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364 ELECTROMAGNETIC AND QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS

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366 ELECTROMAGNETIC AND QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS

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Index

l/f noise, 60, 233-235, 256 doublet excitation of, 60, 233, 235 Hooge's formula, 234, see also

Hooge F.N. noise power spectrum, 256 symmetric noise bands, 234

absorption, 235, 263 of photons, 2, 14, 24, 26, 99, 109,

110, 120, 136, 170 absorption by atoms, 110

handshaking process, 110 Aharanov Yakir, 2 amoeba, 154 analytical continuation, 47, 49, 57 annihilation, 12, 33, 139,310, see also cre-

ation antiphoton, 12, 22, 51, see also photon

doublet arrow of time, 1, 3 Aspect experiment, 5, 316, 331, 334, 335

balance sheet, 305-309 BCS superconductivity theory, 95, see

also superconductivity beam splitter, 147, 290, 293, 295, 297, 300

dielectric film, 290 macroscopic properties, 290 metallic film, 290 neoclassical theory, 295 single photons in, 293

Bell John, 315 Bell's Theorem, 315, 329 Beller Mara, 328 boundary conditions, 3, 14, 23, 60, 115,

283, 323, 334,335 complete set of, 148 cosmological, 1, 60 electromagnetic, 62, 136 in l/f noise theory, 263

in bitemporal frame, 307 in EPR configuration, 329 on stripline, 117 required by photon, 7 single events, 8 single photons, 121 single, multiple paths, 302

calcite polarizer, 316, see also EPR Catch 22, 338, see also quantum theory causal theory, 8

objective, 7 causal world, 2 causality, 2, 284, 289, 309, see also de-

layed choice experiment macroscopic, 12, 19 microscopic, 147 violation, 50, see also delayed choice

experiment characteristic admittance, 65, 130 characteristic impedance, 13, 114, 132,

242, 279 of stripline, 114 of terminals, 132 of two-wire line, 13

charge carrier, 75 circuit, 40, 100, 129, 152, 208, 278, 290,

316 admittance matrix of, 42 beam splitter, 290 EPR configuration, 316 generalized, 129 non-homogeneous, 40 non-isotropic, 40 parametric-type, 40 planar microwave, 114 slit plate/screen, 152

coincidence counter, 293, 333, see also EPR

collapse principle, 125, 136, 319, 361

368 ELECTROMAGNETIC AND QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS

in EPR, 329, see also quantum the-ory

collision scattering, 80 collisionless plasma, 75 complex amplitude, 40 complex frequency, 46, 57 composite carrier, 78, see also electron

doublet comptroller, 305 conduction, 76

bitemporal carriers, 76 conductivity, 81 consciousness, 3, 344 constitutive equation, 41, 81

generalized, 83 Cooper electron .pair, 79 Copenhagen Interpretation, 8, 312, 338,

358 correspondence principle, 125, 135, 136,

140, 146, 175, 294, 303, 321, 359

cosmological boundary conditions, 1, 60 counter, 293, 297, 303, 305, 308, 312-314,

318, 320, 326 creation, 12, 33, 139, see also annihilation critical temperature, 96, see also super­

conductivity cross scattering, 83 current density, 40

extraneous, 40 current resonance, see also voltage reso­

nance in bidirectional time, 55

DC conduction, 86 antisymmetric mode, 86, 93 symmetric mode, 86

dual states of, 89 idler circuit of, 89 lossless state, 90 regular state, 90

De Broglie wave, 352, see also diffraction pattern

delayed choice experiment, 149 cosmic,311 EPR, 331, 334 ~ach-Zehnder, 289, 303

dielectric relaxation time, 82 diffraction pattern, 147, 151, 152, 154,

206, 220, 359 computer generated, 163, 225 electron wave, 229 Frauenhofer, 221 neoclassical, 229 single slit, 231 spot build up of, 178

double slit experiment for electrons, 205

'which way' paradox, 207 angular spread, 220 diffraction pattern, 206, 221, 225,

227, 229 discrete momentum levels, 214 electron deflection, 217 electron's self field, 224 evanescent slit plate fields, 210 field excitation by electrons, 213 Frauenhofer limit, 226 momentum diagrams, 215 momentum transfer, 208 single slit plate, 230

diffraction pattern of, 231 slit plate boundary conditions, 210 slit plate fields, 209

double slit experiment for photons, 147, 151

'which way' paradox, 152 circuit description, 208 diffraction pattern, 152, 163 macroscopic model, 155 macroscopic reflection, 160

reflected macrophoton, 160 macroscopic transmission, 158

transmitted macrophoton, 158 minimization of doublet fluctua­

tions, 175 neoclassical interpretation, 152 numerical procedure of spot build

up, 183 numerical simulations

of macrophotons, 162 paradoxes, 151 reflection of single photons, 177 routing of single photons, 165 slit plate scattering, 156 spot build up of diffraction pattern,

180 transmission of single photons, 166

double slit plate, 151, 205, 209 electromagnetic fields of, 209 for electrons, 205, 209 for photons, 151

doublet, 27, see photon doublet, electron doublet

doublet resonance, 54, 139 forward/backward constituents, 139

dreamed-up debate, 305 duality principle, 68, 99, 110, 124, 135,

152, 184, 206, 232, 294, 309, 339,347

eigenvalue matrix, 182 eigenvalue relation, 54, 159, 181, 183 eigenvector, 159, 182, 183 eigenvector matrix, 182 electromagnetism, 12

classical, 12 neoclassical, 16 photonic, 12

electron diffraction in a slit, 230, 352, see also quantum theory

electron doublet, 78 antisymmetric, 79 symmetric, 79

electron pair, 79 electron spin, 273 electronic media, 75 electronic medium, 75

collisionless plasma, 75 composite carriers, 78 conducting medium, 75 metallic conductors, 75

emission, 2 emission by atoms, 110

handshaking process, 110 energy, 21, 44

density, 21 doublet time average, 12 electromagnetic influx, 236 Ergodic Theorem, 59 flow pattern, 124 free space spectral density, 58

logaritmic infinities, 59 optimum distribution, 59

in the generalized circuit, 44 for negative frequency, 48 for positive frequency, 45 scattering formulation, 65

integrity of photons, 5, 130, 144, 152,242,283,295,318,351

magnetic interaction, 266 negative, 21 of photon doublets, 52 of photon pulse, 21 POE fluctuations, 7, 26, 50, 344, 361 positive, 21 rms minimization, 58 ZPE catastrophe, 62 ZPE fluctuations, 6, 61, 343

ensemble average, 6, 59, 135 entropy, 1 environment, 8, 24, 107, 237, 351,361

counter, 307 interaction with, 261, 346 macroscopic, 1, 5 microscopic, 5

EPR, 5, 315 aligned polarizers, 322 Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, 5, 315 neoclassical theory of, 322 non-aligned polarizers, 324 paradox, 326-328, 330, 331

equilibrium number density, 58

Index 369

Ergodic Theorem, 59 extrasensory perception, 262

Feynman Rlchard P., 2 fluctuations, 165

environmental, 26, 127, 144, 351, 355

in slit fields, 215, see also double slit experiment for electrons

measurement process, 59 minimization of, 175 momentum, 215 neoclassical POE, 6, 24, 60 quantum mechanical ZPE, 61 spontaneous, 144 stationary state, 58 time average POE, 6, 53

free space, 306 doublet spectral energy, 58 energy density of, 36 evanescent fields in, 210 impedance of, 13, 114 photon doublets

equilibrium number density, 58 wavelength, 210

free will, 3 frequenc~ 13, 14, 22

l/f noise, 259 c1ock,114 complex, 46, 57 conversion, 40, 58 decades, 59 domain,40 doublet resonances, 138 imaginary, 46 lower, upper, 59 microwave, 136 negative, 21, 48, 138, 310, 311, 322 noise excitation, 233, see also l/f

noise normalized, 114 of OC state, 237 Planck, 60, 61 real,46 resonance, 55 second harmonic, 48 waveguide cut-off, 278

Gauss' Theorem, 236 Gaussian delta function, 120 Gedanken experiment, 146,273,302,327,

349 generalized circuit, 46, 56

admittance relation, 56 inhomogeneous, 56

complex frequency, 47 analytical continuation, 47 growth rate, 57

370 ELECTROMAGNETIC AND QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS

current resonance, 53 doublet resonances, 54 imaginary frequency, 46 photon doublets in, 52 stored energy

at negative frequency, 48 at positive frequency, 46 time average component, 46 time varying component, 46

voltage and current resonance in bidirectional time, 55

voltage resonance, 53 generalized circuit equation, 42

admittance matrix of, 42 for doublets, 52 geometrical constraints, 43 in negative frequency domain, 51 orthogonality condition, 43 orthonormal vector functions, 42 Skew Hermitian property, 44 tangential surface vectors, 42 virtual terminals, 44

generator, 22, 103, 130 constant amplitude, 22, 130 constant current, 41, 104 current, 105 doublet, 106, 140 macroscopic, 108 photon, 106

gravitational lens, 312 Green matrix, 41

half silvered mirror, 290, see also beam splitter

Hamilton's relations, 1 harmonic waves, 117

evanescent, 117 forward/backward components, 156 plane, 16

Heisenberg Microscope, 349 Heisenberg's uncertainty relation, 63, 339,

341, 342, see also quantum theory

hidden variable, 327, 328, see also EPR Hooge constant, 234

empirical, 234 theoretical, 259

Hooge's formula, 234, see also 1/ f noise empirical, 234 modified, 260 theoretical, 259

idler circuit, 91, see also DC conduction idler impedance, 91 parallel resonance, 92 series resonance, 91

ignorance, 327, 355 classical, 327, 355

quantum, 327 impedance, 81, 88

characteristic, 114, 132 free space, 13, 16, 81, 114, 292 idler, 91 load, 124, 131, 134 matrix, 55, 64, 161 normalized, 170 of composite waves, 121 of single spots, 124 of undercut section, 279 resistor sheet, 115 surface, 263 wave, 306

irrotational, 269

John Bell, 328, 329, see also EPR Josephson junction, 233

kinematics, 346

Lande' Alfred, 217 lateral resolution, 120

of spot size, 120, 122, 123 locality assumption, 328

Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 147, 289, 295-297, 302, 309, 312-314, see also beam splitter

delayed choice experiment, 303, 309 macroscopic response, 298 single photon response, 299

macrophoton, 160 reflected, 162, 163

flux lines of, 163 transmitted, 160--162

flux lines of, 162 macroscopic average, 15, 25, 27 magnetic dipole, 266, see also Stern­

Gerlach magnetic field, 266, see also Stern-

Gerlach inhomogeneous, 266 magnetic pole pieces, 266 monopole component, 272 mUltipole expansion, 270 normalized, 16 quadrupole component, 272

Manley Rowe Relations, 58 Maxwell's equations, 1, 134, 153, 281,

283, 335 bitemporal solutions, 16 generalized circuit theory, 39 independent solutions, 42 lower diffraction limit, 100 reciprocity relations, 42 satisfied by photon, 106

Meissener effect, 95, see also DC conduc-tion

memory bank, 144,296 Mermin David, 206 microcosm, 1, 2, 50, 61, 148, 289, 314,

322, 324, 344 microworld, 2

bitemporal, 4, 11, 328 causal,323 non-causal, 148 objective, 8 of photons, 12

neoclassical theory, 5, 12, 25, 37, 137, 330, 361

formal basis of, 39 matching by doublets, 110 objectivity, 342 of 11f noise, 234 of beam splitter, 295 of delayed choice experiment, 289 of double slit experiment, 208

discrete momentum exchange, 209

evanescent slit modes, 215 of doublet resonance, 53 of EPR configuration, 322 of general networks, 135 of the EPR experiment, 316 of the polarizer, 319 physical picture, 126 single photon behavior, 39, 295 wave-like to particle-like, 100

nerve impulse, 262 neural network, 262 Newton's law of mechanics, 1 noise,8,233

11f, 8, 60, 233 analysis, 235 doublet excitation, 235 generating mechanism, 234 in homogeneous materials, 234 in metallic films, 234 in semiconductors, 234 photonic origin, 263 power spectrum, 234 relative noise power, 258 spectral density, 234 theoretical spectrum, 256

fluctuations, 44 photon doublet, 126, 177 photon induced, 144 terminal excitation of, 144

nullity, 159, 179, see also double slit ex­periment for photons

nul~pace, 159, 160, 163, 167, 168, 173, see also double slit experiment for photons

Index 371

numerical simulations, 124, 162, 174, 225 electron diffraction pattern, 225,

227, see also double slit exper­iment for electrons

macrophoton flux lines, 162 of reflected single photons, 174 of transmitted photons, 172 photon diffraction pattern, 183, see

also double slit experiment for photons

photon wave to particle transition in striplines, 124

reflected single photon flux lines, 174 transmitted single photon flux lines,

172

Ohm's law, 82

parametric process, 58 photon, 2, 39, 129

'proxy' waves, 314 absorption, 13, 99, 235 amoeba-like, 154 annihilation, 283, see also tunneling attribute, 153 composite, 20 Compton scattering, 350 creation, 283, see also tunneling dreamed-up debate, 305 duality, 99 emission, 99 energy integrity, 7, 14, 134, 145, 152 in beam splitter, 295 in electromagnetic circuits, 5 in stripline, 114 in symmetric time frame, 11 lateral momentum, 215 macrophoton, 161 macroscopic 'tunneling', 279 macroscopic response, 103

of beam splitter, 290 of Mach-Zehnder interferometer,

298 matching to terminal load, 110 negative power, 20, see also anti-

photon, doublet particle-like, 120, 153 predicament, 134 reflection, 13 routing, 134, 139, 165 single photon response, 105, 137,

299 state function, 135 transition, 100 tunneling, 277 wave packet, 120, see also wave to

particle transition

372 ELECTROMAGNETIC AND QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS

wave to particle, 99, 143 photon doublet, 6, 12, 129

admixture, 107 annihilation, 33 colinear, 29 composition, 12 creation, 33 electric, magnetic, 30 energy (PDE), 107, 137, 344 energy density, 32 energy fluctuations (PDE), 26 entangled, 27, 33 evanescent modes, 123 excitation of, 44 excitation of l/f noise, 235 fluctuations, 61, see also l/f noise forward, backward, 31 generator input, 106 in beam splitter, 295, see also beam

splitter in polarizer, 320, see also EPR of current type, 52 of voltage type, 52 of zero frequency, 237 power density, 32 resonance, 55, 67, 139 scattering relation, 67, 138 slit fields, see also double slit exper-

iment for electrons spatially localized, 27 spectral energy density, 58 zero time average, 109, 125, 144

photon pair, 316, see also EPR photosensitive emulsion, 99 photosensitive screen, 152, 170, 358 Planck Frequency, 60, 61 Pockels cell, 303, 304, 311, see also de­

layed choice experiment polarization, 16, 330

attribute, 328 correlation, 316, 326, 330, see also

EPR in stripline, 116, see also stripline of photon doublet, 29 of silver atoms, 270, see also Stern­

Gerlach experiment photon pair, 316

polarizer, 316 macroscopic properties of, 316 neoclassical theory of, 319 quantum theory of, 318 single photon in, 317, see also EPR

positron, 35 power denSity, 17, 121, 161, 257 power flux, 21, 124, 238 power spectral density

of l/f noise, 233, 234, 258

of free space, 60 Poynting flux

in DC conduction, 236 in photon diffraction pattern, 163

proxy wave, 314 pseudoparticle, 348, see also quantum

theory pulse

plane wave, 11 stationary shape, 21 velocity of, 21

quantum electrodynamics (QED), 62 quantum measurement, 356, see also

wave function collapse quantum paradoxes, 4, 273, 289, 302, 336,

339, see also quantum theory double slit experiment for electrons,

205 double slit experiment for photons,

151 the 'which way' paradox, 184, 206 wave-particle paradox, 100, 232

quantum principles, see quantum theory quantum theory, 125, 337

'foolish questions', 340, 342 collapse, 125, 136, 268, 294, 312,

319, 329, 339, 358, 359, 361 complementarity, 14, 135, 339, 342,

349 correspondence, 15, 27, 125, 135,

136, 146, 175, 303, 321, 339, 359

duality, 14, 68, 99, 100, 135, 152, 154, 184, 206, 208, 232, 294, 302

electron diffraction in a slit, 352 energy density catastrophe, 64 ground states, 61 pseudoparticle, 348 renormalization, 62, 64 spectral energy density, 61 uncertainty relation, 61, 63, 342 ZPE fluctuations, 61, 63, 144, 343

quasar, 311

Ramo's Theorem, 44 range, 159 rank, 159, 179, see also double slit exper-

iment for photons reflection coefficient, 12, 121, 132 reflection matrix, 22, 132, 157 relativity

theory of, 1 renormalization, 64 resistor sheet, 115, see also stripline resonance, 12

annihilation, 12

creation, 12 excitation process, 56 in bidirectional time, 12, 55, 139 in double slit plate, 217 regular conditions, 54

response, 23 electrophysiological, 63 macroscopic, 8, 23, 103, 133, 147,

291, 298, 317 photon doublet, 310 single photon, 105, 141, 295, 299 tunneling, 283

roulette, 176 routing process, 23, 26, 107

in delayed choice EPR, 333 in double slit experiment

for electrons, 209 in double slit rxperiment

for photons, 165 in EPR, 321 in equivalent two slit circuit, 145 in general networks, 139 in Mach-Zehnder delayed choice ex-

periment, 302 in striplines, 114 resolution, 169 to independent loads, 68, 106, 120,

124, 130, 134, 359

scattering formulation, 64, 130 for negative frequency, 137 for positive frequency, 137 of doublets, 138 of EPR configuration, 322 of general networks, 129

scattering matrix, 22, 65, 66 of beam splitter, 290 of double slit configuration for pho-

tons, 154 of EPR polarizer, 316 of general networks, 130 of Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 297 of slit plate, 159 of tunneling system, 278

Schr0dinger's wave equation, 135 spatial harmonics, 156 spectral analyzer, 347 spot density, 179 Stanford Linear Accelerator, 35 state function, 135 Stern-Gerlach, 265

flaw in standard theory, 268 multipole magnetic field, 270 silver atom model, 272 silver atoms, 272

'up or down' polarization, 268

Index 373

deflection force, 267 deposition, 266

standard theory, 266 Stern-Gerlach experiment, 273

sequential, 273 stripline, 114

energy flow pattern, 124 lateral spot resolution, 122 photon routing, 114

superconductivity, 80 high temperature, 97

terminal, 43, 129 independent, 68, 109, 145 virtual, 27, 103

thermodynamics, 2, 92 time, 1, 11

asymmetric, 1 asymmetry, 2 average, 7, 26 bidirectional, 3, 6 irreversibility, 1, 4, 11 negative, 3, 11 reversal, 4, 18 symmetry, 4 tunneling, 284

transmission coefficient, 261, 280 transmission line, 115, 129, 171

virtual, 65 transmission matrix, 133, 292 tunneling of photons, 277

macroscopic, 279 neoclassical theory, 277 single photons, 281 superluminal, 283 undercut waveguide, 277

universe, 59, 311 age of, 59 cosmological boundary conditions,

60

Vaidman Lev, 2 voltage resonance, 55

in bidirectional time, 55, see also current resonance

wave function collapse, 356 wave to particle transition, 99, 110

wave-like to line-like, 116 wave-like to particle-like, 116

Wheeler-Feynman Absorber Theory, 2, 112

zero point energy (ZPE), 61, 343, see also quantum theory