references - springer978-94-009-1906-8/1.pdf · references anttila, raimo (1972). an introduction...

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Appendix One

SYMBOLS FOR

THE PHONEMES

OF ENGLISH

THE following linguistic symbols are used in the text of the book, the digraph symbols are used in appendix 2.2, and the single-byte symbols are used for computer representations of variables.

LINGUISTIC DIGRAPH SINGLE-BYTE

pore p p p

berry b b b

tin

dumb d d d

cat k k k

gun g g g

chin C c c

jaw J j

147


fun f f f

very v v v

thin e T T

the () D D

see s s s

zoo z z z

shoe S S S

azure Z Z Z

hot h h h

money m m m

nuts n n n

sing 1J N N

lawn I

rob r r r

win w w w

while hw hw W

yes y y y

beat

bit I I I

bait el el $

bet E e e

bat re a a

boot u u u

put u U U

boat ou ou %

Symbols for the Phonemes of English 149

caught :> 0 0

cot Q A A

by ai al

bout au au @

boy :>i oi #

murder '::f * * above ~ E E

Stress marks come after the vowel:

primary stress VI or V'

secondary stress Vz or V"

Appendix Two

DATA SETS

1. The Indefinite Article in English

outcomes: a, all

variables:

1-4 the last two phonemes in the immediately preceding word plus the syllabic representations (Consonant or Vowel) for these two phonemes

5 the type of boundary preceding the indefinite article: a phrasal break (I) or continuous ( + )

6-15 the first five phonemes in the immediately following word plus the syllabic representations for these five phonemes

data set (outcome, variables, context):

a CrVu+CgC1VaCs0= through a glass darkly a VACs+CmV%CsCt0= across a most interesting book a VeCt+CkVACpVi0= get a copy a CnCtICfCyVu0=== print. a few years an VoCr+VICnCsCtVE for an institute class

150

Data Sets

an VeCt+V*CrC1Vi0= get an early version a VaCd+CbV@CnCd0= had a bound copy a VECv+CbVUCkQ)=== of a book an V$Cd+VICmCpVoCr a VeCnICgCrV$Ct0= a CkCslCsVECbCjVI a VICv+CtVoCkQ)=== a VACn+CgVACsCpVE a VECm+C1VICNCgCw a VICv+CtVoCk0=== a V@Ct+CnVECmCbV* a VaCz+CfV*CrCsCt a C1Vi+C1VICtV*Cr a VaCv+CfCyVu0=== an VoCr+V@CtChV@Cs a CsV%+CyVuCfVECm an CnCd+VoCrCdVECn a VaCz+CfV!CnVECl a VICn+CmV$CnCjV* a C1Vi I CmV$CnCjV* a VICz+CfViCdVICN a VACn+CvV*CrCb0= a VICn+CsCtV$CbVE a ViCn+CpC1V$Cs0= a C1CzICsCtV$CbVE a CnCd+CpC1V$Cs0= an V! C t I VI Cn0===== a VICn+CsCtV$CbVE a VICn+CsCtV$CbVE an CtVu+VICgCzVaCm an CdCz+VICnCkCrVi a VECn+CwV*CrCd0=

played an important part then, a great honor linguistics - a subject give a talk on a gospel subject from a linguistic point give a talk about a number as a first example occasionally a literary use have a few relics for an outhouse also a euphemism and an ordinary reader as a final example in a manger essentially, a manger is a feeding trough on a verb in a stable between a place animals - a stable and a place night - an inn in a stable in a stable to an example afterwards an increase often a word

a VECv+CwVUCmVECn of a woman's virtue an CcVulVeCtVECmVE virtue, an etymological

impossibility

151


a VICz+CfVUCtCnV% an CtVu+VICnCtCrVE a VeCm+CbC1VeCsVI a CnCd+CmVaCn0=== a VICN+CwVoCk0=== an CtVu+VICnV*Cr0= a VICn+ChV@Cs0=== a VoCr+ChV@Cs0=== a VlCz+C1VACrCj0=

an CnCslVACbCvViVE a CnCz+CpC1V$Cs0= a C1Vi+CdCwVeC1VI a VICn+C1VACrCj0= a VACt+CrVeCfV*Cr a VICz+CmVoCr0=== a VICz+CpC1V*CrVE a CtVu+CkVECpVECl a VECnICrViCdV*Cr a CtCs+CyVuCs0=== a VICNICsVICmVECl a V@Ct+CkVACmVE0= a VaCz+CyVuCT0=== a VECz+CmVICsCtV$ a CtVu+CmVICsVECn

is a footnote to an interesting comment them a blessing and a man meaning a walk-in enclosure to an inner or private room in a house for a house implies a large imposing

residence residence, an obvious reward means a place simply a dwelling place in a large house not a reference is a more general reference is a plural form to a couple edition. a reader quotes a use meaning. a similar difficulty without a comma as a youth was a mistake to a misunderstanding

a VaCz+CkVaCrViVI as a carrying across a VICn+CpVaCrVECl in a parallel column a VECv+CtVeCkCs0= of a text a C1Vi+CtCrVaCnCs really a translation an VECz+VECtVeCmCp was an attempt a C1VilCmVICsCpCr correctly. a misprint a CtVu+CdVICfV*Cr to a different sort a VaCt+CnVaCt0=== at a gnat a C1V%+CkVaCmVECl swallow a camel a VaCt+CnVaCt0=== at a gnat

a VaCt+CnVaCt0=== a VICz+CpCrVICnCt a V@Ct+CnVaCt0=== a C1V%+CkVaCmVECl a V$Ct+C1VICtVECl a VECt+CkVaCmVECl a V*Cr+CkVECpVECl a CtVu+CwVoCcCmVE a VECnICgVACrCd0= a VeCt+CbVeCtV*Cr a VICz+CvVeCrVi0= a VICz+CkVaCrVECk a VECnlCsCpVICrVE an V*Cr+VICgCzVaCm an VeCr+VoC1CtV*Cr

a CnCz+CmVeCsVECn a CtVu+ChCyVuCmVE a VaCnICsVuCpV*Cr a VACd I CgVACrCdVi an VoCr+ViCvVEC10= a VICn+C1VACt0===

Data Sets

at a gnat is a printing error out a gnat swallow a camel tolerate a little gnat but a camel consider a couple to a watchman watchman, a guard get a better feel is a very literal translation is a characteristic pose heaven, a spiritual reward consider an example where an alternative

translation means a messenger to a human messenger man; a supernatural messenger god; a guardian angel or an evil spirit been a lot back a message

153

a VaCk+CmVeCsVICj an CvCz+VICnCkV*Cr a VECz+CrVICkC1V! a VICT+CkVUCSVECn

gives an incorrect translation was a reclining one

a VICz+CTVICrVi0= a VECc+CtCrVaCnCs an V'~Cr I ViCvVECn0=

wi th a cushion is a theory such a translation shoulder. an even more

difficult situation a C1Cd I CwVUCmVECn behold, a woman a VECz+CsVICnV*Cr was a sinner an VoCt+VaC1VECbVa brought an alabaster box a VICn+CcVeCr0=== in a chair a VICn+CnViC1VICN in a kneeling position


a VECv+CmVICsCtCr a VaCz+CfVUCtCnV% a VICn+CmVACrCvVE a CnCd+CwVECnCdV* a ClCd+CsVaCbVECT a ClCd+CsVaCbVECT a VACt+CsVaCbVECT a VICz+CsVeCpV*Cr a VICz+CmVoCr0=== a VECv+CwV*CrCd0= a CtVu+CpVICrViVE a VECv+CfVaCsCt0= a VICz+CvVeCrVi0= a VECv+CsVeCvVECn a CtVu+CpVICrViVE a CtVu+CwViCk0=== a VACt+CsVECbCsCt a VoCr+CdV$0===== a VaCz+CkCrVICsCc a CtVu+CmVICsCtCr a CzCd+CgVUCd0=== a VICz+CdVICsCtVI a CkCt+CbVICt0=== a VECv+CmVICsCtCr a CmCd+CsV*CrCtVE an VECm+VICsCtVoCr a VECc+CkV$Cs0=== a CmCz1CvVeCrVi0=

an CtCs+VECtVeCmCp a CsV%+CkClVICr0= a VaCv+CdVeCfVECn a CrCv+CmVACrCjVE a VECc+ChVaCnCdVi a ViCn+CsCpVICrVE

of a mistranslation has a footnote in a marvelous work and a wonder called a sabbath called a sabbath not a sabbath is a separate word is a more serious objection of a word to a period of a fast is a very good reason of a seven-day period to a period to a week not a substitute nor a day as a christian sabbath to a mistranslation caused a good deal is a distinction detect a bit of a mistranslation performed a certain number from an historical point such a case times, a very strange

expression represents an attempt also a clear biblical allusion have a definite case deserve a marginal reading such a handy admonition seen a spirit

an VICT+V%CpVECn(2)= a VECv+C1VICNCgCw an VECc+VECpCrV%Cc a VACt+CpVaCnVECs an V%CnIVICnCsCpV! a VeCsIC1VICNCgCw

an Cl Vi I VECpCrV%Cc a V$Cn+CpV*CrCfVI a VECt+CdVICm(2)=== a VACtlC1VeCkCsVE a V*CrICgCrViCk(2)= an VoCr+VICgCzVaCm a VECll ChVICsCtV* an VECn I VICnCtCrVE a CnCzlCmVaCnCyVE a CdCz I CmVACrCvVE a CnCd+CwVECnCdV* a V*CrICkCrVICtVE

a CgCz I ChViCbCrVu

a CdV$1 CbVICbC1VE

a CvVi I ChVICsCtV* a V%Cn I CgCrVaCmV* a VICz+CkCwVeCsCc an VICT+VICNCgCl VI

Data Sets

with an open heart of a linguistic study such an approach not a panacea alone. an inspired reading nevertheless, a linguistic

approach ultimately, an approach obtain a perfect knowledge but a dim reflection scott, a lexicon

155

danker, a greek-english lexicon for an example bible: a history revelation: an introduction jevons, a manual richards, a marvelous work and a wonder plummer, a critical and

exegetical commentary briggs, a hebrew and english

lexicon day: a biblical, historical,

and theological investigation niv: a history moulton, a grammar is a question with an english translation


2. Spelling of Initial Ihl in English

outcomes: <h>, <wh>, <j>

variables:

1 the stress pattern of the word: does the first stressed vowel occur in the first (1) or second (2) syllable?

2 the phoneme immediately preceding the first vowel (either Ihl as in he or /y / as in huge)

3 the first vowel phoneme

4-5 the two phonemes that immediately follow the first vowel

6-7 the two phonemes that immediately precede the second vowel (or if there is no second vowel, then the last two phonemes in the word)

8 the second vowel phoneme (or if there is no second vowel, then this variable is 0)

9-10 the two phonemes that immediately follow the second vowel

11 the phoneme that immediately precedes the third vowel or, if there is no third vowel but there is a second vowel, then the last phoneme in the word

12 the third vowel phoneme (or if there is no third vowel but there is a second one, then this variable is 0)

data set (outcome, variables, spelling, pronunciation):

h lhab*ab*rdda haberdashery ha'b*rda"S*ri wh lhabEabEt=t0 habit ha'bEt h lhabEabEtEtE habitable ha'bEtEbEl h lhabEabEtata habitat ha'bEta"t h lhabEabEtss0 habits ha'bEts h 2hEbIEblcucu habitual hEbI'cuEl

Data Sets 157

h 2hEbIEbIcucu habitually hEbI' cuElli h lhak=ak0==== hack hak h lhaktkt0==== hacked hakt h lhakIakIN=N0 hacking ha'kIN h lhaknknid=d0 hackneyed ha'knid h lhad=ad0==== had had h lhadEadEntt0 hadn't ha'dEnt h lhaftftE==E0 hafta ha'ftE h lhag*ag*rdd0 haggard ha'g*rd h lhagEagElIlI haggling ha'gElIN h lh$ 1=$ 10==== hail heil h lh$ldld0==== hailed heild h lher=er0==== hair her h lherkrkEt=t0 haircut he'rkE"t h lherzrz0==== hairs herz h lherieri==i0 hairy he'ri h lhal=a10==== Hal hal h lh$I=$10==== Hale heil h lhaf=af0==== half haf h lhafbbrid=d0 half-breed ha'fbri"d h lhafsfsencc* half-century ha'fs"enc*ri h lhafkkl%zdd0 half-closed ha' fklou"zd h lhafkfkAnccE half-conscious ha'fkA"ncEs h lhafdfdEzEzE half-dozen ha'fdE"zEn h lhafddrENkk0 half-drunk ha' fdrE"Nk h lhaffffIldd0 half-filled ha' ffI"ld h lhafhfhArttE half-hearted ha'fhA"rtEd h lhaf@af@r=r0 half-hour ha'fau"r h lhafmfm!I=10 half-mile ha'fmai"l h lhafwfw$==$0 half-way ha'fwei" h lhafbfbak=k0 halfback ha' fba"k h lhafwfw$==$0 halfway ha'fwei" h 1ho 1=0 10==== hall hoI h lhol=010==== Hall hoI h 1halEa1Ek=k0 Halleck ha'lEk


h lholmlrnArkk0 hallmark ho'lrnA"rk h lholmlrnArks0 hallmarks ho'lrnA"rks h lhal%al%d=d0 hallowed ha'loud h lholzlz0==== halls holz h lholwlw$==$0 hallway ho'lwei" h lh$1%$1%==%0 halo hei'lou h lhAlzlz0==== Hals hAlz h lholtlt0==== halt holt h lholtltEd=d0 halted ho'ltEd h lholtltIN=N0 halting ho'ltIN h lholtltINlli haltingly ho'ltINli h lhavzvz0==== halves havz h lham=am0==== ham ham h lham=am0==== Ham ham h lhambmb*rgg* hamburger ha'mb*"rg*r h lhambmb*rgg* hamburgers ha'mb*"rg*rz h lhamEamElttE Hamilton ha'mEltEn h lhamlmlEt=t0 Hamlet ha'mlEt h lhamlmlEt=t0 hamlet ha'mlEt h lham=am0==== Hamm ham h lham*am''<'rSS% Hammarskjold ha'm*rSou"ld h lham*am*rSS% Hammarskjold's ha'm*rSou"ldz h lham*am*r=r0 hammer ha'm*r h lham*am*rdd0 hammered ha'm*rd h lhamEamEt=t0 Hammett ha'mEt h lhamEamEndd0 Hammond ha'mEnd h lhampmp*r=r0 hamper ha'mp*r h lhampmp*rdd0 hampered ha'mp*rd h lhamppS*r=r0 Hampshire ha'mpS*r h lhampptEn=n0 Hampton ha'mptEn h lhandnd0==== hand hand h lhandnd0==== Hand hand h lhandndlnglE hand-in-glove ha'ndI"nglE'v h lhanddtuhaha hand-to-hand ha' nd tu"ha' nd h lhanddw%vEvE hand-woven ha' ndwou"vEn

Data Sets 159

h lhanddbag=g0 handbag ha'ndba"g h lhanddbUk=k0 handbook ha'ndbU"k h lhandklaspp0 handclasp ha'ndkla"sp h lhanddkEfss0 handcuffs ha'ndkE"fs h lhandndEd=d0 handed ha'ndEd h lhanddfEl=10 handful ha'ndfE"l h lhandndikaka handicap ha'ndika"p h lhandndikaka handicapped ha'ndika"pt h lhandndIN=N0 handing ha'ndIN h lhaNkNk*rccI handkerchief ha'Nk*rcI"f h lhandndEl=10 handle ha'ndEl h lhandndEldd0 handled ha'ndEld h lhandndElzz0 handles ha'ndElz h lhandndElIlI handling ha'ndElIN h lhanddm$d=d0 handmade ha'ndmei'd h lhanddz0==== hands handz h lhansnsEm=m0 handsome ha'nsEm h IhansnsEm*m* handsomer ha' ns Em~~r h lhanddr!tItI handwriting ha'ndrai"tIN h lhandndi==i0 handy ha'ndi h lhandndimama handyman ha' ndima"n h IhaN=aN0==== hang haN h IhaN*aN*r=r0 hangar ha'N*r h IhaNdNd0==== hanged haNd h IhaNEaNEn=n0 hangin' ha'NEn h IhaNlaNIN=N0 hanging ha'NIN h lhaNrnNmEn=n0 hangman ha'NmEn h IhaN%aN%v*v* hangover ha'Nou"v*r h IhaNzNz0==== hangs haNz h IhaNkNk0==== Hank haNk h Ihan%an%v~~v* Hanover ha'nou"v*r h Ihan%an%veve Hanoveri.an ha"nouve'riEn h Ihanznz0==== Hans hanz h IhansnsEn=n0 Hansen ha'nsEn h IhansnsEnzz0 Hansen's ha'nsEnz


h 2haphphaz*z* haphazard hapha'z*rd h lhaplplEs=s0 hapless ha'plEs h lhapEapEn=n0 happen ha'pEn h lhapEapEndd0 happened ha'pEnd h lhapEapEnInI happening ha'pEnIN h lhapEapEnInI happenings ha'pEnINz h lhapEapEnzz0 happens ha'pEnz h lhapEapEnsta happenstance ha' pEns ta"ns h lhapiapi*ri* happier ha'pi*r h lhapiapiEsiE happiest ha'piEst h lhapEapElili happily ha'pEli h lhapiapinEnE happiness ha'pinEs h lhapiapi==i0 happy ha'pi h 2hEraEraNINI haranguing hEra'NIN h 2hEraErastt0 harassed hEra'st h 2hEraErasIsI harassing hEra' sIN h lhArbrb*r=r0 harbor hA'rb*r h lhArbrb*rdd0 harbored hA'rb*rd h lhArbrb*rzz0 harbors hA'rb*rz h lhArkrkortt0 Harcourt hA'rko"rt h lhArdrd0==== hard hArd h lhArddb#ldd0 hard-boiled hA'rdboi"ld h lhArddfot=t0 hard-fought hA'rdfo"t h lhArdrdEndd0 hardened hA'rdEnd h lhArdrd*r=r0 harder hA'rd*r h lhArdrdEstt0 hardest hA'rdEst h lhArdrdIN=N0 Harding hA'rdIN h lhArddli==i0 hardly hA'rdli h lhArddnEs=s0 hardness hA'rdnEs h lhArddSIp=p0 hardship hA'rdSI"p h lhArddSIpss0 hardships hA'rdSI"ps h lhArddwer=r0 hardware hA'rdwe"r h lhArddwIk=k0 Hardwick hA'rdwI"k h lhArdrdi==i0 Hardy hA'rdi h lhArdrdi==i0 hardy hA'rdi

Data Sets 161

h lherEerEm=m0 harem he'rEm h lhArkrk0==== hark hArk h lhArlrlEm=m0 Harlem hA'rlEm h lhArmrm0==== harm hArm h lhArrnrnd0==== harmed hArmd h lhArrnrnfEl=l0 harmful hA'rmfEl h lhArrnrnlEs=s0 harmless hA'rmlEs h 2hArmrrnAnlnI harmonic hArrnA'nlk h lhArmrmEnini harmonies hA'rmEniz h 2hArmrm%nini harmonious hArmou'niEs h lhArmrmEnini harmony hA'rmEni h lhArnrnEs=s0 harness hA'rnEs h lhArnrnEstt0 harnessed hA'rnEst h lharEarEldd0 Harold ha'rEld h lhArprp*rzz0 Harper's hA'rp*rz h lhArprp*rzz0 Harpers hA'rp*rz h lhArprpIN=N0 harping hA'rpIN h IhariariEtiE Harriet ha'riEt h IharEarEmEmE Harriman ha'rEmEn h lharlarINttE Harrington ha'rINtEn h IharEarEs=s0 Harris ha'rEs h lharEarEsEsE Harris's ha'rEsEz h lharEarEsEsE Harrison ha'rEsEn h lhar%ar%lN%I harrowing ha'rouIN h lhariari==i0 Harry ha'ri h lhariari==i0 harry ha'ri h lhArSrS0==== harsh hArS h lhArSSli==i0 harshly hA'rSli h lhArtrt0==-= Hart hArt h lhArttf*rdd0 Hartford hA'rtf*rd h lhArttmEn=n0 Hartman hA'rtmEn h lhArvrv*rdd0 Harvard hA'rv*rd h lhArvrvEstt0 harvest hA'rvEst h lhArvrvEstt* Harvester hA'rvEst*r h lhArvrvEsttI harvesting hA'rvEstIN


h lhArvrvEsts0 harvests hA'rvEsts h lhArvrvi==i0 Harvey hA'rvi h lhas=as0==== has has h lhaz=az0==== has haz h lhazEazEntt0 hasn't ha'zEnt h lh$stst0==== haste heist h lh$sE$sEn=n0 hasten hei'sEn h lh$sE$sEndd0 hastened hei'sEnd h lh$sE$sEnlnI hastening hei'sEnIN h lh$ststElili hastily hei'stEli h lh$ststi==i0 hasty hei'sti h lhat=at0==== hat hat h lhac=ac0==== hatch hac h lhactct0==== hatched hact h lhacEacEt=t0 hatchet ha'cEt h lhaclacIN=N0 hatching ha'cIN h lh$t=$t0==== hate heit h lh$tE$tEd=d0 hated hei'tEd h lh$tftfEl=10 hateful hei'tfEl h lh$tsts0==== hates heits h lhaT=aT0==== hath haT h lhaTEaTEw$w$ Hathaway ha'TEwei" h lh$tI$tIN=N0 hating hei'tIN h lh$trtrEd=d0 hatred hei'trEd h lhatsts0==== hats hats h lhotioti==i0 haughty ho'ti h lhol=o10==== haul hol h lholdld0==== hauled hold h lholIolIN=N0 hauling ho'lIN h lholzlz0==== hauls holz h lhoncncEz=z0 haunches ho'ncEz h lhontnt0==== haunt hont h lhontntEd=d0 haunted ho'ntEd h lhontntIN=N0 haunting ho'ntIN h lhontts0==== haunts honts

Data Sets 163

h 2hEvaEvanEnE Havana hEva'nE h lhaf=af0==== have haf h lhav=av0==== have hav h lh$vE$vEn=n0 haven hei'vEn h lhavEavEntt0 haven't ha'vEnt h lh$v*$v*rErE Haverhill hei'v*rEl h lhavlavIN=N0 having ha'vIN h lhavEavEk=k0 havoc ha'vEk h 2hEw! Ew! i=! i Hawaii hEwai'i h 2hEw!Ew!En!E Hawaiian hEwai'En h lhok=ok0==== hawk hok h lhok=ok0==== Hawk hok h lhok*ok*r=r0 hawker ho'k*r h lhokEokEnzz0 Hawkins ho'kEnz h lhoTooTornn0 Hawthorne ho'To"rn h lh$==h$0==== hay hei h lh!dE!dEn=n0 Haydn hai'dEn h lh$z=$z0==== Hayes heiz h lh$z=$z0==== Hays heiz h lh$ststak=k0 haystack hei'sta"k h lhaz*az*rdd0 hazard ha'z*rd h lhaz*az*rddE hazardous ha'z*rdEs h lhaz*az*rdz0 hazards ha'z*rdz h lh$z=$z0==== haze heiz h lh$zE$zEl=10 hazel hei'zEl h lhazlzlEt=t0 Hazlitt ha'zlEt h lh$zi$zi==i0 hazy hei'zi h lhi==hi0==== he hi h lhid=id0==== he'd hid h lhil=il0==== he'll hil h lhiz=iz0==== he's hiz h lhed=ed0==== head hed h lhedAedAn=n0 head-on he'dA'n h lhedtdtAslsI head-tossing he'dtA"sIN h lhed$ed$k=k0 headache he'dei"k


h lhed$ed$kss0 headaches he'dei"ks h lhedEedEd=d0 headed he'dEd h lhedIedIN=N0 heading he'dIN h lhedldlandd0 headland he'dla"nd h lhedldlEs=s0 headless he' diEs h lhedldl!tss0 headlights he'dlai"ts h lhedldl!n=n0 headline he'dlai"n h lhedldl!nzz0 headlines he'dlai"nz h lhedmdmastt* headmaster he' dma" s t>'<r h lhedkkwortt* headquarters he'dkwo"rt*rz h lhedzdz0==== heads hedz h lhedwdwAt*t* headwaters he'dwA"t*rz h lhediedi==i0 heady he'di h 1 h il = il 0==== heal hil h lhildld0==== healed hild h lhil*il*r=r0 healer hi'l*r h lhil I il IN=N0 healing hi'lIN h lhelT1T0==== health he iT h lhelTTfEl=10 healthful he'lTfEl h lhelTlTi*ri* healthier he'lTi>'<r h lhelTlTElili healthily he'lTEli h lhelT1Ti==i0 healthy he'lTi h lhip=ip0==== heap hip h lhiptpt0==== heaped hipt h lhIr=Ir0==== hear hIr h lh*rdrd0==== heard h>'<rd h lhIr*Ir*r=r0 hearer hI'r*r h lhIr*Ir*rzz0 hearers hI'r*rz h lhIrIIrIN=N0 hearing hI'rIN h lhIrIIrINzz0 hearings hI'rINz h lhIrzrz0==== hears hIrz h lhIrsrs$==$0 hearsay hI'rsei" h lh'>'<rsst0==== Hearst h>'<rst h lh>'<rsts0==== Hearst's h>'<rsts h lhArtrt0==== heart hArt

Data Sets 165

h lhArttbit=t0 heartbeat hA'rtbi"t h lhArtbr$kIkI heartbreaking hA'rtbrei"kIN h lhArtrtEnInI heartening hA'rtEnIN h lhArTrT0==== hearth hArT h lhArtrtElili heartily hA'rtEli h lhArtts0==== hearts hArts h lhArtrti==i0 hearty hA'rti h Ihit=it0==== heat hit h IhitEitEd=d0 heated hi' tEd h Ihit*it*r=r0 heater hi't*r h IhiDEiDEn=n0 heathen hi'DEn h IheD*eD*r=r0 heather he'D*r h IhitIitIN=N0 heating hi' tIN h Ihiv=iv0==== heave hiv h Ihivdvd0==== heaved hivd h IhevEevEn=n0 heaven he'vEn h IhevEevEnlli heavenly he'vEnli h IhevEevEnzz0 heavens he'vEnz h lhevievi*ri* heavier he'vi*r h IhevieviEsiE heaviest he'viEst h IhevEevElili heavily he'vEli h IhevievinEnE heaviness he'vinEs h IhivIivIN=N0 heaving hi'vIN h lhevievi==i0 heavy he'vi h Ihibrbru==u0 Hebrew hi'bru h IhektktIk=k0 hectic he'ktIk h lhej Eej Ez=z0 hedges he' j Ez h Ihid=id0==== heed hid h IhidldlEs=s0 heedless hi' dIEs h Ihil=il0==== heel hil h Ihilzlz0==== heels hilz h Ih$gE$gEl=10 Hegel hei' gEl h Ih!t=!t0==== height hait h lh!tE!tEndd0 heightened hai'tEnd h Ih!tE!tEnInI heightening hai'tEnIN


h lh!tsts0==== heights haits h lheldld0==== held held h lhelEelEn=n0 Helen he' lEn h lhiliiliEmiE helium hi'liEm h lhel=e10==== hell hel h lhelzlz0==== hell's helz h 2hEleElenlnI Hellenic hEle'nlk h lhelf1f!r=r0 hellfire he'lfai"r h 2hel%el%==%0 hello helou' h lhelmlm0==== helm helm h lhelmlmEtss0 helmets he'lmEts h lhelplp0==== help help h lhelppt0==== helped helpt h lhelplp*r=r0 helper he'lp*r h lhelppfEl=10 helpful he'lpfEl h lhelppfEllli helpfully he'lpfElli h lhelplpIN=N0 helping he'lpIN h lhelpplEs=s0 helpless he'lplEs h lhelpplEslli helplessly he'lplEsli h lhelpplEsnnE helplessness he'lplEsnEs h lhelpps0==== helps helps h lhem=em0==== hem hem h lhemlemINww$ Hemingway he'mINwei" h lhemEemEsffI hemisphere he'mEsfI"r h lhemdmd0==== hemmed hemd h lhem*em*rlrI hemorrhage he'rn*rlj h lhempsted=d0 Hempstead he'mpsted h lhen=en(2)==== hen hen h lhensns0==== hence hens h lhenssforTT0 henceforth he'nsfo"rT h lhenccmEn=n0 henchmen he'ncmEn h lhendnd*rssE Henderson he'nd*rsEn h lhenrnrietie Henrietta he"nrie'tE h lhenrnri==i0 Henry he'nri h lhenrnriz=z0 Henry's he'nriz

Data Sets 167

h Ihenznz0==== hens henz h Ih*r=*r0==== her h*r h IherEerEldd0 herald he' rEId h IherEerElddE heralded he'rEldEd h Ih*rbrb0==== Herb h*rb h Ih*rbrb*rtt0 Herbert h*'rb*rt h Ih*rkkyElili Hercules h*'rkyEli"z h Ih*rdrd0==== herd h*rd h Ih*rdrdEd=d0 herded h*'rdEd h Ih*rddz0==== herds h*rdz h IhIr=Ir0==== here hIr h IhIrzrz0==== here's hIrz h IhIrEIrEb@b@ hereabouts hI'rEbau"ts h IhIraIraftt* hereafter hI"ra' ft>'<'r h IhIrbrb!==!0 hereby hI'rbai" h 2hEreEredEdE heredity hEre'dEti h IhIrIIrIn=nQ) herein hI"rI'n h IhIrIIrInana hereinafter hI' rI"na' ft*r h IherEerEsisi heresy he'rEsi h IhIrtrtufofo heretofore hI'rtu"fo'r h IhIrwrwIT=T0 herewith hI"rwI'T h IherEerEtItI heritage he'rEtIj h Ih*rmrmEn=nQ) Herman h*'rmEn h IhIr%Ir%==%0 hero hI'rou h IhIr%Ir%z=zQ) hero's hI'rouz h IhIr%Ir%z=zQ) heroes hI'rouz h 2hIr%Ir%Ik%I heroic hIrou'Ik h 2hIr%Ir%Ik%I heroics hIrou'Iks h Iher%er%En%E heroin he'rouEn h Iher%er%En%E heroine he'rouEn h Iher%er%Iz%I heroism he'rouI"zEm h Iher=er0==== Herr her h IherIerIk=k0 Herrick he'rIk h IherIerIN=NQ) herring he'rIN h Ih,'<'rzrz0==== hers h*rz


h lh*rsrselff0 herself h*"rse'lf h 1hezEezEtEtE hesitancy he'zEtEnsi h lhezEezEtEtE hesitant he'zEtEnt h lhezEezEtEtE hesitantly he' zEtEntli h lhezEezEt$t$ hesitate he'zEtei"t h lhezEezEt$t$ hesitated he' zEtei"tEd h lhezEezEt$t$ hesitation he"zEtei'SEn h lhesiesiEniE Hessians he'siEnz h lhet*et*r%r% heterogeneous he"t*rouji'nyEs h lheksks0==== hex heks h 2heksksagEgE hexagonal heksa'gEnEl h 2heksksamEmE hexameter heksa'mEt*r h lh$==h$0==== hey hei h lh$d$$d$==$0 heyday hei'dei" h lh!drdrlk=k0 Heydrich hai'drlk h lh$wU$wUd=d0 Heywood hei'wU"d h lh!==h!0==== hi hai h lh!Ewh!EwAwA Hiawatha hai"EwA'TE h lhIk*Ik*riri hickory hI'k*ri h lhld=Id0==== hid hId h lhIdEldEn=n0 hidden hI'dEn h lh!d=!d0==== hide haid h lhldiIdiEsiE hideous hI'diEs h lhIdiIdiEsiE hideously hI'diEsli h lh dzdz0==== hides haidz h lh dI!dIN=N0 hiding hai'dIN h lh rA!rArkki hierarchy hai'rA"rki h lh ==h!0==== high hai h lh si! silIlI high-ceilinged hai' s i"lINd h lh de!denssE high-density hai'de"nsEti h lh enh! en*n* high-energy hai' e"n*rj i h lh le!levEvE high-level hai'le"vEl h lh pI !pIctt0 high-pitched hai'pI"ct h lh p@!p@rdd0 high-powered hai'pau"rd h lh prpr!stt0 high-priced hai'prai"st

Data Sets 169

h 1h!prpr%titi high-protein hai'prou"tin h 1h! sksku1=10 high-school hai'sku"l h 1h! s@ ! s@nddI high-sounding hai'sau"ndIN h 1h! spspid=d0 high-speed hai'spi"d h 1h!spspIrErE high-spirited hai'spI"rEtEd h 1h!va!va1yyu high-value hai'va"lyu h 1h 1bo!bo1=10 highball hai'bo"l h 1h *rh!*r=r0 higher hai'*r h 1h Esh!Estt0 highest hai'Est h 1h 1E 1Endd0 highland hai'lEnd h 1h 1E 1Endz0 highlands hai'lEndz h 1h 1! 1!t=t0 highlight hai'lai"t h 1h 1! l!tItI highlighting hai'lai"tIN h 1h 1! 1!tss0 highlights hai'lai"ts h 1h li li==i0 highly hai'li h 1h p# p#ntt0 highpoint hai'poi"nt h 1h Z= z0==== highs haiz h 1h w$ w$==$0 highway hai'wei" h 1h w$ w$z=z0 highways hai'wei"z h 1h ja jak*k* hijackers hai' j a"k*rz h 1h ja jakIkI hijacking hai' j a"kIN h 1h k= k0==== hike haik h 1h ksks0==== hikes haiks h 1h kI!kIN=N0 hiking hai'kIN h 2hE1eE1eriri hilarious hE1e'riEs h 1hIl=Il0==== hill hIl h 1hIl=Il0==== Hill hIl h 1hIlb1bIlili hillbilly hI'lbI"li h 1hI1z1z0==== hills hIlz h 1hIls1s! d=d0 hillside hI'lsai"d h 1hIly1y*r=r0 Hillyer hI'ly*r h 1hIl tl to==== hilt hIlt h 1hIlt1tEn=n0 Hilton hI'ltEn h 1hIm=Im0=== him hIm h IhImEImEl$l$ Himalayas hI"mElei'Ez


h lhImsmselffQl himself hI"mse'lf h lh!ndndQl==== hind haind h lhIndnd*rddQl hindered hI'nd*rd h lhlndnd*rErE hindrances hI'nd'\"rEnsEz h lhlndndu==uQl Hindu hI'ndu h lhlndndulzuI Hinduism hI'nduI"zEm h lhlnjnjEz=zQl hinges hI'nj Ez h lhIntntQl==== hint hInt h lhlntntEd=dQl hinted hI'ntEd h lhlntntEn=nQl Hinton hI'ntEn h lhInttsQl==== hints hInts h lhIp=IpQl==== hip hlp h lhlpspsQl==== hips hIps h lh!rE!rEm=mQl Hiram hai'rEm h lh!r=!rQl==== hire hair h lh!rdrdQl==== hired haird h lh!rI!rIN=NQl hiring hai'rIN h lhIrElrESiSi Hiroshima hI"rESi'mE h lhIz=IzQl==== his hIz h lhIststQl==== hissed hIst h lhIsIIsIN=NQl hissing hI'sIN h 2hIststoriri historian hIsto'riEn h 2hIststoriri historian's hIsto'riEnz h 2hIststoriri historians hIsto'riEnz h 2hIststorlrI historic hIsto'rlk h 2hIststorErE historical hIs to' rEkEl h 2hIststorErE historically hIsto'rEkli h lhIstst*riri histories hI'st*riz h lhIstst*riri history hI'st*ri h lhIt=ItQl==== hit hIt h lhlc=IcQl==== hitch hlc h lhlckckAk=kQl Hitchcock hI' ckA"k h lhlctctQl==== hitched hlct h lhlcIIcIN=NQl hitching hI'cIN h lhID*ID*r=rQl hither hI'D*r

Data Sets 171

h IhID*ID*rttu hitherto hI'D*rtu" h IhItltl*r=r0 Hitler hI'tl*r h IhItltl*rzz0 Hitler's hI'tl*rz h IhItsts0==== hits hIts h IhIt*It*r=r0 hitter hI't*r h IhIt*It*rzz0 hitters hI't*rz h IhItIl tIN=N0 hitting hI' tIN h Ih!v=!v0==== hive haiv h Ihorsrs0==== hoarse hors h Ihorssli==i0 hoarsely ho'rsli h lhAbEAbEldd0 hobbled hA'bEld h IhAbiAbi==i0 hobby hA'bi h lhAk=Ak0==== hoc hAk h lhAjpjpAj=j0 hodgepodge hA' jpA"j h lhAj EAj Ez=z0 Hodges hA' j Ez h lhAfEAfE==E0 Hoffa hA'fE h IhAfmfmEn=n0 Hoffman hA'fmEn h lhAg=Ag0==== hog hAg h Ih%gE%gEn=n0 Hogan hou'gEn h lhAgzgz0==== hogs hAgz h Ih#ststEd=d0 hoisted hoi'stEd h Ih%ldld0==== hold hould h Ih%ldld*r=r0 holder hou'ld*r h Ih%ldld*rzz0 holders hou'ld*rz h Ih%ldldIN=N0 holding hou'ldIN h Ih%ldldINzz0 holdings hou'ldINz h Ih%lddzel==== holds houldz h Ih%ldldEp=p0 holdup hou'ldE"p h Ih% 1=% 10==== hole houl h Ih%lzlz0==== holes houlz h IhAIEAIEd$d$ holiday hA'lEdei" h lhAlEAlEd$d$ holidays hA'lEdei"z h Ih%li%li*ri* holier-than-thou hou'li*rDa"nDau' h Ih%li%linEnE holiness hou'linEs h lhAlEAlEndd0 Holland hA'lEnd


h lhAl*Al*rdd0 hollered hA'l*rd h lhAl><Al*rlrI hollering hA'l><rIN h lhAl%Al%==%0 hollow hA'lou h lhAliAliwUwU Hollywood hA'liwU"d h lhAliAliwUwU Hollywood's hA'liwU"dz h lh%lmmz0==== Holmes houlmz h lhAlEAlEkAkA holocaust hA'lEkA"st h lh%lsst*r=r0 holster hou'lst*r h lh%lsst*rdd0 holstered hou'lst*rd h lh% li% li==i0 holy hou'li h lh%lyly%k=k0 Holyoke hou'lyou"k h lhAmIAmlj=j0 homage hA'mlj h lh%m=%m0==== home houm h lh%mggr%n=n0 home-grown hou'mgrou"n h lh%mlmlandd0 homeland hou'mla"nd h Ih%mlmli==i0 homely hou'mli h Ih%mmmm$d=d0 homemade hou'mmei"d h Ih%mmmm$k*k* homemaker hou' mme i "k"kr h Ih%mmmm$k*k* homemakers hou'mmei"k*rz h Ih%m%%m%n*n* homeowners hou'mou"n*rz h Ih%m*%m><r=r0 homer hou'm*r h lh%m*%m*r=r0 Homer hou'm*r h 2h%me%merlrI Homeric houme'rlk h Ih%m*%m*rzz0 homers hou'm~<rz

h Ih%mzmz0==== homes houmz h Ih%mssted=d0 homestead hou'mste"d h IhAmEAmEs!s! homicide hA'mEsai"d h lh%m%%m%j Ej E homogeneity hou"moujEnei'Eti h Ih%m%%m%j ij i homogeneous hou"mouji'nyEs h Ih%m%%m%j ij i homogeneously hou"mouji'nyEsli h lh%m%%m%sese homosexual hou"mouse'kSuEl h Ih%na%nan=n0 Honan hou'na'n h IhEniEni==i0 honey hE'ni h lhEniEnimumu honeymoon hE'nimu"n h IhEniEnisEsE honeysuckle hE'nisE"kEl

Data Sets 173

h lhAN=AN0==== Hong hAN h lhANkNkitAtA honky-tonk hA'NkitA"Nk h lhAnEAnElulu Honolulu hA"nElu'lu h lhUd=Ud0==== hood hUd h lhUd=Ud0==== Hood hUd h lhudldlEm=m0 hoodlum hu'dlEm h lhudldlEmzz0 hoodlums hu'dlEmz h lhUdzdz0==== hoods hUdz h lhUf=Uf0==== hoof hUf h lhUfsfs0==== hoofs hUfs h lhUk=Uk0==== hook hUk h lhUktkt0==== hooked hUkt h lhUksks0==== hooks hUks h lhUkEUkEp=p0 hookup hU'kE"p h lhup=up0==== hoop hup h lhupsps0==== hoops hups h lhut=ut0==== Hoot hut h lhut=ut0==== hoot hut h lhuv*uv*r=r0 Hoover hu'v*r h lhUvzvz0==== hooves hUvz h lhAp=Ap0==== hop hAp h lh%p=%p0==== hope houp h lh%p=%p0==== Hope houp h lh%ptpt0==== hoped houpt h lh%pttfor=r0 hoped-for hou'ptfo"r h lh%pfpfEl=10 hopeful hou'pfEl h lh%pfpfEllli hopefully hou'pfElli h lh%pfpfElzz0 hopefuls hou'pfElz h lh%plplEs=s0 hopeless hou'plEs h lh%plplEslli hopelessly hou'plEsli h lh%plplEsnnE hopelessness hou'plEsnEs h lh%psps0==== hopes houps h lh%pI%pIN=N0 hoping hou'pIN h lhApkpkEnzz0 Hopkins hA'pkEnz h lhAptpt0==== hopped hApt


h lhAp*Ap*r=r0 hopper hA'p*r h lhAp lAp IN=N0 hopping hA'plN h lhorEorEs=s0 Horace ho'rEs h lhordrd0==== horde hord h lhorddz0==== hordes hordz h 2hEr!Er!zEzE horizon hErai'zEn h 2hEr!Er!zEzE horizons hErai'zEnz h lhorEorEzAzA horizontal ho"rEzA'ntEl h lhorEorEzAzA horizontally ho"rEzA' ntEll i h lhormrm%n=n0 hormone ho'rmou"n h lhormrm%nzz0 hormones ho'rmou"nz h lhornrn0==== horn horn h lhornrn0==== Horne horn h lhornnz0==== horns hornz h lhorEorEwlwl Horowitz ho'rEwl"ts h lhorEorEbEbE horrible ho'rEbEl h lhorEorEbEbE horribly ho'rEbElli h lhorEorEf!f! horrified ho'rEfai"d h lhorEorEf!f! horrifying ho'rEfai"lN h lhor*or*r=r0 horror hO'r*r h lhor*or*rzz0 horrors ho'r*rz h lhorsrs0==== horse hors h lhorsrsEz=z0 horse's ho'rsEz h lhorssbak=k0 horseback ho'rsba"k h lhorssmEnSSl horsemanship ho'rsmEnSI"p h lhorssmEn=n0 horsemen ho'rsmEn h lhorspl$==$0 horseplay ho'rsplei" h 2horssp@r=r0 horsepower hO'rspau"r h lhorsrsEz=z0 horses ho'rsEz h lhorsrsEz=z0 horses' ho'rsEz h lh%z=%z0==== hose houz h lh%zE%zEz=z0 hoses hou'zEz h 2hAspspItEtE hospitable hAspl'tEbEl h lhAspspltEtE hospital hA'spl"tEl h lhAspspEtata hospitality hA"spEta'lEti

Data Sets 175

h lhAspspItEtE hospitalization hA"spItE1Ezei'SEn h lhAspspItEtE hospitals hA'spI"tElz h lh%stst0==== host houst h lh%stts0==== host's housts h lhAststlj=j0 hostage hA'stlj h lh%ststEs=s0 hostess hou'stEs h lh%ststEsEsE hostesses hou'stEsEz h lhAststEl=10 hostile hA'stEl h 2hAststIlE1E hostilities hAstI'lEtiz h 2hAststIlE1E hostility hAstI'lEti h lh%stts0==== hosts housts h lhAt=At0==== hot hAt h lhAtStSAt=t0 hot-shot hA'tSA"t h 2h%te%tel=10 hotel houte'l h 2h%te%telzz0 hotels houte'lz h lhAtltli==i0 hotly hA'tli h lhAt*At*r=r0 hotter hA't*r h lhAtEAtEstt0 hottest hA'tEst h lhEf=Ef0==== Hough hEf h lh%tE%tEn=n0 Houghton hou'tEn h lh@k=@k0==== Houk hauk h lh@ndnd0==== hound haund h lh@nddz0==== hounds haundz h lh@s=@s0==== house haus h lh@s=@s0==== House haus h lh@z=@z0==== house hauz h lh@zdzd0==== housed hauzd h lh@shsh%ldd0 household hau'shou"ld h Ih@shsh%ldd* householder hau'shou"ld>'<r h lh@shsh%ldz0 households hau'shou"ldz h lh@skskip*p* housekeeper hau'ski"p*r h lh@skskiplpI housekeeping hau'ski"pIN h lh@zE@zEz=z0 houses hau'zEz h lh@swsw!f=f0 housewife hau'swai"f h lh@swsw!vzz0 housewives hau'swai"vz


h lh@swsw*rkk0 housework hau'sw*"rk h lh@zI@zIN=N0 housing hau'zIN h lh@smsmEnzz0 Housman's hau'smEnz h lyuststEn=n0 Houston hyu'stEn h lhEvEEvEl=10 hovel hE'vEl h lhEv*Ev*r=r0 hover hE'v*r h lh@==h@0==== how hau h lh@d=@d0==== how'd haud h lh@z=@z0==== how's hauz h lh@rdrd0==== Howard hau'rd h lh@==h@0==== Howe hau h lh@evh@ev*v* however hau"e'v*r h lh@1=@10==== howl haul h lh@lI@lIN=N0 howling hau'lIN h Ih@lzlz0==== howls haulz h lh#t=#t0==== Hoyt hoit h lyub*ub*rtt0 Hubert hyu'b*rt h IhEbzbz0==== hubs hEbz h IhEksst*r=r0 huckster hE'kst*r h IhEdEEdEl=10 huddle hE' dEl h IhEdEEdEldd0 huddled hE'dEld h IhEdEEdElIlI huddling hE'dElIN h lhEdsdsEn=n0 Hudson hE'dsEn h IhEdsdsEnzz0 Hudson's hE'dsEnz h lyu==yu0==== hue hyu h IhEg-Eg0---- hug hEg h lyuj =uj 0==== huge hyuj h lhEgdgd0==== hugged hEgd h lhEgIEgIN=N0 hugging hE' gIN h lyu==yu0==== Hugh hyu h lyuz=uz0==== Hughes hyuz h IhE==hE0==== huh hE h IhElklk0==== hulk hElk h IhElklkIN=N0 hulking hE'lkIN h IhElkks0==== hulks hElks

Data Sets 177

h lhEl=E10=== hull hEl h lhEm=Em0=== hum hEm h lyumEumEn=n0 human hyu'mEn h 2yum$um$n=n0 humane hyumei'n h lyumEumEnInI humanism hyu' mEnI" z Em h lyumEumEnEnE humanist hyu'mEnEst h lyumEumEnInI humanistic hyu"mEnI'stIk h 2yumaumanEnE humanitarian hyuma"nEte'riEn h 2yumaumanEnE humanities hyuma'nEtiz h 2yumaumanEnE humanity hyuma'nEti h lyumEumEnnnE humanness hyu'mEnnEs h lyumEumEnzz0 humans hyu'mEnz h lhEmbmbEl=10 humble hE'mbEl h lhEmbmbElll i humbly hE'mbElli h lyum=um0==== Hume hyum h 2yumIumIdEdE humidity hyumI'dEti h 2yumIumIlili humiliated hyumI'liei"tEd h 2yumIumIlili humiliating hyumI'liei"tIN h 2yumIumIlili humiliation hyumI"liei'SEn h 2yumIumIlE1E humility hyumI'lEti h lhEmdmd0==== hummed hEmd h lhEmIEmIN=N0 humming hE' mIN h lhEmEEmEkss0 hummocks hE'mEks h lyum*um*r=r0 humor hyu'm*r h lyum*um*rErE humorous hyu'm*rEs h lhEmffri==i0 Humphrey hE'mfri h lhEncnc0==== hunch hEnc h lhEncct0==== hunched hEnct h lhEnddrEd=d0 hundred hE'ndrEd h lhEnddrEdAdA hundred-odd hE'ndrEdA"d h lhEnddrEdzz0 hundreds hE'ndrEdz h lhEnddrEdTT0 hundredth hE'ndrEdT h lhEN=EN0==== hung hEN h 2hENgNgeriri Hungarian hENge'riEn h lhENgNg*riri Hungary hE' Ng>\-r i

178 ANALOGICAL MODELING OP LAI\'GUAGE

h lhENgNg*r=r0 hunger hE'Ng*r h lhENgNg*riri hungry hE'Ng*ri h lhENkNk0==== hunk hENk h lhENkNk*rdd0 hunkered hE'Nk*rd h lhEntnt0==== hunt hEnt h lhEntnt0==== Hunt hEnt h lhEntntEd=d0 hunted hE'ntEd h lhEntnt*r=r0 hunter hE'nt*r h lhEntnt*r=r0 Hunter hE'nt*r h lhEntnt*rkkI hunter-killer hE'nt*rkI"l'~r

h lhEntnt*rzz0 hunters hE'nt*rz h lhEntntIN=N0 hunting hE'ntIN h lhEnttli==i0 Huntley hE'ntli h lhEntts0==== hunts hEnts h lh*rdrdEl=10 hurdle h*'rdEl h lh*rlrl0==== hurl h*rl h lh*rlld0==== hurled h*rld h lh*rlrlIN=N0 hurling h*'rlIN h ly*rA*rAk=k0 Hurok hy*'rA"k h 2hErAErA==A0 hurrah hErA' h lh*rE*rEk$k$ hurricane h*'rEkei"n h lh*ri*rid=d0 hurried h*'rid h lh*rE*rEdlli hurriedly h'~'rEdli

h lh*ri*ri==i0 hurry h*'ri h lh*ri*riINiI hurrying h*'riIN h lh,'(rtrt0==== hurt h*rt h lh*rtrtIN=N0 hurting h*'rtIN h lh'~rtrtE1I1I hurtling h*'rtElIN h lh*rtts0==== hurts h*rts h lhEzbzbEndd0 husband hE'zbEnd h lhEzbzbEndz0 husband's hE' zbEndz h lhEzbzbEndri husbandry hE'zbEndri h lhEzbzbEndz0 husbands hE'zbEndz h lhES=ES0==== hush hES h lhEStSt0==== hushed hESt

Data Sets 179

h IhEskski==i0 husky hE' ski h IhEsEEsEI=10 hustle hE'sEI h IhEsEEsEldd0 hustled hE'sEld h IhEsEEsEI*I* hustler hE'sEI*r h IhEt=Et0==== hut hEt h IhEcEEcEnzz0 Hutchins hE'cEnz h IhEtsts0==== huts hEts h IhEtEEtEn=n0 Hutton hE' tEn h IhEkssli==i0 Huxley hE'ksli h IhEkssliz=z0 Huxley's hE'ksliz h 2h!anh!anEnE Hyannis haia'nEs h Ih!drdr!d=d0 hydride hai'drai"d h Ih!drdr%kAkA hydrocarbon hai"droukA'rbEn h lh! drdrEj Ej E hydrogen hai'drEj En h lh ! j i ! j in=n0 hygiene hai' j i"n h IhIm=Im0==== hymn hIm h IhImzmz0==== hymns hImz h Ih!p*!p*rbbA hyperbolic hai"p*rbA'lIk h Ih!fE!fEn$n$ hyphenated hai'fEnei"tEd h 2hEpAEpAkrrE hypocrisies hEpA'krEsiz h 2hEpAEpAkrrE hypocrisy hEpA'krEsi h IhIpEIpEkrrI hypocrite hI'pEkrI"t h IhIpEIpEkrrI hypocrites hI'pEkrI"ts h Ih!p%!p%TaTa hypothalamus hai"pouTa'IEmEs h 2h!pA!pATETE hypotheses haipA'TEsiz h 2h!pA!pATETE hypothesis haipA'TEsEs h 2h!pA!pATETE hypothesized haipA' TEsai "zd h Ih!pE!pETeTe hypothetical hai"pETe'tEkEl h 2hIststeriri hysteria hIste'riE h 2hIststerErE hysterical hIste'rEkEl j 2h%z$%z$==$0 Jose houzei' wh Ihu==hu0==== who hu wh Ihud=ud0==== who'd hud wh Ihuz=uz0==== who's huz wh lhuevhuev*v* whoever hu"e'v'~r


wh lh%l=%10==== whole houl wh lh%lsls$1=10 wholesale hou'lsei"l wh lh%lslsEm=m0 wholesome hou'lsEm wh lh%11lli==i0 wholly hou'lli wh lh%lllli%ni% wholly-owned hou'lliou"nd wh lhum=um0==== whom hum wh lhupIupIN=N0 whooping hU'pIN wh lhor=or0==== whore hor wh lhuz=uz0==== whose huz wh lhus%us%ev%e whosoever hu"soue'v*r

Data Sets 181

3. Categorical Determination of /b,p/ in English

outcomes: /h/, /p/

variables:

7 intervals of time measuring voicing onset time (VOT)

each interval 7 msec long, from + 2 msec to + 51 msec

data set (outcome, variables, VOT):

b xxxxxxx -107 P 0000000 51 b xxxxxxx -97 p 0000000 51 b xxxxxxx -83 p 0000000 63 b xxxxxxx -71 p 0000000 63 b xxxxxxx -58 p 0000000 63 b xxxxxxx -53 p 0000000 63 b xxxxxxx -49 p 0000000 70 b xxxxxxx -48 p 0000000 70 b xxxxxxx -32 p 0000000 71 b xxxxxxx -19 p 0000000 71 b xxxxxxx 0 p 0000000 73 b xxxxxxx 0 p 0000000 73 b xxxxxxx 0 p 0000000 83 b xxxxxxx 1 p 0000000 83 b xxxxxxx 1 p 0000000 83 b xxxxxxx 1 P 0000000 83 b xxxxxxx 1 p 0000000 88 b xxxxxxx 2 p 0000000 88 b xxxxxxx 2 p 0000000 94 b xxxxxxx 2 p 0000000 94


4. Terms of Address in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic

outcomes: ya'axi, yaxuuya (both meaning 'my brother')

variables:

1 speaker sex (female, male)

2 speaker social class (lower, middle, upper)

3 speaker age (middle-aged, old, young)

4 addressee social class (lower, middle, upper)

5 addressee age (middle-aged, old, young)

6 speaker's tone of voice (negative, positive)

7 power relationship of speaker to addressee (dominant, equal, subordinate)

8 closeness of speaker and addressee (nuclear family, friend, known, relative, unknown)

data set (variables, outcome, frequency):

flmlmneu yaxuuya 2 flolyndn ya'axi 1 flmlmpef yaxuuya 1 yaxuuya 1 flmlmpeu yaxuuya 1 flolyneu yaxuuya 2 flmlopef yaxuuya 1 flomypeu yaxuuya 1 flmlyneu yaxuuya 1 flylmnef yaxuuya 1 flmlyper yaxuuya 1 flylmpeu yaxuuya 1 flmmopef yaxuuya 1 flylopsn yaxuuya 1 flmmopeu yaxuuya 1 flylynef yaxuuya 1 flmmyneu yaxuuya 1 flylyner yaxuuya 1 flolmneu yaxuuya 1 flylypeu yaxuuya 1 flolmpef yaxuuya 1 flymmpeu yaxuuya 1 flolopeu yaxuuya 1 flyumpeu yaxuuya 1

Data Sets 183

fmmlmneu yaxuuya 1 mlmlypef yaxuuya 2 fmmmyndn ya'axi 1 mlmlypek yaxuuya 1 fmomonsn ya'axi 2 mlmmmneu ya'axi 1 fmomyndn yaxuuya 1 mlmmmpeu yaxuuya 1 fmouyneu yaxuuya 1 mlmmoneu yaxuuya 1 fmymmneu yaxuuya 1 mlmmypsk yaxuuya 2 fmymonsn ya'axi 2 mlmuynsu ya'axi 1 fmymynef ya'axi 2 mlolmnek ya'axi 1 fmymyner ya'axi 1 mloloneu ya'axi 1

yaxuuya 1 mlolyndk ya'axi 1 fumuonsn yaxuuya 1 mlolynef ya'axi 2 fuoloneu yaxuuya 1 mlolynef yaxuuya 1 fuolynek yaxuuya 1 mlolynek yaxuuya 1 fuouyndn ya'axi 1 mlolypef ya'axi 1

yaxuuya 1 mlommpef yaxuuya 1 fuouypsn yaxuuya 1 mlommpeu ya'axi 1 fuyumnef ya'axi 1 mlomyneu ya'axi 1 fuyuynef yaxuuya 4 yaxuuya 1 fuyuyner ya'axi 2 mlylonef yaxuuya 1

yaxuuya 6 mlylynef ya'axi 8 fuyuyper yaxuuya 1 yaxuuya 2 mlmlmnek ya'axi 1 mlylynek yaxuuya 1

yaxuuya 1 mlylyner ya'axi 1 mlmlmneu ya'axi 1 mlylyneu ya'axi 1 mlmlmpef ya'axi 1 mlylypef ya'axi 3

yaxuuya 2 yaxuuya 2 mlmlmpeu yaxuuya 1 mlylyper ya'axi 1 mlmlonef ya'axi 1 mlymynef ya'axi 4 mlmlonek ya'axi 1 mlymyneu ya'axi 1 mlmlopeu yaxuuya 1 mlymypef yaxuuya 1 mlmlyndn ya'axi 1 mlyuynsu yaxuuya 1 mlmlynef yaxuuya 1 mmmlmpef ya'axi 1 mlmlynek yaxuuya 1 mmmlmpeu ya'axi 2 mlmlyneu ya'axi 1 mmmlonek ya'axi 1

yaxuuya 1 mmmlopeu yaxuuya 1


mmmlyndk ya'axi 1 mmymyner ya'axi 1 mmmlyneu ya'axi 1 mmymynsu ya'axi 1 mmmlypdk yaxuuya 1 mmymypef ya'axi 6 mmmmmnef ya'axi 1 yaxuuya 3

yaxuuya 1 mmymypeu ya'axi 1 mmmmmnek ya'axi 1 mmyuyneu ya'axi 1 mmmmmneu yaxuuya 1 mumlmneu yaxuuya 1 mmmmmpef ya'axi 1 mumlynek yaxuuya 1

yaxuuya 1 mummmpeu ya'axi 1 mmmmmpeu yaxuuya 1 mumumnef ya'axi 2 mmmmyndn ya'axi 2 mumumneu ya'axi 1 mmmmynek ya'axi 1 mumuyndn ya'axi 1 mmmmyner ya'axi 2 muolmneu ya'axi 1 mmmmypef yaxuuya 1 muouonef ya'axi 1 mmmumneu yaxuuya 1 muouoner yaxuuya 1 mmmuynsk ya'axi 1 muouyper ya'axi 1 mmo1mneu yaxuuya 1 muylmndk ya'axi 1 mmo1oneu ya'axi 1 yaxuuya 1 mmo1ypef ya'axi 1 muyuynef ya'axi 13 mmommnef ya'axi 1 yaxuuya 5 mmomypef yaxuuya 1 muyuynek ya'axi 1 mmomypsk yaxuuya 1 muyuyner ya'axi 4 mmoumneu yaxuuya 1 muyuyneu ya'axi 1 mmy1ynek yaxuuya 1 yaxuuya 1 mmy1yneu ya'axi 1 muyuypef ya'axi 5 mmymmndu yaxuuya 1 yaxuuya 4 mmymmnef ya'axi 1 muyuyper yaxuuya 1 mmymynef ya'axi 18

yaxuuya 7

Data Sets 185

5. Past Tense in Finnish

(restricted to two-syllable verb stems ending in a, ii, or e)

outcomes: V-i, a-oi, tV-si, hte-ksi

variables:

1 the word-initial phoneme

2 the first vowel in the word

3 whether the first vowel is immediately followed by another vowel in the same syllable (V) or not (0)

4 the following vowel in the same syllable, if it exists (see the third variable); if not, the non-specification symbol (=)

5 whether the vowel(s) of the first syllable are followed by a sonorant in the same syllable (S) or not (0)

6 the following sonorant in the same syllable, if it exists (see the fifth variable); if not, the non-specification symbol (=)

7 whether the vowel(s) of the first syllable are followed by an obstruent in the same syllable (0) or not (0)

8 the following obstruent in the same syllable, if it exists (see the seventh variable); if not, the non-specification symbol (=)

9 the last consonant in the word

10 the last vowel in the word

data set (verb stem, gloss, variables, current outcome, original outcome [if different from current outcome]):

aja drive aa0=0=0=ja a-oi alka begin aa0=S10=ka a-oi anta give aa0=Sn0=ta a-oi


autta help aaVu0=Otta a-oi ela live ee0=0=0=la V-i esta prevent ee0=0=Osta V- i haasta summon haVa0=Osta a-oi haise smell [intran.] haVi0=0=se V-i haista smell [tran.] haVi0=Osta a-oi hake go get ha0=0=0=ke V-i heitta throw heVi0=Otta V-i hiihta ski hiVi0=Ohta V-i hohta gleam ho0=0=Ohta V- i hoita tend hoVi0=0=ta V-i tV-si huolta maintain huVoS10=ta tV-si huuta shout huVu0=0=ta tV-si ime suck ii0=0=0=me V-i iske strike ii0=0=Oske V-i itke cry ii0=0=Otke V- i ita germinate ii0=0=0=ta V-i tV-si jaka divide ja0=0=0=ka a-oi jaksa have strength ja0=0=Oksa a-oi jatka continue ja0=0=Otka a-oi jauha grind jaVu0=0=ha a-oi johta lead jo0=0=Ohta V- i j ousta be flexible joVu0=Osta V-i juokse run juVo0=Okse V- i jatta leave (behind) ja0=0=Otta V- i jayta gnaw jaVy0=0=ta V-i tV-si kaata overturn kaVa0=0=ta a-oi kaihta shun kaVi0=Ohta a-oi kaiva dig kaVi0=0=va a-oi kanta carry ka0=Sn0=ta a-oi kartta avoid ka0=SrOtta a-oi kasva grow ka0=0=Osva a-oi katta roof ka0=0=Otta a-oi keitta cook keVi0=Otta V-i kesta last ke0=0=Osta V-i

Data Sets 187

kielta forbid kiVeS10=ta tV-si kierta wind kiVeSr0=ta tV-si kiista dispute kiVi0=Osta V-i kiitta thank kiVi0=Otta V-i kiita speed kiVi0=0=ta V-i tV-si kitke weed (out) ki0=0=Otke V-i koitta dawn koVi0=Otta V-i koke experience ko0=0=0=ke V-i koske touch ko0=0=Oske V-i kosta get revenge ko0=0=Osta V-i kulke move (forward) ku0=S10=ke V- i kuole die kuVo0=0=le V-i kuule hear kuVu0=0=le V-i kuulta shine faintly kuVuSl0=ta tV-si kylpe take a bath ky0=Sl0=pe V-i kylva sow ky0=Sl0=va V-i kynta plow ky0=Sn0=ta V-i tV-si kyte smolder ky0=0=0=te V-i tV-si kytke tie (up) ky0=0=Otke V-i kaske command ka0=0=Oske V-i katke hide ka0=0=Otke V- i kaytta use kaVy0=Otta V- i kaanta turn kaVaSn0=ta tV-si laitta prepare laVi0=Otta a-oi laske let go la0=0=Oske V-i laula sing laVu0=0=la a-oi lenta fly le0=Sn0=ta tV-si liitta join liVi0=Otta V- i loista shine loVi0=Osta V-i luista glide luVi0=Osta V-i luke read lu0=0=0=ke V- i luotta trust luVo0=Otta V- i luule suppose luVu0=0=le V-i lahte depart la0=0=Ohte V-i hte-ksi loyta find loVy0=0=ta tV-si


mahta be capable of ma(2)=(2)=Ohta a-oi maista taste maVi(2)=Osta a-oi maksa pay ma(2)=(2)=Oksa a-oi maltta have patience ma(2)=SlOtta a-oi mene go me(2)=(2)=(2)=ne V- i muista remember muVi(2)=Osta V- i murta break mu(2)=Sr(2)=ta tV-si muutta change muVu(2)=Otta V- i myonta admit myVoSn(2)=ta tV-si naura laugh naVu(2)=(2)=ra a-oi niele swallow niVe(2)=(2)=le V- i niitta mow niVi(2)=Otta V- i nosta lift no(2)=(2)=Osta V-i nouse rise noVu(2)=(2)=se V-i nouta fetch noVu(2)=(2)=ta V-i tV-si nyhta pull (out) ny(2)=(2)=Ohta V-i nylke skin ny(2)=Sl(2)=ke V- i nake see na(2)=(2)=(2)=ke V-i naytta show naVy(2)=Otta V-i ole be oo(2)=(2)=(2)=le V- i osta buy oo(2)=(2)=Osta V- i otta take oo(2)=(2)=Otta V-i paahta scorch paVa(2)=Ohta a-oi paina weigh paVi(2)=(2)=na a-oi paista bake paVi(2)=Osta a-oi pala burn pa(2)=(2)=(2)=la a-oi pane put pa(2)=(2)=(2)=ne V-i peitta cover (up) peVi(2)=Otta V-i pese wash pe(2)=(2)=(2)=se V- i petta deceive pe(2)=(2)=Otta V-i piekse whip piVe(2)=Okse V- i piile be hidden piVi(2)=(2)=le V-i piirta draw piViSr(2)=ta tV-si pista sting pi(2)=(2)=Osta V- i pita hold pi(2)=(2)=(2)=ta V- i tV-si

Data Sets 189

poista remove poVi0=Osta V-i polke trample (on) po0=S10=ke V-i poltta burn po0=SlOtta V-i pote be sick po0=0=0=te V-i tV-si puke dress pU0=0=0=ke V-i pure bite pU0=0=0=re V-i purka unloose pu0=Sr0=ka V-i puske butt pu0=0=Oske V-i pyyta request pyVy0=0=ta tV-si pyorta turn back pyVoSr0=ta tV-si paase get somewhere paVa0=0~se V-i paAstA let go pAVA0=OstA V-i pAAttA decide pAVA0=OttA V-i raasta grate raVa0=Osta a-oi rientA hasten riVeSni2!=tA tV-si riistA deprive riVi0=OstA V-i riittA be enough riVi0=OttA V-i ryostA rob ryVoi2!=OstA V-i saatta accompany saVa0=Otta a-oi sata rain sai2!=0=0=ta a-oi sieta tolerate siVe0=0=tA V-i tV-si siirta move siViSr0=ta tV-si soitta ring soVi0=Otta V-i sotke make a mess so0=0=Otke V-i souta row soVui2!=0=ta V-i tV-si suista hurl suVi0=Osta V-i sula melt su0=0=0=la V-i sulke close sui2!=S10=ke V-i sure grieve sui2!=0=0=re V-i syytta accuse syVy0=OttA V-i syyta toss syVy0=i2!=tA V- i tV-si syokse plunge syVo0=Okse V-i syottA feed syVo0=Otta V-i sArke shatter sA0=Sri2!=ke V-i sAAstA save sAVA0=OstA V-i


saata enact saVa(2)=(2)=ta V- i tV-si taita know how taVi(2)=(2)=ta tV-si a-oi taitta break (in two) taVi(2)=Otta a-oi tappa kill ta(2)=(2)=Oppa a-oi teetta have made teVe(2)=Otta V- i teke do te(2)=(2)=(2)=ke V- i tieta know tiVe(2)=(2)=ta tV-si toista repeat toVi(2)=Osta V- i tuke support tu(2)=(2)=(2)=ke V- i tule corne tu(2)=(2)=(2)=le V- i tunke force tu(2)=SN(2)=ke V- i tunte feel tu(2)=Sn(2)=te tV-si tuotta produce tuVo(2)=Otta V- i tyonta push tyVoSn(2)=ta tV-si taytta fill taVy0=Otta V- i uitta float uuVi(2)=Otta V- i vaihta (ex) change vaVi(2)=Ohta a-oi vala cast (metal) va(2)=(2)=(2)=la a-oi veta pull ve(2)=(2)=(2)=ta V- i tV-si vietta spend ( time) viVe(2)=Otta V- i viista brush (past) viVi(2)=Osta V- i virkka utter vi(2)=SrOkka a-oi voitta win voVi(2)=Otta V- i vuole carve vuVo(2)=(2)=le V- i vuota leak vuVo(2)=(2)=ta V- i tV-si vyotta gird (up) vyVo(2)=Otta V- i vaitta argue vaVi(2)=Otta V- i valtta avoid va(2)=SlOtta V-i vaanta twist vaVaSn(2)=ta tV-si ylta reach yy(2)=Sl(2)=ta V- i tV-si

Appendix Three

PASCAL PROGRAM

{written in Turbo Pascal, version 3.0 (Turbo Pascal is a registered trademark of Borland International)

determines the analogical set for Fasold's data (see section 4.3 of text)

runs on 8088 microprocessor with 640 KB RAM and 20 MB hard disk

two input files (CONSDEL.DAT, CONSDEL.OUT)

and one output file (CONSDEL.PRD)

constants at beginning of program set according to format of input files}

program analogy; {for a given context determines the analogical set

and predicts the outcome for that context}

191


var file_description: string[8]; i, j, k : integer; space : char; data_file, outcome_file: text; num_data : integer;

const {number of items in <file_description>.DAT}

data_size = 370; {number of outcomes in <file_description>.OUT}

num_outcome = 2; {number of variables in <file_description> .DAT}

numyar = 3; {2**num_var - 1}

num_cntxt = 7; {(num_dat - 1) div 256}

num_set = 1; {maximum length of data specification}

data_specJength = 5; {maximum length of outcome specification}

outcome_specJength = 11; type

data_type = record remembered : boolean; outcome: char; variables: string[numyar); spec: string [data_specJength]; freq : real

end; outcome_type = record

outcome : char; spec: string[outcome_specJength]; freq : real

end;

Pascal Program

var data : array[1..data_size] of dataJype; outcome: array[1..num_outcome] of outcome_type;

const null = '=';

var oudile : text; quit, exclude_given, exclude_null: boolean; ch: char; givenyariables : string[numyar];

var active_var, active_context: integer; var_set : set of 1 .. num_var;

type seCpointer = "sets; sets = array[O .. num_set] of set of 0 .. 255; contextJype = record

var

code: char; data_set : set_pointer

end;

context: array[O .. num_cntxt] of contextJype; offset, twos_power : integer; seUndex, seC place : integer; new_context: boolean; upper : integer; freq : real; data_block : integer; position : integer; data_number : integer; totalJreq : real; percent : integer; probability : real; number : integer; count : integer; random_count: integer;

193


average: array[l .. num_outcome] of real; sum: array[1..num_outcome] of real; predictable : integer; percentage : real; totatsum : real;

begin

{select the parameters}

clrscr; file_description: = 'CONSDEL';

write('Give the probability'); writeCthat data will be remembered: '); readln(probability) ; writeln; write('Give the number of tests '); write(,for Monte Carlo estimation: '); readln(number);

{read in the data set}

assign(dataJile, file_description + '.DAT');

reset( dataJile); i := 0; while not eof( dataJile) do begin

i := i + 1; readln( data_file, data[i].outcome,

space, data[i].variables, space, data[i].spec) end; close( dataJile);

assign(outcomeJile, file_description + '.OUT');

reset( outcome_file); i := 0;

Pascal Program

while not eof(outcomeJile) do begin

i := i + 1; readln( outcome_file, outcome[i].outcome,

space, outcome[i].spec) end; close ( outcome_file);

assign(outfile, file_description + '.PRD'); rewrite( outfile );

{read in the given context}

writeln; write(' '); for i : = 1 to numyar do

write(i mod 10); writeln; write('Specify the given context (" num_var:2, ' variables): ');

readln(given_variables) ; writeln(outfile, 'GIVEN CONTEXT: " givenyariables); writeln( outfile ); writeln( outfile,' probability = " probability:6:5); writeln( outfile); writeln(outfile,' number of Monte Carlo tests = " number); writeln( outfile); writeln;

{set the parameters for the given context}

write('Do you want to exclude this context from the data? ');

write('(Y IN) '); read(kbd, ch); exclude_given: = upcase( ch) = 'Y';

195


if exclude_given then begin

write1n( oudile,' given excluded from the data set'); writeln( outfile); write1nCyes')

end else begin

writeln( outfile,' given included in the data set'); writeln( out file ); write1nCno')

end; if pose null, givenyariables) < > 0 then begin

writeln; writeCDo you want to exclude null variables? (YIN) '); read(kbd, ch); exclude_null: == upcase( ch) == 'Y'; if exclude_null then begin

writeln(,yes') ; writeln( outfile,' null variables excluded'); writeln( out file)

end else begin

writelnCno'); write1n( outfile,' null variables included'); writeIn( outfile)

end end else exclude_null: == false;

{determine which items in the data set are remembered}

writeln( outfile);

writeln; num_data : = data_size; predictable : = 0;

Pascal Program

for i : = 1 to num_outcome do begin

sum[i] := 0; average[i] : = 0

end; for count : = 1 to number do begin

randomize; for i : = 1 to data_size do

data[i].remembered : = random < probability; for i : = 1 to num_data do

data[i].freq : = 0; for i : = 1 to num_outcome do

outcome[i].freq := 0; for i : = 0 to num_cntxt do begin

context[i].code : = '0'; context[i].data_set : = nil

end;

activeyar : = 0; active_context: = 1; var_set : = []; for i : = 1 to num_var do begin

if (not exclude_null) or (given_variables[i] < > null) then

begin active_var : = active_var + 1; active_context: = active_context shl1; var_set : = var_set + [i]

end end;

197

198 ANALOGICAL MODELING Of LANGUAGE

{set up the contextual space}

random_count: = 0; for i : = 1 to num_data do begin

if data[i].remembered then begin

random_count: = random_count + 1; if (not exclude_given)

or (given_variables < > data[i].variables) then begin

offset: = 0; twos_power: = 1; for j : = 1 to numyar do begin

if j in var_set then begin

if givenyariables[j] < > data[i].variables[j] then offset : = offset + twos_power;

twos_power: = twos_power shl 1 end

end; new_context: = false; with context[ offset] do begin

case code of '0' : begin

code: = data[i].outcome; new_context: = true

end; 'A' . .'Z', 'a' . .'z' : if code < > data[i].outcome then

code := '1' end; setjndex : = (i - 1) div 256; set place : = (i - 1) mod 256;

if new_context then begin

new( data_set);

Pascal Program

for j : = 0 to num_set do data_setA[j] : = []

end; data_setA[setjndex] : = data_setA[setjndex] + [set_place]

end end;

end end;

{test for homogeneity}

for i := 0 to (active_context - 1) do begin

if context[i].code < > '0' then begin

upper := i; twos_power : = 1; for j : = 1 to activeyar do begin

if upper mod 2 = 0 then begin

if context[i].code = '1' then begin

if context[i +twos_power ].code = '0' then begin

context[i +twos_power].code : = '1'; new( context[i + twos_power].data_set); for k : = 0 to num_~et do

context[i + twos_power] .data_setA[k] : =

context[i].data_setA[k] end else context[i +twos_power].code : = '2'

end

199


else if context[i].code = '2' then

context[i +twos_power].code : = '2' else

if context[i +twos_power]. code = context[i].code then for k : = 0 to num_set do

context[i + twos_power ].data_sd'[k] : =

context[i +twos_power].data_ser"[k] + context[i] .data_setA[k]

else if context[i +twos_power].code = '0' then begin

context[i + twos_power].code : = context[i].code; new( context[i + twos_power ].data_set); for k : = 0 to num_set do

context[i + twos_power] .data_setA[k] : =

context[i].data_setA[k] end else

context[i +twos_power].code : = '2'; end; twos_power: = twos_power shl 1; upper: = upper shr 1;

end end

end;

{create the analogical set}

for i : = 0 to (active_context - 1) do begin

if note context[i].code in ['0', '2']) then begin

freq := 0;

Pascal Program

for setindex : = 0 to num_set do if context[i].data_setA[seUndex] < > [] then

for set place : = 0 to 255 do if set place in context[i].data_setA[seUndex]

then freq : = freq + 1; for setjndex : = 0 to num_set do

if context[i].data_setA[seUndex] < > [] then begin

data_block : = setjndex ... 256; for set place : = 0 to 255 do

if set place in context[i].data_setA[setjndex] then begin

201

data_number : = data_block + set place + 1; data[data_number].freq : = data[data_number].freq + freq

end end

end end;

{count the frequencies in the analogical set}

for i : = 1 to num_data do begin

if data[i].freq < > 0 then begin

position := ord(data[i].outcome); if position < 91 then

position : = position - 64 else position : = position - 70; outcome[position].freq :=

outcome[position].freq + data[i].freq end

end;

totalJreq : = 0;

202 ANALOGICAL MODELING OF LAKGUAGE


if outcome[i].freq < > 0 then totalJreq : = totalJreq + outcome[i].frcq

end;

{print out the results}

writeln(outfile, count, , ANALOGICAL SET');

writeln( outfile); writeln(outfile,' total frequency = " totalJreq:l:O); writeln( outfile);

writeln( count, , ANALOGICAL SET');

writeln; writelnC total frequency = " totalJreq:l:O); writeln;

for i : = 1 to num_data do begin

if data[i].freq < > 0 then begin

percent: = round(lOOO * (data[i].freqjtotalJreq)); writeln(outfile,' " data[i].outcome, , "

data[i].spec:data_specJength, ' " data[i].freq:10:0, , " percent:4);

writeln(, ',data[i].outcome,' " data[i].spec:data_specJength, , " data[i].freq:10:O, , " percent:4)

end end;

writeln( outfile); writeln;

Pascal Program

writeln(outfile,' number of items remembered = " random_count:3, ' (out of', data_size:3, 'r);

writeln( outfile );


if outcome[i].freq < > 0 then begin

percent: = round(lOOO * (outcome[i].freqjtotalJreq)); percentage: = 1000 * (outcome[i].freqjtotalJreq); writeln(outfile,' ',outcome[i].outcome,",

outcome[i] .spec:outcome_spec)ength, ' " outcome[i].freq:10:0, ' " percent:4);

writeln(, ',outcome[i].outcome,", outcome[i].spec:outcome_spec)ength, ' " outcome[i].freq:lO:O, ' " percent:4);

sum[i] : = sum[i] + percentage end

end;

writeln( outfile);

if random_count < > 0 then predictable : = predictable + 1;

writeln( outfile ); writeln;

for i : = 0 to num_cntxt do if context[i].data_set < > nil then

dispose( context[i].data_set);

end;

writeln( outfile); writeln;

203


writeln( outfile, 'SUMMARY'); writeln('SUMMARY'); writeln(outfile,' number of predictable cases: " predictable); writeln(, number of predictable cases: " predictable); totatsum : = 0; if predictable < > 0 then begin

for i : = 1 to num_outcome do totatsum : = total_sum + sum[i];


average[i] : = 1000 * sum[i]/totatsum; writeln(outfile,' average for outcome " outcome[i].outcome, ,

average[i]:S:O); writeln(, average for outcome " outcome[i].outcome, '=',

average[i]:S:O) end

end; close( outfile)

end.

CONSDEL.DAT (re-arranged into columns)

Avwp vwpl B vwp vwp8 B vwp Avwp vwp2 B vwp vwp9 B vwp A vwp vwp3 B vwp vwplO B vwp A vwp vwp4 B vwp vwpll B vwp A vwp vwpS B vwp vwp12 B vwp A vwp vwp6 B vwp vwp13 B vwp B vwp vwp7 B vwp vwp14 B vwp

vwplS vwp16 vwp17 vwp18 vwp19 vwp20 vwp21

Pascal Program 205

B vwp vwp22 B vwp vwp57 B vwf vwf25 B vwp vwp23 B vwp vwp58 B vwf vwf26 B vwp vwp24 B vwp vwp59 B vwf vwf27 B vwp vwp25 B vwp vwp60 B vwf vwf28 B vwp vwp26 B vwp vwp61 B vwf vwf29 B vwp vwp27 B vwp vwp62 B vwf vwf30 B vwp vwp28 B vwp vwp63 B vwf vwf31 B vwp vwp29 B vwp vwp64 B vwf vwf32 B vwp vwp30 B vwp vwp65 B vwf vwf33 B vwp vwp31 B vwp vwp66 B vwf vwf34 B vwp vwp32 B vwp vwp67 B vwf vwf35 B vwp vwp33 A vwf vwfl B vwf vwf36 B vwp vwp34 A vwf vwf2 B vwf vwf37 B vwp vwp35 A vwf vwf3 B vwf vwf38 B vwp vwp36 A vwf vwf4 B vwf vwf39 B vwp vwp37 A vwf vwf5 B vwf vwf40 B vwp vwp38 A vwf vwf6 B vwf vwf41 B vwp vwp39 A vwf vwfl B vwf vwf42 B vwp vwp40 A vwf vwf8 B vwf vwf43 B vwp vwp41 A vwf vwf9 B vwf vwf44 B vwp vwp42 A vwf vwflO B vwf vwf45 B vwp vwp43 A vwf vwfll B vwf vwf46 B vwp vwp44 A vwf vwfl2 B vwf vwf47 B vwp vwp45 A vwf vwfl3 B vwf vwf48 B vwp vwp46 B vwf vwfl4 B vwf vwf49 B vwp vwp47 B vwf vwfl5 B vwf vwf50 B vwp vwp48 B vwf vwfl6 B vwf vwf51 B vwp vwp49 B vwf vwfl7 B vwf vwf52 B vwp vwp50 B vwf vwfl8 B vwf vwf53 B vwp vwp51 B vwf vwfl9 B vwf vwf54 B vwp vwp52 B vwf vwf20 B vwf vwf55 B vwp vwp53 B vwf vwf21 A vws vwsl B vwp vwp54 B vwf vwf22 A vws vws2 B vwp vwp55 B vwf vwf23 A vws vws3 B vwp vwp56 B vwf vwf24 A vws vws4


A vws vwsS B vws vws40 A vmp vmp12 A vws vws6 B vws vws41 B vmp vmp13 A vws vws7 B vws vws42 B vmp vmp14 A vws vws8 B vws vws43 A vmf vmfl A vws vws9 B vws vws44 A vmf vmf2 A vws vwslO B vws vws45 B vmf vmf3 A vws vwsll B vws vws46 B vmf vmf4 A vws vws12 B vws vws47 B vmf vmf5 A vws vws13 B vws vws48 A vms vmsl A vws vws14 B vws vws49 A vms vms2 A vws vws15 B vws vws50 A vms vms3 B vws vws16 B vws vwsSl A vms vms4 B vws vws17 B vws vwsS2 A vms vmsS B vws vws18 B vws vws53 A vms vms6 B vws vws19 B vws vws54 A vms vms 7 B vws vws20 B vws vwsS5 B vms vms 8 B vws vws21 B vws vws56 B vms vms 9 B vws vws22 B vws vws57 B vms vmslO B vws vws23 B vws vws58 B vms vmsll B vws vws24 B vws vws59 B vms vms12 B vws vws25 B vws vws60 A cwp cwpl B vws vws26 B vws vws61 A cwp cwp2 B vws vws27 B vws vws62 A cwp cwp3 B vws vws28 B vws vws63 A cwp cwp4 B vws vws29 A vmp vmpl A cwp cwpS B vws vws30 A vmp vmp2 A cwp cwp6 B vws vws31 A vmp vmp3 A cwp cwp7 B vws vws32 A vmp vmp4 A cwp cwp8 B vws vws33 A vmp vmpS A cwp cwp9 B vws vws34 A vmp vrnp6 A cwp cwplO B vws vws35 A vmp vmp7 A cwp cwpll B vws vws36 A vrnp vrnp8 A cwp cwp12 B vws vws37 A vrnp vrnp9 A cwp cwp13 B vws vws38 A vmp vmplO A cwp cwp14 B vws vws39 A vrnp vrnpll A cwp cwp15

Pascal Program 207

A cwp cwp16 A cwf cwfl6 A cws cws19 A cwp cwp17 A cwf cwfl7 A cws cws20 A cwp cwp18 A cwf cwfl8 A cws cws21 A cwp cwp19 A cwf cwfl9 A cws cws22 A cwp cwp20 A cwf cwf20 A cws cws23 A cwp cwp21 A cwf cwf21 A cws cws24 A cwp cwp22 A cwf cwf22 A cws cws25 B cwp cwp23 A cwf cwf23 A cws cws26 B cwp cwp24 A cwf cwf24 A cws cws27 B cwp cwp25 B cwf cwf25 A cws cws28 B cwp cwp26 B cwf cwf26 A cws cws29 B cwp cwp27 B cwf cwf27 A cws cws30 B cwp cwp28 B cwf cwf28 A cws cws3l B cwp cwp29 B cwf cwf29 A cws cws32 B cwp cwp30 B cwf cwf30 A cws cws33 B cwp cwp3l B cwf cwf3l A cws cws34 B cwp cwp32 B cwf cwf32 A cws cws35 B cwp cwp33 A cws cwsl A cws cws36 B cwp cwp34 A cws cws2 A cws cws37 B cwp cwp35 A cws cws3 B cws cws38 A cwf cwfl A cws cws4 B cws cws39 A cwf cwf2 A cws cws5 B cws cws40 A cwf cwf3 A cws cws6 B cws cws41 A cwf cwf4 A cws cws7 B cws cws42 A cwf cwf5 A cws cws8 B cws cws43 A cwf cwf6 A cws cws9 B cws cws44 A cwf cwf7 A cws cwslO B cws cws45 A cwf cwf8 A cws cwsll B cws cws46 A cwf cwf9 A ews cws12 B cws ews47 A cwf cwflO A ews ews13 A cmp cmpl A ewf ewfll A ews ews14 A cmp cmp2 A ewf ewfl2 A cws ews15 A emf emfl A cwf cwfl3 A cws cws16 A emf emf2 A cwf ewfl4 A ews ews17 A cmf emf3 A ewf ewf15 A ews ews18 A emf cmf4


A emf emfS A ems ems4 A ems ems16 A emf emf6 A ems emsS A ems ems17 A emf emf7 A ems ems6 A ems ems18 A emf emf8 A ems ems7 A ems ems19

A emf emf9 A ems ems8 A ems ems20 A emf emflO A ems ems9 A ems ems2l A emf emfll A ems emslO B ems ems22 B emf emfl2 A ems emsll B ems ems23 B emf emfl3 A ems ems12 B ems ems24 A ems emsl A ems ems13 B ems ems2S A ems ems2 A ems ems14 A ems ems3 A ems emslS

CONSDEL.OUT

A deleted B not deleted

INDEX

accessibility 85-86, 100 activation model 81 agreement 24-26 alternating rules of usage 82-85 alternative explanation of

Finnish past tense 133-135 analogical effect 37-39, 68, 119 analogical set 4, 36, 112-114 analogy 4-6, 22-23 Analogy and Stnlcture 6 Arabic (Egyptian) 97-100,

182-184 atomism 140

basic types of behavior 11-15, 40-50, 54-76

Black English 86-95 boundary 15-18, 40-41, 46 Brown corpus 54-55, 60

categorical behavior 11-16, 40-45, 54-59

comparison of approaches 5, 22-23

209

competence 76 computer limitations 51-52, 97 computer program 51, 191-208 conceptual problems 19-21 connectionism 6, 81-86 contingency table 34 continuous variable 73, 76 correctness 14, 22, 97

data set 11-13, 23, 51-54, 150-190

declarative approach 6 density of data 58, 131-132 deterministic behavior 32-33,

37-39 deterministic supracontext 32,

79-80 differentiation of data 52 directional leakage 16, 56-58 disagreement 24-26 discrete analysis of continuous

variable 73, 76 distance 37, 47-48, 112-114 distinctive features 53-54


empirical interpretation 14 empirical problems 15-18, 21 empty supracontext 31 English 16-18, 52-76, 147-181 exceptional extensions 17, 47-48 exceptional/regular behavior

11-15, 17,23-24,37,45-48, 60-71

exceptionality 65-71, 99-100, 119 exclusion of given context 66-67,

125 exponential effect 37-39, 64-65,

113-114

final-stop deletion 86-95 final It,dl deletion 77, 96-97 Finnish 101-136, 185-190 free variation 77 frequency 22-23, 92-95, 122-123,

136 fuzziness 15-16, 41, 46

gang effect 67-71, 113, 119, 131-132

gas laws 139-140 given context 15, 26

Ihl spelling in English 52-53, 60-71, 156-180

hardware requirements 138-139 heterogeneity 31 heterogeneous supracontext

33-34 historical development of

Finnish 110, 124-126, 135-136

historical drift in Finnish 124-133

homogeneity 31 homogeneous supracontext

31-33,35 homophone avoidance 123,

126-135 homophony 69-70

idiosyncratic behavior 11-15, 18, 48-50,71-76

idiosyncratic field 39 ill-formed context 19, 21, 43-44,

73, 76 imperfect memory 86-100 inclusive heterogeneity 34, 51-52 indefinite article in English 16,

54-59, 150-155

labial stops in English 18, 71-76, 181

language variation 77-100 leakage 16, 40-43, 46-48, 56-58,

62-64,69 leakage scale 117-118, 124 learning time 41-43, 46-48,

56-58 level of significance 35, 87-89 limits on variation 95-97 linguistic structuralism 3-4 logistic model 95

massively parallel processing 52, 137-139

meta-description 139-140

missing information 19-21, 44-45, 58-59

Monte Carlo estimation 94, 99-100

morphology 17, 85-86, 101-136 most powerful test 34-35, 87-88 multivariate analysis 86-100

negation 14 network 24-25,80-81 non-deterministic behavior

77-100 non-deterministic supracontext

32-33 non-prediction 88-93 nonce words 17, 85

outcome 23 overview of analogical model 4,

22-23 overview of book 6-10

parallel distributed processing 81

partition 3, 19 past tense in Finnish 101-136,

185-190 Pearson's X2 test 34-35 perception of sound duration

75-76 performance 76 phonemes of English 147-149 phonemic representation 53-54,

110 physics 139-140 pointer 24-25, 36-37, 80

Index 211

potential heterogeneity 35, 88 primitive data set 124-133 probability learning 77-85 procedural approach 6 processing time 137-138 proximity 52-53

random selection 37, 82-85 redundancy 20, 48, 59 rule 3-5, 13-15, 22-23, 134-135 rule applicability 19-20 rule of usage 14-15, 19,36-37,

82-85 rule ordering 14

saturated field 37-39 selection by plurality 82-85, 125 semantic experiments 18 simplicity 14 sociolinguistic variables 96-100 Spanish 64-65 spelling 17, 60-71, 156-180 stability 81, 125-133 structuralism 3-6 subcontext 15, 27 subcontextual analysis 27-31 supracontext 26 supracontextual analysis 27-31 syllabic representation 53-54,

110

terms of address in Arabic 97-100, 182-184

tokens 54 traditional analogy 4, 134-135 transition 18, 49-50, 74-76


types 54

uncertainty 26 unobstructed supracontext 33,

79-80,113 utility 82-85

variable 11, 23 variable rule 78-79 variable selection 51-54 variable separation 43-45, 95

variation in Finnish past tense 104-110

verb types in Finnish 101-104 voicing onset time 18, 71-76,

181 voicing types in English 71-72

<wh> spelling in English 17, 70-71

word recognition 45, 59

references - springer978-94-009-1906-8/1.pdf · references anttila, raimo (1972). an introduction...

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