today’s Taxonomic System is based on
1. Physical Appearance2. Evolutionary Relationships3. DNA Similarities(Genetic sequence- do they share a commonancestor?)4. Molecular clock- allows scientist to compare DNA sequences from two species to estimate how long it has been since they diverged from a common ancestor
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Classification Groups•Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a categoryinto which related organisms are placed•There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
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CATEGORIES OF TAXONOMY (OR TAXONS)• Domain- Broadest group, few traits in common
• Kingdom- 2nd Broadest group, few traits in common
• Phylum- make-up a kingdom
• Class- make-up a phylum
• Order- make-up a class
• Family- make-up a order
• Genus- make-up a family
• Species- smallest, most specific group, with many traits in common.
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DumbKing
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Grape
Soda!copyright cmassengale 13
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Which taxon has the most organisms included?
Which taxon has the fewest organisms?
Which 2 organisms are most closely related? How do you know?
_____________
___________
________
_____________
Kingdom
Species
Grizzly and Black bear,
most levels in common
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The more
specific
you get,
the more
options
you have.
(3)
(6)
(32)
(90)
(493)
(5,404)
(94,240)
(953,434)
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Hierarchical Systemof Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• From general
to more
specific
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Scientific Names
•Accurately & uniformly names organisms
•Uses same language (Latin) for all names
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Sea”horse”??
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Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Carolus Linnaeus
•Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature
•Two-word name (Genus & species)
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Binominal Nomenclature(Scientific Name)
•2 words using the GENUS & the SPECIES
•Genus is CAPITALIZEDex. Canis
•Species is lower caseex. lupus
•Both Genus & species is underlinedor italicized
ex.: Canis lupus or Canis lupus = Wolf
Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens = Human
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Binomial Nomenclature
copyright cmassengale 23Which TWO are more closely related? Why?__________Same genus
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Brainpop! video: taxonomy
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Dichotomous Keying•Used to identify organisms•Characteristics given in pairs•Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Classify
this
frog
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2. Which 2 organisms are more closely related?
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3. Which 2 organisms are more closely related?
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Classification of Living Things
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Domains (Notice the domains on the chart)
• Most inclusive category
• Larger than a kingdom
• There are 3
– Eukarya – includes the kingdoms
» Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals
– Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria
– Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria
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How Many Kingdoms?6Kingdoms
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Kingdoms
• (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Protista – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals
• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls
• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall
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Kingdom -Eubacteria
• Common name: Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes
• Peptidogylcan in cell wall
• Ecologically diverse
• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla
• Reproduce both sexually and asexually
Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil
for years)
Streptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis
and dental caries)
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Kingdom -Archaebacteria• Cell wall does not contain
peptidoglycan
• Unicellular Prokaryotes
• Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organisms
• Live in extreme environments:
– Brine (high salt) pools
– volcanic hot (thermal) springs
– Acidic pools
– black organic mud
– anaerobic (no oxygen)
Archaea
first detected in extreme
environments, such as volcanic hot
springs.
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Kingdom Protista• Eukaryotes
• A classification problem – consists of organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
• Most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular
• Autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia
• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups
• Reproduce by mitosis and meiosisEntamoeba histolytica
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Kingdom Fungi• Eukaryotes
• Heterotrophic decomposer: most feed on dead, decaying organicmatter by secreting digestive enzymes into their food source then absorbingit into their bodies
• Cell walls of CHITIN
• Most multicellular; some unicellular (yeast)
Boletus zelleri(Edible, but often infected with fly
larvae)
Epidermophyton floccosum
(one of the causes of athlete's foot)
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Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryotes
• All Multicellular
• Non motile – cannot move from place to place
• Cell wall with cellulose
• Mostly photosynthetic autotrophs
Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota
Ginkgo bilobaGinkgos are often very
long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500
years old.
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Kingdom Animalia• Eukaryotes
• All Multicellular
• Heterotrophic consumers
• Most have mobility
• No cell walls or chloroplasts
• Incredible diversity
Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum
Txodes scapularisDeer tick
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Ecotherms vs Endotherms
•Ectotherm, Any so-called cold-blooded animal; that is, any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface. The ectothermsinclude the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.
•Endotherm, so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintaina constant body temperature internally-independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals.
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Hierarchical Systemof Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• From general
to more
specific