regional energy saving program development...
TRANSCRIPT
Regional Energy Saving Program Development: Comprehensive Approach
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IFC
2121
Pen
nsyl
vani
a Av
enue
, NW
W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C 2
0433
USA
Te
l.: +
1 (2
02) 4
58-0
917
Fax:
+1
(202
) 974
-431
2 w
ww.
ifc.o
rg/p
ep
Ackn
owle
dgem
ents
This
docu
men
t w
as p
repa
red
by t
he W
orld
Ban
k G
roup
(W
BG)
expe
rts
unde
r th
e gu
idan
ce o
f M
s. O
lga
Punt
us
(IFC
). Th
e tea
m o
f exp
erts
incl
uded
Mr.
Yuri
Miro
shni
chen
ko
(WB)
, K
seni
ya M
okru
shin
a (W
B),
Boris
Nek
raso
v (I
FC)
and
Suvi
Mon
ni (
Benv
iroc
Ltd,
Fin
land
). Th
e au
thor
s w
ould
lik
e to
exp
ress
spe
cial
tha
nks
to t
he fo
llow
ing
man
ager
s an
d em
ploy
ees
of O
AO1
VN
IPIe
nerg
opro
m A
ssoc
iatio
n: M
r. V
icto
r Sem
enov
, Mr.
Yuri
Tik
hone
nko,
Mr.
Yevg
eniy
Gas
ho,
Mr.
Vita
ly P
apus
hkin
, Ms.
Yeka
terin
a Rep
etsk
aya,
Mr.
Rom
an
Oze
rov,
Mr.
Vadi
m B
andu
rist,
et a
l. V
NIP
Iene
rgop
rom
’s w
ork
on p
repa
ratio
n of
ene
rgy
savi
ng a
nd e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy
impr
ovem
ent
prog
ram
s fo
r a
num
ber
of R
ussia
n re
gion
s an
d th
eir i
nter
med
iate
resu
lts a
nd re
com
men
datio
ns g
reat
ly h
elpe
d in
the
prep
arat
ion
of th
is m
etho
dolo
gy.
Spec
ial t
hank
s to
Ms.
Snez
ana
Stoi
ljkov
ic (
IFC
Dire
ctor
for
Eu
rope
and
Cen
tral
Asia
) fo
r he
r as
sista
nce,
as
wel
l as
to t
he
WBG
exp
erts
for t
heir
reco
mm
enda
tions
.
In a
dditi
on,
the
auth
ors
wou
ld l
ike
to e
xpre
ss g
ratit
ude
to
the
follo
win
g ex
pert
s: M
s. Ya
dvig
a Se
mik
olen
ova
(WB)
, M
s. Br
yann
e Ta
it (I
FC),
Ms.
Kris
tina
Turil
ova
(IFC
), M
r. M
ikha
il Po
stel
nik
(Bel
goro
d St
ate
Uni
vers
ity),
Mr.
Vya
ches
lav
Puza
kov
and
Mr.
Rom
an R
azor
enov
(Hea
t Sup
ply
Sect
or N
ews,
a te
chni
cal
mag
azin
e),
Ms.
Tatia
na G
usev
a (M
ende
leye
v U
nive
rsity
of
Che
mic
al T
echn
olog
y of
Rus
sia),
Mr.
Vla
dim
ir Le
ksin
(R
ussia
n A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces),
Ms.
Laris
a G
rishi
na,
Mr.
And
rey
Shm
itko,
Mr.
Vita
ly V
oron
ov
(Ene
rgy
Sect
or M
oder
niza
tion
Cen
ter),
Mr.
Nik
olay
Ant
onov
(E
nerg
y Ba
lanc
es F
orec
astin
g A
genc
y (A
PBE)
), M
r. Ig
or
Gol
ubev
, M
r. D
mitr
y G
avril
ov (
Gip
roko
mm
unen
ergo
), M
r. M
ikha
il Sl
obod
in (K
ES-H
oldi
ng),
Mr.
Boris
Por
tyan
kin
and
Mr.
Yevg
eniy
Zhu
kov
(Int
er-s
ecto
ral A
naly
tical
Cen
ter),
Mr.
Vla
dim
ir K
limen
ko, M
r. V
yach
esla
v Ry
zhen
kov,
Mr.
Ana
toliy
Va
kulk
o, M
r. A
lexa
nder
Spiri
dono
v, M
r. A
lexa
nder
Bob
ryak
ov,
Mr.
Ale
xand
er Z
lobi
n, M
r. V
ladi
mir
Aga
babo
v (M
osco
w
Pow
er E
ngin
eerin
g In
stitu
te),
Mr.
Yuri
Tabu
nsch
ikov
(N
on-
com
mer
cial
Par
tner
ship
Rus
sian
Ass
ocia
tion
of E
ngin
eers
fo
r H
eatin
g,
Vent
ilatio
n,
Air-
Con
ditio
ning
, H
eat
Supp
ly
and
Build
ing
Ther
mal
Phy
sics
(NP
AVO
K),
Mr.
Ale
xand
er
Mar
tyno
v an
d M
r. V
ladm
ir A
rtyu
khov
(I
ndep
ende
nt
Ecol
ogic
al R
atin
g A
genc
y (N
ERA)
), M
r. Ya
kov
Sche
loko
v, M
r. N
ikol
ay D
anilo
v, M
r. Va
leriy
Nau
men
ko a
nd M
r. Va
dim
Ye
rem
eyev
(R
egio
nal
Ener
gy
Savi
ng
Cen
ters
), M
s. Ir
ina
Zad
irako
(Rus
sian
Ener
gy A
genc
y), M
r. Ig
or B
ashm
akov
and
M
r. O
leg
Lebe
dev (
CEN
Ef),
and
Mr.
And
rey M
inen
kov (
Stat
e D
epar
tmen
t for
Ene
rgy
Effici
ency
of t
he R
epub
lic o
f Bel
arus
).
The
Stud
y w
as fi
nanc
ed jo
intly
by
IFC
and
the
Min
istry
of
Fore
ign
Affa
irs o
f Fi
nlan
d. A
ll st
atem
ents
inc
lude
d in
thi
s m
etho
dolo
gy e
xpre
ss th
e po
int o
f vie
w o
f the
wor
king
gro
up,
and
do n
ot n
eces
saril
y co
inci
de w
ith f
orm
al o
pini
ons
of
the
WB,
IFC
, affi
liate
d or
gani
zatio
ns,
and
mem
bers
of
the
Boar
d of
Exe
cutiv
e D
irect
ors
or c
ount
ries
they
rep
rese
nt.
The
mat
eria
ls in
clud
ed i
n th
is do
cum
ent
shal
l re
mai
n th
e pr
oper
ty o
f IFC
. The
docu
men
t was
pre
pare
d in
the
Rus
sian
and
Engl
ish la
ngua
ges.
Plea
se d
o no
t hes
itate
to c
onta
ct I
FC
with
que
stio
ns r
elat
ed to
the
con
tent
s of
the
met
hodo
logy
or
to re
ques
t a p
erm
it to
repr
oduc
e its
par
ts o
r obt
ain
addi
tiona
l co
pies
.
1 O
AO –
Ope
n Jo
int-s
tock
Com
pany
(tra
nsla
tor’s
not
e)
Con
tent
s
– a
chie
vem
ent o
f ec
onom
ical
ly so
und
effici
ency
of
use
of e
nerg
y re
sour
ces i
n th
e con
text
of t
he c
urre
nt le
vel
of e
ngin
eerin
g an
d te
chno
logy
de
velo
pmen
t as w
ell a
s com
-pl
i anc
e with
envi
ronm
ent
prot
ectio
n re
quire
men
ts.
– a
docu
men
t re
fl ec t
ing
the e
nerg
y re
sour
ces
cons
umpt
ion
bala
nce,
effi
cien
cy
para
met
ers i
n te
rms o
f ene
rgy
reso
urce
s use
with
in th
e fra
me-
wor
k of
bus
ines
s act
iviti
es o
f an
entit
y, en
ergy
savi
ng p
oten
tial
as w
ell a
s dat
a on
ener
gy sa
ving
ac
tiviti
es.
– c
on-
sum
p tio
n of
ene
rgy
reso
urce
s by
con
sum
ers,
indi
vidu
al
entr
epre
neur
s, an
d le
gal
entit
ies f
or th
eir i
nter
nal n
eeds
in
depe
nden
t of t
heir
form
of
inco
rpor
atio
n.
– an
abs
olut
e or s
peci
fic v
alue
of
cons
umpt
ion
or lo
ss o
f ene
rgy
reso
urce
s for
any
-pur
pose
pro
-du
cts s
et b
y na
tiona
l sta
ndar
ds,
entit
ies’
stan
dard
s, an
d vo
lunt
ary
cert
ifica
tion
syste
ms. –
ener
gy
car r
ier w
hich
is b
eing
cur
rent
ly
used
or m
ay b
e use
d be
nefic
ially
in
the f
utur
e.
– im
plem
enta
-tio
n of
lega
l, or
gani
zatio
nal,
scie
n tifi
c, p
rodu
ctio
n, te
chni
cal
and
econ
omic
mea
sure
s aim
ed a
t effi
cien
t use
of e
nerg
y re
sour
ces
and
invo
lvem
ent o
f RES
in b
usi-
ness
act
iviti
es.
– a
set
of w
orks
and
(or)
serv
ices
whi
ch
perf
orm
ance
wou
ld e
nabl
e sa
ving
s of m
onet
ary
fund
s via
effi
cien
t use
of e
nerg
y re
sour
ces. –
a l
egal
ent
ity p
rovi
ding
serv
ices
an
d (o
r) pe
rfor
min
g w
orks
on
the
basis
of c
ontr
acts
for i
mpl
e men
-ta
tion
of e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
ject
s.
–
an e
ntity
whi
ch se
lls g
ener
ated
or
pro
cure
d el
ectr
ic a
nd (o
r) th
erm
al e
nerg
y to
con
sum
ers.
– a
surv
ey
of c
onsu
mer
s and
pro
duce
rs
of e
nerg
y re
sour
ces w
ith th
e pu
rpos
e of e
stab
lishi
ng e
ffici
ency
pa
ram
eter
s of e
nerg
y re
sour
ces
gene
ratio
n, d
istrib
utio
n an
d us
e as w
ell a
s ene
rgy
savi
ng
pote
n tia
l and
dev
elop
men
t of
eco
nom
ical
ly so
und
mea
sure
s ai
med
at t
heir
impr
ovem
ent.
– in
this
met
ho-
dol o
gy th
e ter
m m
eans
pro
ven
patte
rns o
f att
ract
ing
and
re pa
y ing
fina
ncia
l res
ourc
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
of e
nerg
y sa
ving
pr
ogra
ms.
– a
syste
m o
f ind
icat
ors
refle
ctin
g a q
ualit
ativ
e rat
io
bet w
een
gene
ratio
n (su
pply
) and
co
nsum
ptio
n of
ene
rgy
reso
urce
s in
the c
ount
ry, r
egio
n, a
rea.
– a u
nive
rsal
indi
cato
r w
hich
cha
ract
eriz
es th
e clim
ate
seve
rity
leve
l; it
is a b
asic
cal
cu-
latio
n va
lue t
o id
entif
y he
at
tran
sfer r
esist
ance
of f
acili
ties;
it in
dire
ctly
cha
ract
eriz
es th
e en
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n le
vel
requ
ired
for m
aint
enan
ce o
f co
mfo
rt p
aram
eter
s.
– in
this
met
hodo
logy
th
e ter
m m
eans
a pa
rt o
f a te
r-rit
ory
of th
e cou
ntry
with
in th
e bo
rder
s set
in c
ompl
ianc
e with
a d
omin
ant f
eatu
re; m
ost o
ften,
ju
risdi
ctio
n of
regi
onal
or l
ocal
au
thor
ities
is a
ccep
ted
as su
ch
a fea
ture
(the
adm
inist
rativ
e-te
rrito
rial b
orde
r).
– re
new
able
ener
gy so
urce
s. –
lega
l, or
gani
zatio
nal,
finan
cial
an
d ec
onom
ic re
gula
tion
of
activ
ities
in th
e fiel
d of
ene
rgy
savi
ng.
Term
s and
Defi
nitio
ns
This
prac
tical
met
hodo
logy
is t
he o
utco
me
of s
ever
al y
ears
of w
ork
by a
han
dful
of e
xper
ts in
th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
reg
iona
l and
mun
icip
al e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
s. Th
is do
cum
ent
pres
ents
th
e pr
inci
ples
and
met
hods
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f reg
iona
l ene
rgy
effici
ency
pro
gram
s with
in
vario
us se
ctor
s bas
ed o
n th
e Rus
sian
econ
omy
exam
ples
. In
addi
tion,
the m
etho
dolo
gy o
ffers
the
prin
cipl
es a
nd e
xper
ienc
es o
f sim
ilar p
rogr
am fr
om o
ther
cou
ntrie
s.
One
of
the
key
adva
ntag
es o
f a
com
preh
ensiv
e re
gion
al e
nerg
y sa
ving
and
ene
rgy
effici
ency
im
prov
emen
t pr
ogra
m is
tha
t su
ch p
rogr
ams
offer
a p
latfo
rm f
or a
n en
ergy
effi
cien
t re
gion
al
deve
lopm
ent s
trat
egy.
Furt
her,
the c
ombi
natio
n of
thes
e reg
iona
l str
ateg
ies h
elps
form
an
over
all
stat
e st
rate
gy a
nd im
prov
ed e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy b
oost
s eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent i
n ea
ch re
gion
and
, co
nseq
uent
ly, a
cros
s the
cou
ntry
as a
who
le.
The
pres
ente
d m
etho
dolo
gy is
one
of m
any
poss
ible
opt
ions
for
a pr
ogra
m d
evel
opm
ent,
and
shou
ld b
y no
mea
ns b
e tr
eate
d as
the
only
one
.
Mai
n C
onclu
sions
The f
ollo
win
g ty
pes o
f pro
gram
s may
be s
ingl
ed o
ut d
epen
d-in
g on
issu
es w
ith re
gion
al e
nerg
y su
pply
and
ene
rgy
savi
ng
pote
ntia
l:
1. P
rogr
ams r
equi
red
by fe
dera
l or l
ocal
legi
slatio
n.
2. In
vest
men
t pro
gram
s with
lim
itatio
ns, b
ased
on
prio
r-ity
and
ava
ilabi
lity
of fi
nanc
ial r
esou
rces
.
3. P
rogr
ams f
ocus
ed o
n ce
rtai
n ar
eas,
such
as c
oord
ina-
tion
of e
nerg
y sa
ving
s by
end
cons
umer
s.
4. P
rogr
ams a
ddre
ssin
g sp
ecifi
c iss
ues,
targ
etin
g ke
y re
gion
al g
oals
such
as e
nerg
y se
curit
y, ab
ando
ning
ex-
pens
ive
fuel
s, or
incr
easin
g us
e of
rene
wab
le an
d lo
cal
ener
gy so
urce
s.
In p
ract
ice,
the
pro
gram
s m
ay b
e co
mbi
ned
and
inte
grat
-ed
. The
mai
n ob
ject
ive
is to
ens
ure
the
prog
ram
refle
cts t
he
over
all e
nerg
y st
rate
gy. Th
us, p
rogr
am ty
pe sh
ould
be c
hose
n as
ear
ly a
s pos
sible
.
The e
nerg
y sa
ving
and
ener
gy effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t pro
gram
de
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
has
six
mai
n st
ages
:
Stag
e 1.
Col
lect
initi
al d
ata,
defi
ne a
pro
gram
form
at.
Rev
iew
and
com
pare
ide
ntifi
ed r
egio
nal s
peci
fics
and
defin
e th
e pr
ogra
m t
ype:
the
firs
t st
age
enab
les
deve
lope
rs t
o cr
eate
an
acc
urat
e pi
ctur
e of
issu
es re
late
d to
regi
onal
ene
rgy
supp
ly
effici
ency
.
Stag
e 2.
Dev
elop
a re
gion
al fu
el a
nd e
nerg
y ba
lanc
e,
defin
e en
ergy
savi
ng p
oten
tial a
nd e
nerg
y re
serv
es a
cros
s th
e ec
onom
y.
Prep
are a
regi
onal
fuel
and
ener
gy b
alan
ce a
nd e
valu
ate e
nerg
y sa
ving
pot
entia
l in
all s
ecto
rs o
f the
regi
onal
eco
nom
y.
Stag
e 3.
Sel
ect p
riorit
y ar
eas o
f ene
rgy
savi
ng, d
evel
op a
pr
ogra
m st
ruct
ure.
Dev
elop
an
ener
gy s
avin
g pr
ogra
m c
once
pt (
i.e.,
devi
sing
a pr
ogra
m s
truc
ture
on
the
basis
of p
riorit
y en
ergy
sav
ing
and
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
impr
ovem
ent c
hoic
es).
Stag
e 4. S
elec
t mai
n pr
ogra
m a
ctiv
ities
to a
chie
ve p
riori-
ties,
sele
ct m
ost e
ffici
ent a
ctiv
ities
and
alig
n th
em w
ith
each
oth
er.
Cho
ose
the
mos
t effi
cien
t an
d fa
st-tr
ack
activ
ities
am
ong
all
prog
ram
act
ions
.
Stag
e 5.
Sel
ect m
otiv
atio
n m
echa
nism
s to
help
impl
e-m
ent t
echn
ical
mea
sure
s.
Dev
elop
the
fina
l, co
mpr
ehen
sive
regi
onal
ene
rgy
savi
ng
prog
ram
, whi
ch w
ill d
efine
requ
ired
mot
ivat
iona
l mec
hani
sms
depe
ndin
g on
regi
onal
spec
ifics
.
Stag
e 6.
Mon
itor e
nerg
y sa
ving
and
ene
rgy
effici
ency
im
prov
emen
t pro
gram
s dur
ing
thei
r dev
elop
men
t and
im
plem
enta
tion.
With
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e re
gion
al e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
, m
onito
r ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
para
met
ers.
Thus
, an
effi
cien
t co
mpr
ehen
sive
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
am
enab
les:
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
pict
ure
of e
nerg
y sa
ving
pot
entia
l in
the
regi
on, c
osts
for f
ulfil
lmen
t of t
his p
oten
tial a
nd e
xpec
ted
mon
etar
y sa
ving
s as a
resu
lt;
com
preh
ensiv
e m
onito
ring
of e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n in
the
regi
on (v
ario
us c
orre
ctiv
e m
easu
res w
ill b
e ev
alua
ted
in
para
llel).
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
ener
gy s
avin
g an
d en
ergy
effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t pro
gram
will
prim
arily
ena
ble:
im
prov
emen
t of
ene
rgy
secu
rity,
a de
crea
se i
n en
ergy
int
en-
sity
in th
e reg
iona
l GD
P, av
oida
nce o
f add
ition
al c
osts
and
the
savi
ng o
f reg
iona
l int
erna
l and
bor
row
ed fu
nds.
The
stat
e en
ergy
sav
ing
polic
y, w
hich
inv
olve
s a
bala
nced
sy
stem
of m
easu
res,
is im
plem
ente
d in
seve
ral s
tage
s – d
urin
g w
hich
a s
et o
f m
otiv
atio
nal
mec
hani
sms
grad
ually
em
erge
. R
igid
pro
hibi
tive
mec
hani
sms
prev
ail i
n th
e ea
rly s
tage
s (re
-qu
irem
ents
, sta
ndar
ds, r
ules
), w
hile
as t
hey
are i
ntro
duce
d an
d a
new
inst
itutio
nal e
nviro
nmen
t is c
reat
ed, s
ofte
r mec
hani
sms
(priv
ilege
s, ou
trea
ch a
ctiv
ities
, etc
.) m
ay b
e ad
ded.
The
crea
tion
of a
n effi
cien
t reg
iona
l ene
rgy
infr
astr
uctu
re th
at
supp
orts
sus
tain
able
reg
iona
l cha
nges
(fo
r ex
ampl
e, t
he c
on-
stru
ctio
n an
d de
mol
ition
of
hous
ing,
ind
ustr
ial
plan
ts,
etc.)
is
cruc
ial,
and
requ
ires
an e
ffici
ent
syst
em o
f reg
iona
l ene
rgy
man
agem
ent.
Such
a s
yste
m s
houl
d be
the
res
ult o
f a c
onsis
-te
nt,
bala
nced
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
olic
y th
at c
ompl
ies
with
the
sp
ecifi
c ne
eds
and
stra
tegi
c ob
ject
ives
of
the
regi
on. I
ndee
d,
its c
reat
ion
is on
e of
the
obj
ectiv
es o
f ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
am
deve
lopm
ent.
The p
rese
nted
met
hodo
logy
atte
mpt
s to
com
bine
inte
rnat
iona
l pr
actic
es a
nd R
ussia
n ex
perie
nce
with
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
ams
in a
n eff
ort t
o pr
esen
t gen
eral
pra
ctic
al p
rinci
ples
and
met
hods
fo
r the
dev
elop
men
t of r
egio
nal e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
s.
The
expe
rienc
e of
Rus
sia a
nd a
num
ber
of o
ther
cou
ntrie
s sh
ows
that
act
ions
and
obj
ectiv
es
shou
ld b
e sp
ecifi
c to
eac
h re
gion
and
prio
ritie
s sho
uld
be d
eter
min
ed b
y lo
cal s
peci
fics.
Ener
gy s
avin
g m
ay b
e vi
ewed
as
a m
eans
to im
prov
e re
liabi
lity
of e
nerg
y su
pply,
esp
ecia
lly in
la
rge
citie
s tha
t exp
erie
nce
ener
gy c
apac
ity p
robl
ems d
urin
g pe
ak p
erio
ds. E
nerg
y sa
ving
is n
ot
an is
olat
ed p
roce
ss; i
t sho
uld
be v
iew
ed o
nly
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith o
ther
pro
cess
es in
volv
ed in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f citi
es, r
egio
ns a
nd c
ount
ries.
The
era
of in
expe
nsiv
e hy
droc
arbo
ns h
as p
asse
d; fo
r m
any
coun
trie
s it
ende
d w
ith t
he g
loba
l en
ergy
crise
s of t
he 1
970'
s. In
rece
nt d
ecad
es m
any
deve
lope
d co
untr
ies –
whi
ch im
port
the b
ulk
of n
atur
al fu
els –
laun
ched
ene
rgy
effici
ency
impr
ovem
ent a
ctiv
ities
in v
ario
us s
ecto
rs o
f the
ir ec
onom
ies a
s wel
l as m
easu
res a
imed
at e
nerg
y an
d re
sour
ce sa
ving
at t
he re
gion
al a
nd n
atio
nal
leve
ls. M
ost s
uch
prog
ram
s con
tinue
to th
is da
y.
Wha
t is
the
purp
ose
of a
com
preh
ensiv
e en
ergy
sav
ing
and
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
im
prov
emen
t pr
ogra
m? F
irst o
f all,
it se
eks t
o es
tabl
ish a
n ac
cura
te p
ictu
re o
f the
situ
atio
n in
rega
rds t
o en
ergy
co
nsum
ptio
n –
with
out a
ny d
istor
tion.
Fur
ther
, it p
rovi
des a
sum
mar
y of
the
terr
itory
’s cu
rren
t co
nsum
ptio
n of
fuel
, the
rmal
pow
er, e
lect
ricity
and
wat
er in
var
ious
sect
ors,
whi
ch g
ives
pol
icy-
mak
ers a
cle
ar u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he si
tuat
ion
and
enab
les e
asy
iden
tifica
tion
of p
riorit
ies.
How
ever
, the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
suc
h a
prog
ram
req
uire
s a si
gnifi
cant
fina
ncia
l inv
estm
ent a
s w
ell a
s com
mitm
ent f
rom
the
sta
te, w
hich
wou
ld in
the
end
be
com
pens
ated
via
the
pro
gram
re
sults
. As a
rule
, the
hig
her t
he p
rice
of fu
el a
nd e
nerg
y re
sour
ces i
n th
e re
gion
, the
shor
ter t
he
payb
ack
perio
d of
an
ener
gy sa
ving
activ
ity. Th
eref
ore,
ener
gy sa
ving
is o
ften
the c
heap
est e
nerg
y re
sour
ce in
ene
rgy
depe
nden
t co
untr
ies.
For
inst
ance
Rus
sia, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt it
s re
serv
es
of p
rimar
y fu
el re
sour
ces,
is a
strik
ing
exam
ple
of a
cou
ntry
for w
hich
ene
rgy
depe
nden
cy w
ill
neve
r be a
pro
blem
. But
at th
e sam
e tim
e ene
rgy
savi
ng a
nd en
ergy
effici
ency
impr
ovem
ent i
ssue
s re
mai
n an
urg
ent a
nd c
ritic
al n
eed.
The
grea
t div
ersit
y of
regi
ons a
nd si
tuat
ions
in th
e w
orld
requ
ires t
he u
se o
f rev
iew
met
hods
and
sp
ecifi
cally
adap
ted
mod
els d
urin
g th
e dev
elop
men
t of e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
s. R
egio
ns, b
oth
in
Rus
sia a
nd in
oth
er co
untr
ies,
are c
hara
cter
ized
by
not o
nly
quan
titat
ive p
aram
eter
s (po
pula
tion,
te
rrito
ry, c
onsu
mpt
ion
of fu
el a
nd en
ergy
reso
urce
s, in
dust
rial p
rodu
ctio
n st
ruct
ure)
, but
also
by
qual
itativ
e ch
arac
teris
tics.
Rec
ogni
zing
the
nee
d fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
of c
ompr
ehen
sive
ener
gy
savi
ng a
nd e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t pr
ogra
ms,
regi
ons
toda
y of
ten
enco
unte
r pr
oble
ms
rela
ted
to t
heir
prac
tical
dev
elop
men
t and
(and
thi
s is
char
acte
ristic
for
Rus
sia)
the
lack
of a
n eff
ectiv
e m
etho
dolo
gy.
The
obje
ctiv
e of
this
met
hodo
logy
is to
pre
sent
suc
h a
prac
tica
l-le
vel m
etho
dolo
gy.
Intro
duct
ion
Ener
gy S
avin
g Pr
ogra
ms
as B
asis
for R
egio
nal
Ener
gy E
ffici
ency
Ener
gy s
avin
g is
ofte
n se
en a
s in
depe
nden
t fro
m m
ain
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t pro
gram
s, bu
t in
real
ity it
is a
n in
tegr
al p
art,
and
ofte
n a
basic
ele
men
t, of
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t as a
who
le. Th
e in
tegr
atio
n of
ene
rgy
savi
ng w
ithin
the
gen
eral
reg
iona
l dev
elop
men
t pol
icy
shou
ld b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t as f
ollo
ws (
Figu
re 1
):
dev
elop
an
ener
gy sa
ving
pro
gram
alig
ned
in te
rms o
f its
obj
ectiv
es a
nd ta
sks w
ith th
e ge
nera
l reg
iona
l dev
elop
men
t con
text
;
per
form
des
ign
activ
ities
to su
ppor
t the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
deve
lope
d se
t of p
rogr
am
activ
ities
and
mec
hani
sms;
im
plem
ent t
echn
ical
solu
tions
stim
ulat
ing
regu
lato
ry, fi
nanc
ial a
nd e
cono
mic
mec
hani
sms;
mon
itor e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy o
utco
mes
;
rev
iew
the
obta
ined
resu
lts a
nd a
djus
t the
pro
gram
bas
ed o
n th
e re
view
.
The
rece
nt e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy p
olic
ies o
f Sw
eden
and
Can
ada
are
good
exa
mpl
es o
f con
sist
ent e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy im
prov
e-m
ents
.
The
curr
ent
ener
gy p
olic
y of
Can
ada
is ba
sed
on
mar
ket p
rinci
ples
. It i
s foc
used
on
the
sust
aina
ble
de-
velo
pmen
t an
d no
t lim
ited
(as
in t
he p
ast)
to e
nerg
y ge
nera
tion
and
cons
umpt
ion.
Rat
her,
ener
gy s
avin
g in
Can
ada
is co
nsid
ered
in
two
inte
rrel
ated
sph
eres
: co
nser
vatio
n of
min
eral
ene
rgy
reso
urce
s and
effi
cien
t us
e of
ene
rgy.
Offi
cial
s dev
elop
ed a
nd a
dopt
ed se
vera
l spe
cial
fede
ral
regu
lato
ry a
cts
aim
ed a
t co
nser
ving
min
eral
ene
rgy
reso
urce
s. In
add
ition
to
fede
ral
law
s, lo
cal
offici
als
adop
ted
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
leg
islat
ion
at t
he r
egio
nal
and
prov
inci
al le
vels.
In 2
005,
the
Swed
ish
Gov
ernm
ent s
et a
new
pro
gram
ob
ject
ive:
to
elim
inat
e th
e co
untr
y’s d
epen
denc
e on
ca
rbon
-bas
ed f
uels
by 2
020.
A n
atio
nal
prog
ram
to
over
com
e oil
depe
nden
ce w
as p
rese
nted
by t
he S
wed
ish
Gov
ernm
ent
in O
ctob
er 2
005.
It
focu
ses
on R
ES,
tran
spor
t and
cen
tral
ized
hea
t sup
ply,
and
incl
udes
:
Tax
ben
efits
for i
ndus
try
in c
ase
of re
plac
emen
t of
oil w
ith o
ther
type
s of f
uel t
o en
cour
age
conv
ersio
n fr
om o
il he
atin
g to
RES
-bas
ed h
eatin
g;
Inc
reas
e in
the
volu
me
of R
ES, t
o en
sure
rene
wab
le
fuel
s bec
ome
the
basis
of t
he e
ntire
ene
rgy
supp
ly;
Act
iviti
es a
imed
at u
sing
RES
in th
e tr
ansp
ort
sect
or;
Sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch in
RES
;
Con
tinuo
us in
vest
men
t in
cent
raliz
ed h
eat s
uppl
y an
d cl
ear fi
nanc
ial s
timul
i for
the
use
of b
iofu
el
and
envi
ronm
enta
lly fr
iend
ly h
eatin
g in
cas
es
whe
n th
ey a
re e
cono
mic
ally
soun
d.
The
spec
ific
stra
tegi
c ob
ject
ives
and
task
s of r
egio
nal d
evel
op-
men
t and
the
cha
lleng
es o
f eac
h un
ique
ene
rgy
syst
em d
eter
-m
ine t
he ac
tions
, goa
ls an
d co
rres
pond
ingl
y th
e typ
e of e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
to b
e us
ed.
Seve
ral t
ypes
of
ener
gy s
avin
g pr
ogra
ms
may
be
singl
ed o
ut
(Fig
ure
2):
Pro
gram
s req
uire
d by
fede
ral o
r loc
al le
gisla
tion.
Inv
estm
ent p
rogr
ams w
ith li
mita
tions
, bas
ed o
n pr
iorit
y an
d av
aila
bilit
y of
fina
ncia
l res
ourc
es.
Pro
gram
s foc
used
on
cert
ain
area
s, su
ch a
s coo
rdin
atio
n of
en
ergy
savi
ngs b
y en
d co
nsum
ers.
As
of 2
010,
ove
r 60
0 en
ergy
sav
ing
prog
ram
s ha
ve b
een
de-
velo
ped
in 7
8 re
gion
s of
the
Rus
sian
Fede
ratio
n, i
nclu
ding
: 50
reg
iona
l pro
gram
s, 93
pro
gram
s fo
r in
divi
dual
sec
tors
of
the
econ
omy
(fuel
and
ene
rgy
com
plex
, ho
usin
g an
d ut
ility
se
ctor
, edu
catio
n, e
tc.)
and
462
mun
icip
al a
nd c
ity p
rogr
ams.
How
ever
, so
me
of t
heir
achi
evem
ents
wer
e ov
ersh
adow
ed
durin
g a
com
preh
ensiv
e ev
alua
tion
of th
e re
duct
ion
in e
nerg
y in
tens
ity o
f the
Reg
iona
l Dom
estic
Pro
duct
and
Rus
sia’s
GD
P.
One
of t
he re
ason
s for
this
is th
at a
syst
emat
ic, c
ompr
ehen
sive
appr
oach
was
not
app
lied
whe
n de
velo
ping
the
se p
rogr
ams.
Such
an
appr
oach
wou
ld p
rovi
de a
com
plet
e pi
ctur
e of
the
re-
gion
's en
ergy
effi
cien
cy a
nd e
nerg
y sa
ving
pot
entia
l.
Pro
gram
s add
ress
ing
spec
ific
issue
s, ta
rget
ing
key
regi
onal
go
als s
uch
as e
nerg
y se
curit
y, ab
ando
ning
exp
ensiv
e fu
els,
and
incr
ease
d us
e of
rene
wab
le a
nd lo
cal e
nerg
y so
urce
s.
In p
ract
ice,
the
pro
gram
s m
ay b
e co
mbi
ned
and
inte
grat
ed.
The m
ain
obje
ctiv
e is t
o en
sure
the p
rogr
am re
flect
s the
ove
rall
ener
gy st
rate
gy. Th
us, p
rogr
am ty
pe sh
ould
be
chos
en a
s ear
ly
as p
ossib
le.
The
prog
ram
can
be
devi
sed
as a
set o
f mec
hani
sms a
nd p
roj-
ects
in v
ario
us se
ctor
s and
sub-
sect
ors o
f the
eco
nom
y, ta
king
in
to a
ccou
nt t
heir
inte
rcon
nect
ion
and
appl
icab
ility
. Alm
ost
like
Lego
bric
ks, t
hese
blo
cks
can
be p
lugg
ed i
n as
nee
ded.
M
echa
nism
sel
ectio
n is
guid
ed m
ainl
y by
loca
l spe
cific
s an
d re
leva
nt e
nerg
y iss
ues.
The
ener
gy s
avin
g pr
ogra
m d
evel
opm
ent
proc
ess
incl
udes
sev
eral
key
asp
ects
tha
t de
term
ine
prog
ram
stru
ctur
e: p
rogr
am o
bjec
tives
and
task
s, re
gion
al sp
ecifi
cs, t
he d
evel
opm
ent h
istor
y of
th
e re
gion
's en
ergy
infr
astr
uctu
re, a
nd th
e re
gion
's en
ergy
cha
lleng
es a
nd st
rate
gic
obje
ctiv
es.
The
ener
gy s
avin
g an
d en
ergy
effi
cien
cy i
mpr
ovem
ent
prog
ram
is
impl
emen
ted
in s
ix m
ajor
st
ages
(Fig
ure
3):
1. C
olle
ct in
itial
dat
a, d
efine
a p
rogr
am fo
rmat
.
2. D
evel
op a
regi
onal
fuel
and
ene
rgy
bala
nce,
defi
ne e
nerg
y sa
ving
pot
entia
l and
ene
rgy
rese
rves
acr
oss t
he e
cono
my.
3. S
elec
t prio
rity
area
s of e
nerg
y sa
ving
, dev
elop
a p
rogr
am st
ruct
ure.
4. S
elec
t effi
cien
t tec
hnic
al so
lutio
ns a
imed
at e
nerg
y sa
ving
and
ene
rgy
effici
ency
im
prov
emen
t and
alig
n th
em w
ith e
ach
othe
r.
5. S
elec
t mot
ivat
ion
mec
hani
sms t
o im
plem
ent t
echn
ical
mea
sure
s in
the
field
of e
nerg
y sa
ving
and
ene
rgy
effici
ency
impr
ovem
ent.
6. M
onito
r ene
rgy
savi
ng a
nd e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t pro
gram
s dur
ing
thei
r de
velo
pmen
t and
impl
emen
tatio
n.
Each
sta
ge s
houl
d re
sult
in a
spec
ific
outc
ome,
but
the
sta
ges
can
occu
r sim
ulta
neou
sly a
nd c
an o
verla
p. F
or e
xam
ple,
whe
n th
e fir
st s
tage
is
half
com
plet
ed, p
rovi
ding
an
initi
al u
nder
-st
andi
ng o
f the
regi
on, t
he id
entifi
catio
n of
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
o-te
ntia
l – st
age
2 –
can
begi
n.
Gen
eral
Algo
rithm
of R
egio
nal
Ener
gy S
avin
g Pr
ogra
m
Dev
elopm
ent
1.
Reg
iona
l th
erm
al e
nerg
y an
d el
ectr
icity
con
sum
ptio
n ba
lanc
es (a
s wel
l as a
sum
mar
y fu
el a
nd e
nerg
y ba
lanc
e)
shou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
on t
he b
asis
of s
tatis
tical
info
rma-
tion
and
othe
r dat
a ta
ken
from
the
repo
rts o
f sta
te st
atis-
tical
age
ncie
s and
the
refe
renc
e no
tes o
f ene
rgy
firm
s.
2. T
otal
val
ues o
f ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
(ther
mal
ene
rgy
and
elec
tric
ity c
onsu
mpt
ion)
sho
uld
be d
eter
min
ed b
y m
ain
stru
ctur
al s
ub-d
ivisi
ons
of t
he c
ity e
cono
my
with
in t
he
regi
onal
fuel
and
ene
rgy
bala
nce
(indu
stry
, pub
lic se
ctor
, tr
ansp
ort,
hous
ing
and
utili
ty se
ctor
, con
stru
ctio
n, tr
ade,
po
pula
tion,
oth
er c
onsu
mer
s).
3.
Rel
ativ
e co
nsum
ptio
n pe
rcen
tage
s sh
ould
be
iden
tified
ba
sed
on a
ggre
gate
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
data
(th
er-
mal
ene
rgy
and
elec
tric
ity).
Thes
e pr
opor
tions
pro
vide
gu
idel
ines
for t
he c
reat
ion
of sa
ving
ass
ignm
ents
for c
on-
sum
ers.
4.
Ann
ual f
uel a
nd e
nerg
y sa
ving
s (th
erm
al r
esou
rces
and
el
ectr
icity
) sho
uld
be id
entifi
ed b
ased
on
gene
ral r
ecom
-m
enda
tions
. Th
erm
al e
nerg
y an
d el
ectr
icity
sav
ing
as-
signm
ents
shou
ld b
e di
strib
uted
in p
ropo
rtio
n to
gen
eral
co
nsum
ptio
n w
ithin
the
fue
l and
ene
rgy
bala
nce
stru
c-tu
re.
5.
Ener
gy c
onsu
mpt
ion
(ther
mal
ene
rgy
and
elec
tric
ity) b
y th
e soc
ial s
pher
e (ed
ucat
ion,
pub
lic h
ealth
, cul
ture
, soc
ial
prot
ectio
n, s
port
) sh
ould
be
divi
ded
into
reg
iona
l an
d m
unic
ipal
. Fue
l and
ene
rgy
reso
urce
savi
ng a
ssig
nmen
ts
for m
unic
ipal
faci
litie
s (ed
ucat
ion,
pub
lic h
ealth
, cul
ture
, so
cial
pro
tect
ion,
spor
t) sh
ould
be r
e-as
signe
d to
mun
ici-
palit
ies.
6.
Gen
eral
the
rmal
ene
rgy
and
elec
tric
ity s
avin
g as
sign-
men
ts fo
r the
pop
ulat
ion
shou
ld b
e dist
ribut
ed b
etw
een
mun
icip
aliti
es in
pro
port
ion
to p
opul
atio
n. M
unic
ipal
-iti
es’ r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s sho
uld
also
enc
ompa
ss e
nerg
y sa
v-in
g in
trad
e, th
e m
unic
ipal
-leve
l soc
ial s
pher
e, in
dust
ry
and
popu
latio
n.
7.
Req
uire
d ac
tiviti
es s
houl
d ta
ke i
nto
acco
unt
curr
ent
and
futu
re e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
s (c
over
ing
fuel
and
en
ergy
com
plex
fac
ilitie
s, tr
ansp
ort,
hous
ing
and
util-
ity se
ctor
, rec
omm
ende
d lis
ts o
f act
iviti
es a
nd d
atab
ases
on
adv
ance
d te
chno
logi
es)
in o
rder
to b
est i
mpl
emen
t en
ergy
and
reso
urce
sav
ing
reco
mm
enda
tions
.
8.
The
mos
t ad
vant
ageo
us a
ctio
ns s
houl
d be
sel
ecte
d fo
r in
clus
ion
in th
e pr
ogra
m. M
ainl
y, te
chno
logi
es c
hara
c-te
rized
by
thre
e- t
o fiv
e-ye
ar p
ayba
ck a
re a
ccep
ted
for
the
purp
ose
of im
plem
enta
tion
with
in t
he f
ram
ewor
k of
the
targ
eted
city
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
am.
9.
The
succ
ess,
or
profi
tabi
lity,
of
prog
ram
ac
tiviti
es
shou
ld b
e defi
ned
base
d on
cost
par
amet
ers,
taki
ng in
to
acco
unt e
xpec
ted
ener
gy re
sour
ce sa
ving
s.
10. C
onso
lidat
ed p
rofit
abili
ty p
aram
eter
s of
the
pro
gram
ar
e de
term
ined
by
sum
min
g up
all
prog
ram
cos
ts a
nd
savi
ngs.
11. M
otiv
atio
nal
mec
hani
sms
(tariff
in
cent
ives
, en
ergy
sa
ving
out
reac
h, re
gula
tory
and
lega
l doc
umen
ts, s
tan-
dard
s) sh
ould
be
deve
lope
d.
12. R
egio
nal
and
mun
icip
al l
evel
pro
gram
con
trol
and
m
onito
ring
mec
hani
sms s
houl
d be
iden
tified
.
The
mai
n ob
ject
ive
at t
his
stag
e is
to id
entif
y re
gion
al c
har-
acte
ristic
s th
at m
ost
influ
ence
ene
rgy
cost
and
con
sum
ptio
n.
Reg
ions
in v
ario
us c
ount
ries m
ay d
iffer
sign
ifica
ntly
rega
rdin
g th
e num
ber o
f qua
ntita
tive a
nd q
ualit
ativ
e par
amet
ers.
For a
ll,
the
follo
win
g sh
ould
be
incl
uded
(Fig
ure
4):
eco
logy
and
clim
atic
con
ditio
ns;
key
geo
grap
hic
data
such
as a
rea,
pop
ulat
ion,
and
con
-su
mer
dist
ribut
ion;
reg
iona
l ene
rgy
supp
ly a
nd in
fras
truc
ture
(ene
rgy
sour
ces
and
netw
orks
, pea
k el
ectr
icity
out
put);
dyn
amic
s of e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n by
sect
or a
nd su
b-se
ctor
;
misc
ella
neou
s fac
tors
such
as i
ndus
tria
l bas
e an
d R
egio
nal
Dom
estic
Pro
duct
.
In a
dditi
on to
the
prim
ary
spec
ifics
ther
e ar
e ot
her i
mpo
rtan
t re
gion
al p
aram
eter
s th
at i
nflue
nce
ener
gy s
avin
g pr
ogra
m
form
at:
geo
grap
hica
l spe
cific
s (la
ndsc
ape,
coa
stal
or c
ontin
enta
l lo
catio
n);
are
a of
the
regi
on;
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity, s
hare
of u
rban
pop
ulat
ion;
con
sum
ptio
n of
fuel
and
ene
rgy
reso
urce
s, st
ruct
ure
of
indu
stria
l pro
duct
ion
and
Reg
iona
l Dom
estic
Pro
duct
.
Rel
iabl
e da
ta m
ay b
e ta
ken
from
var
ious
sour
ces (
Tabl
e 1)
:
geo
grap
hica
l and
clim
atic
map
s;
gov
ernm
ent s
tatis
tics a
nd re
port
s;
sur
veys
and
que
stio
nnai
res;
rep
orts
issu
ed b
y or
gani
zatio
ns, i
nstit
utio
ns, t
hink
tank
s;
oth
er so
urce
s of i
nfor
mat
ion.
The
mai
n ou
tcom
e of
the
firs
t st
age
of t
he r
egio
nal
ener
gy
savi
ng p
rogr
am d
evel
opm
ent
shou
ld b
e a
set
of id
entifi
ed r
e-gi
onal
spec
ifics
as w
ell a
s a re
view
of t
hose
cha
ract
erist
ics a
nd
a pr
elim
inar
y de
finiti
on o
f the
pro
gram
type
.
Not
e, th
e pro
gram
type
(see
abov
e) m
ay ch
ange
sign
ifica
ntly
in
the p
roce
ss o
f the
pro
gram
’s de
velo
pmen
t. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, d
urin
g th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
Mos
cow
’s en
ergy
sav
ing
prog
ram
, th
e
prog
ram
type
was
cha
nged
from
“pr
ogra
m fo
cuse
d on
cer
tain
ar
eas”
to “
inve
stm
ent p
rogr
am w
ith li
mita
tions
” bec
ause
of t
he
glob
al fi
nanc
ial c
risis.
Ther
efor
e, th
is st
age p
rovi
des a
snap
shot
of
cur
rent
regi
onal
ene
rgy
supp
ly a
nd e
ffici
ency
issu
es, w
hich
m
ay c
hang
e ov
er ti
me.
Each
regi
on h
as it
s ow
n en
ergy
savi
ng p
oten
tial.
The t
erm
itse
lf re
flect
s the
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
the
curr
ent l
evel
of e
nerg
y effi
-ci
ency
and
resu
lts d
emon
stra
ted
by o
ptim
al p
ract
ices
and
stan
-da
rds.
Ther
e ar
e tw
o m
ain
grou
ps o
f ene
rgy
savi
ng p
oten
tials:
1) im
prov
emen
t of e
ffici
ency
of n
on-r
enew
able
fuel
s usa
ge
via
ener
gy sa
ving
tech
nolo
gies
and
act
iviti
es.
2) d
ecre
ased
usa
ge o
f non
-ren
ewab
le fu
els v
ia a
n in
crea
se
in th
e sh
are
of re
new
able
ene
rgy
usag
e.
The
two
grou
ps a
re re
pres
ente
d sc
hem
atic
ally
in F
igur
e 5.
The
cont
ribut
ion
of t
he fi
rst
and
seco
nd g
roup
s to
ove
rall
ener
gy sa
ving
pot
entia
l diff
ers d
epen
ding
on
regi
onal
spec
ifics
. In
the
maj
ority
of
case
s th
e va
lue
of t
he fi
rst
grou
p sig
nifi-
cant
ly e
xcee
ds t
hat o
f the
sec
ond
grou
p. I
n th
e ex
perie
nce
of
deve
lope
d co
untr
ies,
the
first
gro
up p
oten
tial i
s acc
ompl
ished
fir
st, a
nd o
nly
then
do
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y so
urce
s (se
quen
tially
or
con
curr
ently
-seq
uent
ially
) beg
in to
repl
ace t
radi
tiona
l typ
es
of fu
el.
The
optim
izat
ion
of t
he f
uel
bala
nce
in S
wed
en f
rom
198
0 to
200
3 (F
igur
e 6)
is
one
of t
he m
ost
succ
essf
ul e
xam
ples
of
ful
fillm
ent
of c
ombi
ned
pote
ntia
ls of
the
firs
t an
d se
cond
gr
oups
.
Ove
r the
last
twen
ty ye
ars S
wed
en h
as su
cces
sful
ly m
oved
away
fr
om d
epen
denc
e on
its p
rimar
y fo
ssil
fuel
, oil.
Tod
ay it
s ele
c-
The
aggr
egat
e re
gion
al e
nerg
y sa
ving
pot
entia
l and
its
stru
c-tu
re sh
ould
be
dete
rmin
ed fo
llow
ing
the
defin
ition
of e
ffici
en-
cy p
aram
eter
s (sp
ecifi
c va
lues
) al
ong
the
entir
e ch
ain
– fr
om
prod
uctio
n/ge
nera
tion
to c
onsu
mpt
ion.
Not
e: in
dica
tors
bas
ed o
n th
e en
ergy
effi
cien
cy o
f bes
t av
ail-
able
pra
ctic
es i
n th
e sa
me
sphe
re m
ay d
iffer
sig
nific
antly
in
diffe
rent
reg
ions
. Te
rrito
rial
spec
ifics
of
the
regi
on,
clim
ate,
re
gula
tory
and
lega
l fra
mew
ork
and
a nu
mbe
r of o
ther
asp
ects
ca
n ha
ve a
signi
fican
t im
pact
. For
exam
ple,
cons
umpt
ion
of si
x to
ns o
f fue
l per
per
son
is ac
cept
able
for n
orth
ern
regi
ons w
ith
min
ing
indu
stry
, but
is a
bsol
utel
y un
acce
ptab
le f
or s
outh
ern
regi
ons w
ith to
urism
as a
prim
ary
activ
ity.
tric
ity a
nd th
erm
al en
ergy
are
gen
erat
ed v
ia th
e use
of b
iom
ass,
indu
stria
l was
tes,
ther
mal
pum
ps a
nd se
cond
ary
ener
gy.
Ener
gy sa
ving
pot
entia
l may
be e
valu
ated
with
the u
se o
f gro
ss
para
met
ers
(for
exam
ple,
the
agg
rega
te v
olum
e of
sav
ings
of
en
ergy
re
sour
ces
cons
umpt
ion:
el
ectr
icity
(M
Who
ur/
annu
m),
ther
mal
ene
rgy
(Gca
l/ann
um),
wat
er (
m3/
annu
m),
and
spec
ific
para
met
ers (
ref.
Tabl
e 2)
).
It is
nece
ssar
y to
use
cur
rent
leve
ls st
ipul
ated
by
stan
dard
s as
wel
l as
the
best
ava
ilabl
e gl
obal
pra
ctic
es to
acc
urat
ely
eval
u-at
e th
e re
gion
al p
oten
tial.
The
ener
gy sa
ving
pot
entia
l sho
uld
be d
eter
min
ed o
n th
e ba
sis o
f th
e da
ta c
olle
cted
dur
ing
the
prev
ious
stag
e.
Sour
ce: S
wed
ish A
ssocia
tion
of C
entra
lized
Ther
mal
Sup
ply
The
fuel
and
ene
rgy
bala
nce
is th
e ba
sic d
ocum
ent f
or d
eter
-m
inin
g en
ergy
savi
ng p
oten
tial.
Its m
ain
task
is to
show
tota
l av
aila
bilit
y an
d us
e of
ene
rgy
reso
urce
s in
the
reg
ion.
It m
ay
also
be
deve
lope
d at
the
coun
try,
regi
on, c
ity o
r per
sona
l lev
el.
Prim
ary
info
rmat
ion
need
ed t
o bu
ild t
he b
alan
ce i
nclu
des
ener
gy a
udits
, en
ergy
sup
ply
data
, en
ergy
firm
s' ou
tput
s, re
port
s fr
om l
ocal
aut
horit
ies
and
othe
r st
atist
ics.
The
fuel
an
d en
ergy
bal
ance
dev
elop
men
t sho
uld
resu
lt in
dat
a on
gen
-er
atio
n an
d co
nsum
ptio
n of
ene
rgy
reso
urce
s, lo
sses
, en
ergy
sa
ving
pot
entia
l and
spar
e ca
paci
ties.
The e
nerg
y ba
lanc
e may
be c
ompi
led
both
for t
he en
tire e
nerg
y co
mpl
ex o
f the
regi
on a
nd fo
r its
indi
vidu
al co
mpo
nent
s – p
ro-
duct
ion,
gen
erat
ion,
pro
cess
ing,
con
vers
ion,
tra
nspo
rtat
ion/
tran
smiss
ion,
sto
rage
and
use
of a
ll ty
pes
of e
nerg
y. Th
erm
al
ener
gy b
alan
ces,
elec
tric
ity b
alan
ces,
gas f
uel b
alan
ces,
liqui
d fu
el b
alan
ces,
solid
fue
l ba
lanc
es,
rene
wab
le a
nd s
econ
dary
en
ergy
sou
rce
bala
nces
and
sol
id d
omes
tic w
aste
bal
ance
s sh
ould
all
be c
ompi
led
with
in th
e fra
mew
ork
of a
cons
olid
ated
fu
el a
nd e
nerg
y ba
lanc
e.
The c
onso
lidat
ed re
gion
al fu
el an
d en
ergy
bal
ance
is a
bala
nced
sy
stem
of
indi
cato
rs r
epre
sent
ing
the
mak
e-up
of
the
ener
gy
com
plex
at a
cer
tain
poi
nt in
tim
e. R
ecom
men
datio
ns re
gard
-in
g effi
cien
t use
of i
ndiv
idua
l ene
rgy r
esou
rces
, the
repl
acem
ent
of e
nerg
y ca
rrie
rs, e
lect
rifica
tion
and
fuel
supp
ly sp
ecifi
cs a
nd
the l
ocat
ion
of en
ergy
inte
nsiv
e ind
ustr
ies s
houl
d be
dev
elop
ed
on th
e ba
sis o
f the
fuel
and
ene
rgy
bala
nce
revi
ew.
2 W
hen
eval
uatin
g po
pula
tion’
s nee
ds fo
r ele
ctric
ity, b
oth
coun
try
diffe
renc
es
in e
lect
ricity
con
sum
ptio
n an
d av
aila
bilit
y2 of e
lect
ric h
ouse
hold
app
lianc
es
in h
ouse
s/ap
artm
ents
shal
l be
take
n in
to c
onsid
erat
ion
Base
line
valu
es o
f ene
rgy
effici
ency
impr
ovem
ent r
eser
ves
are
iden
tified
. The
ener
gy sa
ving
pot
entia
l str
uctu
re is
cla
rified
at
the
leve
l of
the
cons
olid
ated
fue
l and
ene
rgy
bala
nce
on t
he
basis
of t
he re
view
of e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy in
maj
or se
ctor
s.
For
exam
ple,
for
a m
egal
opol
is lik
e M
osco
w, w
hich
is a
n in
-di
vidu
al r
egio
n of
the
Rus
sian
Fede
ratio
n, t
he e
nerg
y sa
ving
po
tent
ial s
truc
ture
was
dist
ribut
ed i
n su
ch a
way
(Fi
gure
7)
that
the
bul
k of
it (a
ppro
xim
atel
y 63
%) f
ell o
n ul
timat
e co
n-su
mpt
ion
(34%
) ta
king
int
o ac
coun
t th
e en
ergy
sav
ing
out-
reac
h am
ong
the
popu
latio
n (2
9%).
Whe
n de
velo
ping
a s
et a
nd s
eque
nce
of p
rogr
am a
ctiv
ities
it
is ne
cess
ary
to re
mem
ber t
he fo
llow
ing
clas
sifica
tion
of p
oten
-tia
ls:
Tec
hnic
al (t
echn
olog
ical
) pot
enti
al is
eva
luat
ed
proc
eedi
ng fr
om a
n as
sum
ptio
n th
at a
ll ob
sole
te a
nd
ineffi
cien
t equ
ipm
ent w
ill b
e re
plac
ed im
med
iate
ly w
ith
the
best
in c
lass
ava
ilabl
e al
tern
ativ
es, r
educ
ing
ener
gy
cons
umpt
ion
from
the
aver
age
regi
onal
leve
l to
a ne
ar-
min
imum
leve
l. C
osts
and
lim
itatio
ns w
ith re
spec
t to
its
impl
emen
tatio
n ar
e no
t tak
en in
to a
ccou
nt d
urin
g th
e ca
lcul
atio
n of
this
pote
ntia
l.
Eco
nom
ic p
oten
tial
is a
par
t of t
he te
chni
cal p
oten
tial
fulfi
llmen
t, w
hich
is e
cono
mic
ally
soun
d if
the
mai
n ec
onom
ic e
ffici
ency
crit
eria
are
app
lied:
disc
ount
ing
rate
s, op
port
unity
cos
t (ex
port
pric
e of
nat
ural
gas
), en
viro
nmen
tal a
nd o
ther
indi
rect
effe
cts a
nd e
xter
nal
fact
ors.
Fin
anci
al p
oten
tial
is a
par
t of t
he e
cono
mic
pot
entia
l th
at sh
ould
be
fulfi
lled
with
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e cu
rren
t mar
ket c
ondi
tions
, pric
es a
nd li
mita
tions
if th
e in
vest
men
t dec
ision
crit
eria
are
use
d.
Stru
ctur
ing
the
ener
gy sa
ving
pot
entia
l per
the
abov
e cl
assifi
-ca
tion
enab
les a
n op
timal
org
aniz
atio
n du
ring
the
impl
emen
-ta
tion,
fulfi
lls av
aila
ble r
eser
ves a
nd en
sure
s the
ir ab
ility
to ro
ll ou
t the
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
olic
y in
the
regi
on.
The
mai
n ou
tcom
e of
the
sec
ond
stag
e of
the
regi
onal
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
am d
evel
opm
ent s
houl
d be
the d
evel
opm
ent o
f the
in
tegr
ated
regi
onal
fuel
and
ene
rgy
bala
nce
and
eval
uatio
n of
en
ergy
savi
ng p
oten
tials
in v
ario
us se
ctor
s of t
he e
cono
my
and
with
in th
e re
gion
as a
who
le.
A se
t of p
riorit
y are
as o
f ene
rgy e
ffici
ency
impr
ovem
ents
shou
ld
be d
evel
oped
bas
ed o
n th
e re
gion
's po
tent
ial.
Whe
n de
velo
p-in
g th
e se
t it i
s nec
essa
ry to
take
into
acc
ount
the
pote
ntia
l of
syst
em s
olut
ions
. In
man
y ca
ses,
impl
emen
ting
syst
em m
ea-
sure
s may
hav
e a m
uch
grea
ter i
mpa
ct th
an in
divi
dual
opt
imi-
zatio
n so
lutio
ns.
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
com
preh
ensiv
e so
lutio
ns a
t a
high
er
syst
em le
vel m
ay im
pose
cer
tain
lim
itatio
ns, b
oth
on th
e co
n-su
mer
s’ op
erat
ion
regi
me (
ener
gy so
urce
s) an
d on
thei
r com
po-
sitio
n an
d st
ruct
ure.
Inde
ed, w
hen
an e
xces
s of p
oten
tial c
om-
preh
ensiv
e so
lutio
ns a
re a
vaila
ble
they
sho
uld
be p
riorit
ized
, w
hile
indi
vidu
al p
oten
tials
of o
ptim
izat
ion
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
-er
ed o
n a
seco
ndar
y ba
sis.
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
com
preh
ensiv
e so
lutio
ns a
ligne
d w
ith
optim
izat
ion
at t
he s
ecto
r le
vel s
uppl
emen
ts a
nd s
tren
gthe
ns
thei
r im
pact
and
can
in id
eal c
ases
lead
to sy
nerg
etic
, cum
ula-
tive
solu
tions
. To
a la
rge
exte
nt t
he u
ltim
ate
type
of
the
re-
gion
al e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
is d
eter
min
ed a
t thi
s sta
ge a
s a
resu
lt of
acc
urat
e hi
ghlig
htin
g of
ene
rgy
effici
ency
im
prov
e-m
ent p
riorit
ies f
or th
e re
gion
.
Reg
iona
l ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
ams s
houl
d in
clud
e ta
rget
ene
rgy
savi
ng a
nd e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t ind
icat
ors:
a) e
ffici
ency
of e
nerg
y re
sour
ce u
se in
the
hous
ing
sect
or
and
in u
tility
infr
astr
uctu
re sy
stem
s;
b) re
duct
ion
in e
nerg
y lo
sses
whe
n tr
ansm
ittin
g en
ergy
, use
of
equ
ipm
ent w
ith e
nerg
y re
sour
ces c
onsu
mpt
ion
met
erin
g an
d re
gula
tion
devi
ces;
c) in
crea
se in
the
num
ber o
f hig
h-le
vel e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy
faci
litie
s;
d) in
crea
se in
the
num
ber o
f fac
ilitie
s usin
g lo
cal t
ypes
of
fuel
, sec
onda
ry a
nd re
new
able
ene
rgy
sour
ces;
e) in
crea
sed
use
of fu
el-e
ffici
ent t
rans
port
veh
icle
s (na
tura
l ga
s and
hyb
rid);
f) d
ecre
ased
bud
get f
or e
nerg
y su
pply
to p
ublic
sect
or
orga
niza
tions
and
incr
ease
d fu
nds t
o co
mpl
ete
prog
ram
ac
tiviti
es.
As n
oted
abo
ve, t
he d
iver
sity
of r
egio
ns li
mits
uni
vers
al s
olu-
tions
: eac
h ca
se re
quire
s a u
niqu
e set
of m
easu
res.
For e
xam
ple,
le
t us l
ook
at th
e tw
o R
ussia
n re
gion
s of V
orku
ta, i
n th
e nor
th,
and
Kra
snod
ar, a
sout
hern
regi
on.
The
revi
ew c
arrie
d ou
t in
Vor
kuta
defi
ned
a se
t of
suffi
cien
t-ly
sim
ple
and
unde
rsta
ndab
le t
echn
ical
sol
utio
ns (
Figu
re 8
): flu
shin
g an
d re
trofi
t of
intr
a-bu
ildin
g ut
ility
sys
tem
s, ad
just-
men
t of n
etw
orks
, ins
talla
tion
of v
aria
ble s
peed
driv
e pum
ps at
ce
ntra
l hea
t sup
ply
stat
ions
, and
ther
mal
insu
latio
n of
bui
ldin
g en
velo
pes,
whi
ch a
re a
imed
at
mak
ing
the
ener
gy in
effici
ent
hot
wat
er b
oile
r ob
sole
te. I
n th
e ca
se o
f Vo
rkut
a, w
here
the
po
pula
tion
is dw
indl
ing
and
is co
ncen
trat
ed, t
he h
igh
ener
gy
savi
ng p
oten
tial i
s rep
rese
nted
by
the r
ebui
ld o
f ene
rgy
sour
ces
(Vor
kuta
CH
PP-1
and
CH
PP-2
) an
d by
im
plem
enta
tion
of
circ
uit d
esig
ns re
late
d to
load
ing
of C
HPP
turb
ines
.
For
the
disp
erse
d po
pula
tion
of K
rasn
odar
reg
ion
(Fig
ure
9),
mos
t ene
rgy
savi
ng p
oten
tial i
s in
the i
mpr
ovem
ent o
f effi
cien
-cy
of
gas
use
for
dom
estic
pur
pose
s an
d pr
o-ac
tive
deve
lop-
men
t of R
ES.
Targ
et i
ndic
ator
s of
agg
rega
te e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n ar
e se
t by
all
EU m
embe
r st
ates
with
in t
he f
ram
ewor
k of
the
ir na
-tio
nal e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy a
ctio
n pl
ans.
At le
ast
thre
e co
untr
ies
(Den
mar
k, R
oman
ia a
nd L
atvi
a) s
et t
arge
t in
dica
tors
at
the
leve
l of
the
pro
pose
d an
nual
tar
get
(ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
redu
ced
by 1
.5%
; the
gen
eral
EU
obj
ectiv
e is
20%
red
uctio
n by
202
0). Th
e La
tvia
n en
ergy
effi
cien
cy s
trat
egy
of 2
000
in-
clud
es a
targ
et in
dica
tor o
f 25%
redu
ctio
n in
con
sum
ptio
n of
pr
imar
y en
ergy
reso
urce
s per
one
uni
t of G
DP
by 2
010.
The
Rom
ania
n st
rate
gy e
nvisa
ges a
3%
red
uctio
n pe
r an
num
. In
Rus
sia th
e tar
get i
ndic
ator
of G
DP
ener
gy in
tens
ity re
duct
ion
is 40
% b
y 20
20 (f
rom
200
7 le
vel).
The
mai
n ou
tcom
e of
the
thi
rd s
tage
of t
he r
egio
nal e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
pre
para
tion
shal
l be
the
deve
lopm
ent
of t
he
ener
gy s
avin
g pr
ogra
m c
once
pt, i
.e. t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of t
he
prog
ram
str
uctu
re o
n th
e ba
sis o
f se
lect
ion
of p
riorit
y ar
eas
and
mai
n re
gion
al e
nerg
y sa
ving
and
ene
rgy
effici
ency
im
-pr
ovem
ent i
ndic
ator
s.
inf
orm
atio
n m
ater
ials
prov
ided
by
fabr
icat
ors o
f ene
rgy
effici
ent e
quip
men
t pro
ven
by e
xper
ienc
e of
its a
pplic
atio
n;
doc
umen
ts fr
om sp
ecia
list e
xhib
ition
s, w
orks
hops
, co
nfer
ence
s and
oth
er re
leva
nt e
vent
s;
sec
tora
l and
gen
eral
refe
renc
e gu
ides
on
best
ava
ilabl
e en
ergy
effi
cien
t tec
hnol
ogie
s – B
REF
(ref
. App
endi
x B)
;
pro
posa
ls fr
om e
xper
ts.
At th
is po
int,
the
mos
t app
ealin
g ac
tiviti
es (f
rom
the
poin
t of
view
of p
ayba
ck ti
mef
ram
e, p
roce
ss fe
asib
ility
, env
ironm
enta
l re
quire
men
ts, o
ther
pre
set p
aram
eter
s and
lim
itatio
ns) s
houl
d be
cho
sen.
The
mai
n te
chni
cal
activ
ities
bro
ken
dow
n by
en
ergy
savi
ng a
reas
are
repr
esen
ted
in T
able
3.
Prel
imin
ary
tech
nica
l an
d ec
onom
ic e
valu
atio
ns f
ocus
ed o
n th
e fe
asib
ility
of
impl
emen
ting
sele
cted
act
iviti
es w
ithin
the
fr
amew
ork
of t
he r
egio
nal r
egul
ator
y en
viro
nmen
t sh
ould
be
carr
ied
out a
t thi
s sta
ge. Th
en th
e se
lect
ed a
ctiv
ities
shou
ld b
e al
igne
d w
ith f
acili
ties,
sub-
prog
ram
s, im
plem
enta
tion
time-
fram
es, a
nd re
sour
ces,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e in
vest
men
t at-
trac
tiven
ess.
The
impa
ct o
f eac
h pr
ogra
m ta
sk sh
ould
be
para
-m
ount
whe
n al
igni
ng, p
lann
ing
and
inte
rfac
ing
the
activ
ities
.
One
of t
he m
ain
task
s of t
he p
rogr
am p
repa
ratio
n is
the d
evel
-op
men
t of a
n ac
tiviti
es im
plem
enta
tion
stru
ctur
e tha
t inc
orpo
-ra
tes t
he fo
llow
ing
crite
ria:
str
uctu
re a
nd e
xten
t of t
he e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t re
serv
e;
am
ount
of a
ttra
cted
fina
ncin
g;
pay
back
per
iod;
fav
orab
le e
nviro
nmen
t for
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ene
rgy
savi
ng
activ
ities
und
er th
e pr
ogra
m.
The
mai
n ou
tcom
e of
the
four
th s
tage
of t
he r
egio
nal e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
dev
elop
men
t sh
ould
be
the
sele
ctio
n (fr
om
the
entir
e se
t of
the
ear
lier
iden
tified
mea
sure
s an
d ba
sed
on
the
spec
ific
regi
onal
nee
ds) o
f the
mos
t effi
cien
t and
effe
ctiv
e (p
rodu
cing
the
mos
t ene
rgy
and
mon
etar
y sa
ving
s and
hav
ing
the m
ost p
oliti
cal s
uppo
rt),
fast
real
izab
le (b
ased
on
the p
riori-
tized
nee
ds, t
he im
plem
enta
tion
time,
ava
ilabl
e or
att
ract
able
fin
anci
ng a
nd h
avin
g th
e op
timal
pay
back
per
iod)
and
the
re-
alist
ical
ly m
ost i
mpl
emen
tabl
e m
easu
res.
3 Th
e ta
ble
repr
esen
ts o
nly
a pa
rt o
f tec
hnic
al m
easu
res a
imed
at e
nerg
y
effici
ency
impr
ovem
ents
Det
erm
inin
g th
e m
ost e
ffici
ent s
et o
f mea
sure
s an
d ac
tiviti
es
for r
egio
nal e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
s req
uire
s tw
o m
ain
task
s:
sel
ect t
echn
ical
and
org
aniz
atio
nal m
easu
res f
or st
aged
im
plem
enta
tion;
cre
ate
a fa
vora
ble
mot
ivat
iona
l env
ironm
ent f
or
impl
emen
ting
thes
e m
easu
res (
regu
lato
ry a
nd le
gal
fram
ewor
k, e
cono
mic
stim
uli,
bans
, etc
.).
Som
e te
chni
cal s
olut
ions
can
incr
ease
the
leve
l of e
nerg
y effi
-ci
ency
of f
acili
ties i
n di
ffere
nt se
ctor
s of t
he e
cono
my,
but t
hey
mus
t be
chos
en a
ccor
ding
to th
e ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
pro
ject
an
d th
e reg
ion.
The f
ollo
win
g cr
iteria
are
use
d to
sele
ct te
chni
-ca
l sol
utio
ns:
out
com
es o
f pilo
t pro
ject
s;
sec
tora
l cat
alog
ues;
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a n
umbe
r of t
echn
ical
mea
sure
s nec
es-
sary
for
the
reg
iona
l ene
rgy
syst
em d
evel
opm
ent
and
ener
gy
effici
ency
im
prov
emen
t re
quire
s re
gula
tory
and
leg
al f
ram
e-w
ork
impr
ovem
ent a
nd t
he c
reat
ion
of a
pos
itive
, mot
ivat
ing
envi
ronm
ent.
Som
e m
otiv
atio
nal m
echa
nism
s inc
lude
:
fina
ncia
l and
eco
nom
ic m
echa
nism
s;
reg
ulat
ory
and
lega
l fra
mew
ork,
regu
latio
ns a
nd st
anda
rds;
inf
orm
atio
n an
d ou
trea
ch m
easu
res;
lev
ers f
or ta
riff st
imul
atio
n an
d ot
her t
ypes
of e
ncou
rage
men
t.
Full-
fledg
ed a
nd f
ull-s
cale
ene
rgy
savi
ng a
ctiv
ities
req
uire
an
entir
e sy
stem
of fi
nanc
ial a
nd e
cono
mic
mec
hani
sms
base
d on
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
appr
oach
to re
gion
al e
nerg
y sa
ving
. Suc
h m
echa
nism
s re
quire
sig
nific
ant
inve
stm
ents
fr
om
vario
us
sour
ces o
f fina
ncin
g.
tant
to
deve
lop
mec
hani
sms
that
not
onl
y in
cent
iviz
e im
ple-
men
tatio
n of
ene
rgy
savi
ng a
ctiv
ities
with
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of
the
ener
gy s
avin
g pr
ogra
m, b
ut a
lso c
reat
e th
e ne
cess
ary
pre-
requ
isite
s for
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t.
Rec
omm
ende
d st
ages
of d
evel
opm
ent
and
intr
oduc
tion
of
the
finan
cial
and
eco
nom
ic m
echa
nism
s:
1. C
arry
out
a p
relim
inar
y ev
alua
tion
of p
ossib
le fi
nanc
ial
reso
urce
s – so
urce
s and
tota
ls –
resu
lting
from
impl
emen
ta-
tion
of te
chni
cal a
nd o
rgan
izat
iona
l mea
sure
s;
2. E
stab
lish
the
follo
win
g pa
tter
ns o
f in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n al
l pro
cess
par
ticip
ants
:
a.
na
tura
l flow
s (of
ene
rgy
carr
ier);
b.
ca
sh fl
ows;
c.
do
cum
ent t
urno
ver (
incl
udin
g do
cum
ent f
orm
attin
g an
d co
mpi
latio
n);
3. C
ompi
le a
lega
l pro
file (
revi
ew le
gal s
uppo
rt fo
r the
exist
-in
g pa
tter
ns):
a.
fe
dera
l leg
islat
ion;
b.
re
gion
al le
gisla
tion;
c.
re
gula
tions
and
stan
dard
s;
4. D
evise
am
endm
ents
and
add
enda
to fi
x an
y pr
oble
ms i
n m
echa
nism
dev
elop
men
t;
5. A
gree
to th
e pr
epar
ed a
men
dmen
ts;
6. I
ntro
duce
the
mec
hani
sm;
7. M
onito
r.
The
mai
n fin
anci
al a
nd e
cono
mic
mec
hani
sms
in t
he
regi
on in
clud
e:
Int
erna
l fun
ds o
f con
sum
ers o
f ene
rgy
reso
urce
s;
Bor
row
ed f
unds
in
the
form
of
shor
t-ter
m a
nd lo
ng-te
rm
cred
its a
nd c
redi
t fac
ilitie
s, le
asin
g sc
hem
es;
Dep
reci
atio
n an
d in
vest
men
t com
pone
nts o
f the
tariff
;
Gra
nts p
rovi
ded
by fo
unda
tions
(sta
te b
udge
t fun
ds, f
unds
pr
ovid
ed b
y na
tiona
l and
inte
rnat
iona
l fou
ndat
ions
);
Bud
get
supp
ort
in t
he f
orm
of
co-fi
nanc
ing,
sub
sidiz
ing,
an
d be
nefit
s;
Rev
olvi
ng m
echa
nism
s.
A n
umbe
r of
par
amet
ers
shal
l be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt w
hen
deve
lopi
ng th
e fin
anci
al a
nd e
cono
mic
mec
hani
sms:
1. T
ype o
f wor
ks p
erfo
rmed
(des
ign
and
surv
ey w
orks
, con
-st
ruct
ion
and
inst
alla
tion,
mon
itorin
g, a
naly
tical
revi
ews);
2. F
orm
of o
wne
rshi
p of
the f
acili
ty w
here
an
ener
gy sa
ving
ac
tivity
is b
eing
per
form
ed (
priv
ate,
mun
icip
al, s
tate
), an
d av
aila
bilit
y of
stat
e bu
dget
fina
ncia
l sup
port
;
3. S
ourc
e of
fin
anci
ng
(inte
rnal
, at
trac
ted,
bo
rrow
ed
fund
s);
4. E
nerg
y su
pply
pro
cess
are
a whe
re th
e ene
rgy
savi
ng ac
tiv-
ity is
car
ried
out (
gene
ratio
n, n
etw
orks
, ulti
mat
e co
nsum
p-tio
n);
5. E
nerg
y su
pply
syst
em (c
entr
aliz
ed o
r dec
entr
aliz
ed).
Fina
ncia
l an
d ec
onom
ic m
echa
nism
s sh
ould
be
deve
lope
d ba
sed
on th
e ab
ove
para
met
ers.
At th
e sa
me
time,
it is
impo
r-
For e
xam
ple,
for t
he la
st te
n ye
ars o
ver 6
0 pr
ojec
ts h
ave
been
de
velo
ped
and
impl
emen
ted
in v
ario
us s
pher
es i
n R
ussia
's A
rkha
ngel
sk r
egio
n, i
nclu
ding
: re
siden
tial
build
ings
, pu
blic
en
titie
s, en
ergy
sour
ces a
nd h
eat n
etw
orks
. Ent
ities
’ ow
n fu
nds
(45%
), st
ate b
udge
t fun
ds (2
%) a
nd fo
reig
n in
vest
men
ts (5
3%)
finan
ced
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thes
e pr
ojec
ts.
It is
advi
sabl
e to
revi
ew th
e exi
stin
g fin
anci
al m
otiv
atio
n m
eas-
ures
in
the
regi
on t
oget
her
with
the
fina
ncia
l and
eco
nom
ic
mec
hani
sms.
Such
mot
ivat
ion
mea
sure
s (ta
x and
tariff
ben
efits
, cu
stom
s priv
ilege
s, et
c.) sh
ould
be
trea
ted
caut
ious
ly a
nd th
eir
likel
y ou
tcom
es m
ust b
e th
orou
ghly
cal
cula
ted
in a
dvan
ce.
Serio
us a
tten
tion
mus
t be
giv
en t
o th
e pr
ojec
t pa
ybac
k. F
or
fast-
payb
ack
proj
ects
, no
eco
nom
ic s
timul
atio
n is
requ
ired.
R
athe
r, su
ppor
t is r
equi
red
for p
roje
cts t
hat a
re c
ruci
al fo
r the
re
gion
al d
evel
opm
ent a
nd w
ould
be u
nlik
ely
to p
ayba
ck u
nder
cu
rren
t con
ditio
ns. I
n su
ch ca
ses,
cons
olid
atio
n of
all e
cono
mic
by
-effe
cts (
redu
ctio
n in
bud
get c
osts
, re-
use
of re
leas
ed c
apac
i-tie
s, pr
even
tion
of h
azar
dous
ove
rload
ing
of en
ergy
syst
em el
e-m
ents
, env
ironm
enta
l effe
cts)
is re
quire
d. Th
at c
onso
lidat
ion
shou
ld b
e co
nver
ted
into
eco
nom
ical
ly a
ttra
ctiv
e co
nditi
ons
for p
roje
ct im
plem
enta
tion.
Inte
grat
ed a
nd c
ompr
ehen
sive u
se o
f var
ious
sour
ces o
f fina
nc-
ing
shou
ld b
e ac
com
pani
ed b
y th
e im
prov
ed e
ffici
ency
of t
he
regu
lato
ry a
nd l
egal
env
iron
men
t of
ene
rgy
savi
ng i
n th
e re
gion
.
Whe
n de
velo
ping
a s
et o
f m
otiv
atio
n m
echa
nism
s it
is po
s-sib
le to
adj
ust m
easu
res s
elec
ted
at th
e pr
evio
us st
ages
. Suc
h a
nece
ssity
may
aris
e as
a re
sult
of ta
riff re
gula
tion,
out
reac
h, o
r ap
prov
al o
f bal
ance
d le
gisla
tive
docu
men
ts a
t the
regi
onal
and
fe
dera
l lev
els.
For
exam
ple,
dat
a ob
tain
ed a
s a
resu
lt of
exp
ert-l
evel
ass
ess-
men
ts d
emon
stra
ted
that
con
trad
ictio
ns i
n R
ussia
’s cu
rren
t re
gula
tory
and
leg
al d
ocum
ents
hav
e cu
rbed
the
ir m
otiv
a-tio
nal i
mpa
ct. O
nly
36%
of b
usin
ess e
ntiti
es a
re in
tere
sted
in
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ene
rgy
savi
ng a
ctiv
ities
(ene
rgy
end
user
s),
whi
le 1
8% o
f en
titie
s ar
e ne
ither
inte
rest
ed n
or d
isint
eres
ted
(pub
lic s
ecto
r); a
nd “
the
mot
ivat
ion”
of
the
rem
aini
ng 4
6%
cont
radi
cts t
o th
e log
ic o
f ene
rgy
savi
ng a
ctiv
ities
impl
emen
ta-
tion
(ene
rgy
supp
lyin
g or
gani
zatio
ns).
On
the
who
le, a
wid
e ra
nge
of m
echa
nism
s aim
ed a
t fos
terin
g en
ergy
and
reso
urce
savi
ng m
otiv
atio
n is
nece
ssar
y fo
r the
full-
scal
e de
velo
pmen
t of
an
effec
tive
prog
ram
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, i
n 20
09, s
peci
alist
s of t
he R
ussia
n R
&D
Pow
er In
dust
ry In
stitu
te
carr
ied
out
a re
view
of
mec
hani
sms
aim
ed a
t su
ppor
ting
ener
gy s
avin
g po
licy
intr
oduc
tion.
Ove
r on
e hu
ndre
d su
ch
mec
hani
sms w
ere
prop
osed
and
div
ided
into
five
mai
n gr
oups
be
low
(Fig
ure
10).
Cle
arly,
und
er c
urre
nt R
ussia
n co
nditi
ons
bans
and
str
ict
cont
rols
are
the
key
“mot
ivat
ion”
mec
hani
sms.
Ther
e is
no
optim
um o
r un
iver
sal
mec
hani
sm s
truc
ture
, ho
wev
er.
Each
re
gion
, by
virt
ue o
f its
cha
ract
erist
ics a
nd sp
ecifi
c ne
eds,
mus
t de
term
ine
its o
wn
set
of m
ost
effec
tive
and
effici
ent
mec
ha-
nism
s. W
ithou
t suc
h m
otiv
atio
n m
echa
nism
s in
pla
ce, a
lack
of
com
plia
nce
wou
ld re
sult,
doo
min
g th
e en
tire
prog
ram
.
Afte
r id
entif
ying
the
nec
essa
ry m
echa
nism
s, th
e re
gion
al
prog
ram
sho
uld
be a
ppro
ved
as p
er t
he e
stab
lishe
d st
ate
pro-
cedu
re a
nd a
syst
em fo
r act
iviti
es m
anag
emen
t and
the
impl
e-m
enta
tion
stru
ctur
e sh
ould
be
esta
blish
ed (F
igur
e 11
).
The
mai
n ou
tcom
e of
the
fift
h st
age
shou
ld b
e a
deve
lope
d co
mpr
ehen
sive
regi
onal
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
am th
at p
riorit
izes
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
activ
ities
and
iden
tifies
nec
essa
ry m
otiv
a-tio
n m
echa
nism
s. Su
ch a
prog
ram
will
fost
er th
e est
ablis
hmen
t of
an
inte
grat
ed u
nder
stan
ding
of e
nerg
y sa
ving
in th
e re
gion
, at
trac
t co
sts
for
fulfi
llmen
t of
thi
s po
tent
ial
and
reco
up e
x-pe
cted
savi
ngs f
ollo
win
g th
e pr
ogra
m’s
com
plet
ion.
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
com
preh
ensiv
e en
ergy
sav
ing
and
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
pro
gram
will
firs
t of a
ll en
able
:
im
prov
emen
t of t
he e
nerg
y su
pply
secu
rity
of th
e re
gion
;
red
uctio
n in
ene
rgy
inte
nsity
of
the
Reg
iona
l D
omes
tic
Prod
uct;
avo
idan
ce o
f add
ition
al s
hort-
and
long
-term
cos
ts in
var
i-ou
s sec
tors
of t
he e
cono
my;
sav
ings
on
inte
rnal
and
bor
row
ed fu
nds.
Any
regi
onal
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
am sh
ould
incl
ude
a co
mpr
e-he
nsiv
e mon
itorin
g sy
stem
of t
he re
gion
al en
ergy
cons
umpt
ion
and
a sy
stem
for e
valu
atin
g th
e effi
cien
cy o
f var
ious
mea
sure
s an
d ac
tiviti
es.
Spec
ific
cons
umpt
ion
of e
nerg
y re
sour
ces
at
ener
gy s
ourc
es,
loss
es d
urin
g tr
ansp
orta
tion/
tran
smiss
ion
of
ener
gy c
arrie
rs, a
nd s
peci
fic in
dica
tors
in d
iffer
ent
sect
ors
of
cons
umpt
ion
(ref.
abov
e) m
ay b
e us
ed a
s par
amet
ers r
eflec
ting
the
succ
ess o
f the
pro
gram
’s ac
tiviti
es. M
onito
ring
ener
gy e
ffi-
cien
cy in
dica
tors
(m
ost
of w
hich
are
list
ed in
Tab
le 4
bel
ow,
incl
udin
g th
e da
ta s
prea
d) is
an
impo
rtan
t com
pone
nt o
f the
ener
gy sa
ving
pro
gram
, as i
t ena
bles
obj
ectiv
e jud
gmen
ts ab
out
outc
omes
.
The
data
inc
lude
d in
the
Tab
le 4
sho
w t
hat
prog
ram
im
ple-
men
tatio
n an
d its
mon
itorin
g ar
e aim
ed at
ensu
ring
min
imum
en
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n an
d lo
ss. A
t the
sam
e tim
e, th
e ob
ject
ive
shou
ld b
e an
incr
ease
in th
e sh
are
(up
to 1
00%
) of e
quip
men
t w
ith m
eter
ing
faci
litie
s.
The
abov
e ra
nge
of d
ata
was
obt
aine
d in
the
cou
rse
of d
eve-
lopi
ng a
nd i
mpl
emen
ting
seve
ral e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
s in
Rus
sia. V
alue
s of
the
abo
ve in
dica
tors
may
diff
er, o
ne w
ay o
r th
e ot
her,
depe
ndin
g on
regi
onal
spec
ifics
.
Not
e, n
eith
er o
f th
e ex
istin
g re
gion
al a
ctiv
ities
dat
a co
llec-
tion
syst
ems (
for
exam
ple,
sta
te s
tatis
tics,
tech
nica
l inv
ento
ry
bure
aus
(BT
I), e
nerg
y se
rvic
ing
com
pani
es a
nd e
nerg
y co
n-su
mpt
ion
audi
t com
pani
es) i
s sat
isfac
tory
for t
horo
ugh
ener
gy
effici
ency
mon
itorin
g. A
bet
ter
syst
em s
houl
d be
cre
ated
as
a pa
rt o
f an
org
aniz
atio
nal m
echa
nism
for
reg
iona
l ene
rgy
ef-
ficie
ncy
man
agem
ent.
Esta
blish
ing
a st
rong
man
agem
ent
syst
em i
s on
e of
the
key
ta
sks o
f pro
gram
impl
emen
tatio
n, a
nd it
ent
ails
cert
ain
cost
s. Th
e nex
t sec
tion
incl
udes
a de
taile
d de
scrip
tion
of th
e ele
men
ts
of su
ch fu
nctio
ning
syst
em.
The m
ain
outc
ome o
f the
sixt
h st
age s
houl
d be
com
preh
ensiv
e,
cont
inuo
us m
onito
ring
with
in th
e fra
mew
ork
of th
e dev
elop
ed
regi
onal
ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
am, s
tart
ing
with
the
ener
gy c
on-
sum
ptio
n in
dica
tors
.
Proc
eedi
ng fr
om t
he in
tern
atio
nal p
ract
ice
of e
ntiti
es t
hat h
ave
face
d pr
oble
ms
impl
emen
ting
ener
gy p
olic
ies,
the
man
agem
ent
cycl
e ba
sed
on P
lan-
Do-
Che
ck-A
ct e
nabl
es c
ontin
uous
im
-pr
ovem
ent
and
the
intr
oduc
tion
of e
nerg
y m
anag
emen
t fu
ndam
enta
ls in
to d
ay-to
-day
pra
c-tic
es.
The
prin
cipl
e m
ay b
e pr
esen
ted
in th
e fo
rm o
f a d
iagr
am (r
ef. F
igur
e 12
):
Plan
: set
targ
ets,
defin
e pr
oces
ses r
equi
red
for d
istrib
utio
n of
out
com
es in
com
plia
nce
with
op-
port
uniti
es in
the
field
(sel
ect p
riorit
y ac
tiviti
es);
Do:
intr
oduc
e pr
oces
ses,
impl
emen
t act
iviti
es;
Che
ck: m
onito
r and
mea
sure
ene
rgy
proc
esse
s and
pro
duct
s in
term
s of t
heir
com
plia
nce
with
th
e en
ergy
pol
icy,
set t
arge
ts, k
ey c
hara
cter
istic
s of t
hese
pro
cess
es;
Act
: dev
elop
act
iviti
es fo
r fur
ther
impr
ovem
ent o
f ene
rgy
effici
ency
and
ene
rgy
savi
ng.
Mon
itorin
g, m
easu
rem
ent
and
revi
ew a
re t
he fi
rst
step
s in
fu
rthe
r de
velo
pmen
t of
the
reg
iona
l en
ergy
sav
ing
prog
ram
(p
rior t
o co
mm
ence
men
t of t
his w
ork
it is
nece
ssar
y to
find
out
th
e st
artin
g po
int t
o pl
an th
e ro
ute)
. It i
s nec
essa
ry to
mon
itor
all k
ey c
hara
cter
istic
s of
reg
iona
l pro
cess
es im
pact
ing
ener
gy
effici
ency
. It
mea
ns t
hat
they
sha
ll be
mon
itore
d, m
easu
red
and
revi
ewed
from
tim
e to
tim
e.
The
key
char
acte
ristic
s sho
uld
incl
ude
at le
ast:
a) e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n an
d en
ergy
effi
cien
cy re
view
dat
a (b
y fa
cilit
ies,
grou
ps o
f fac
ilitie
s);
b) li
st o
f fac
ilitie
s, gr
oups
of f
acili
ties c
hara
cter
ized
by
signi
fican
t ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion;
c) in
terc
onne
ctio
n be
twee
n sig
nific
ant e
nerg
y co
nsum
p-tio
n an
d ot
her c
hara
cter
istic
s of f
acili
ties (
for e
xam
ple,
the
exte
nt o
f the
rmal
insu
latio
n of
bui
ldin
g w
indo
ws);
d) e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy in
dica
tors
;
e) a
ctiv
ity e
ffici
ency
indi
cato
rs in
term
s of p
erfo
rman
ce o
f ob
ject
ives
and
task
s set
.
Mon
itorin
g as
the B
asis
of
Ene
rgy
Man
agem
ent
Act
Plan
Do
Che
ck
It is
nece
ssar
y to
regu
larly
iden
tify
and
revi
se th
e req
uire
men
ts
for s
tatis
tical
dat
a to
ens
ure
they
obj
ectiv
ely
refle
ct th
e en
ergy
st
atus
of
the
regi
on. R
egio
nal-l
evel
act
iviti
es m
ust
guar
ante
e th
at a
ll eq
uipm
ent
used
for
mon
itorin
g an
d m
easu
rem
ents
(n
ot o
nly
equi
pmen
t ow
ned
by t
he r
egio
n), a
s w
ell a
s re
gula
-tio
ns fo
r co
llect
ion
of d
ata
at t
he r
egio
nal l
evel
, pro
vide
rel
i-ab
le, n
ewly
obt
aine
d da
ta. A
ll sig
nific
ant e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n m
ust b
e ex
amin
ed in
ord
er to
resp
ond
acco
rdin
gly.
The
syst
em d
esig
natio
n:
a) a
ccum
ulat
e in
form
atio
n ab
out a
ctiv
ities
of e
cono
mic
en
titie
s in
the
field
of e
nerg
y sa
ving
;
b) tr
ack
chan
ges i
n pl
anne
d in
dica
tors
with
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e re
gion
al e
nerg
y po
licy;
c) re
flect
err
ors i
n th
e en
ergy
pol
icy;
d) id
entif
y te
chni
cal,
econ
omic
and
fina
ncia
l pot
entia
ls an
d th
eir r
ealiz
atio
n (o
r lac
k of
real
izat
ion)
.
Dat
a co
llect
ion
shal
l be
orga
nize
d as
follo
ws:
1. Id
entif
y th
e m
inim
um re
quire
d le
vel o
f det
ail t
hat
ensu
res s
uffici
ent c
ompl
eten
ess a
nd in
tegr
ity w
ithin
the
boun
darie
s of t
ime
and
fund
ing.
Leve
l of d
etai
l:
“t
errit
oria
l”: re
gion
on
the
who
le; i
ndiv
idua
l sec
tors
; gr
oups
of e
cono
mic
ent
ities
with
in se
ctor
s; in
divi
dual
ec
onom
ic e
ntiti
es.
“t
ime-
base
d”: y
ear,
six m
onth
s, qu
arte
r, m
onth
, etc
.
A ra
pid
incr
ease
in in
put i
nfor
mat
ion
quan
tity
shou
ld b
e tak
en
into
acco
unt w
hen
shift
ing
to th
e nex
t det
ail l
evel
. At t
he sa
me
time,
the s
hift
to th
e nex
t lev
el m
ay p
rove
to b
e ina
dvisa
ble d
ue
to a
lack
of t
ime,
fund
s or r
elia
ble i
nfor
mat
ion.
It is
pos
sible
to
appl
y di
ffere
nt le
vels
of d
etai
l to
the r
evie
w o
f suffi
cien
tly la
rge
econ
omic
ent
ities
tha
t sig
nific
antly
influ
ence
reg
iona
l ene
rgy
indi
cato
rs.
2. Jo
intly
with
regi
onal
offi
cial
s and
inde
pend
ent e
xper
ts,
prep
are
a lis
t of p
aram
eter
s and
cla
rify
the
leve
l of d
etai
l of
thei
r val
ues i
n te
rms o
f tim
e. Th
ese
para
met
ers s
houl
d be
fo
rmul
ated
on
the
basis
of i
nput
dat
a pr
oces
sing
and
refle
ct
outc
omes
of p
rogr
am im
plem
enta
tion.
3. E
nsur
e (w
ith th
e us
e of
org
aniz
atio
nal m
echa
nism
s) th
orou
gh, a
ccur
ate
and
timel
y co
llect
ion
of d
ata,
whi
ch
shou
ld b
e re
view
ed a
s it i
s rec
eive
d.
Dat
a co
llect
ion,
sto
rage
and
rev
iew
pla
y a
signi
fican
t ro
le in
th
e mon
itorin
g sy
stem
. The I
nter
natio
nal S
tand
ardi
zatio
n O
r-ga
niza
tion
(ISO
) is c
urre
ntly
dev
elop
ing
stan
dard
ISO
500
01
Ener
gy M
anag
emen
t Sys
tem
s – R
equi
rem
ents
with
Gui
danc
e fo
r Use
. The
stan
dard
mai
nly
focu
ses o
n cr
eatio
n of
a c
ompr
e-he
nsiv
e m
onito
ring
syst
em.
It w
ill b
ecom
e th
e ba
sis f
or n
a-tio
nal,
corp
orat
e and
mun
icip
al st
anda
rds o
f the
glo
bal e
nerg
y m
anag
emen
t. Pr
ovisi
ons
of t
he s
tand
ard
may
be
used
as
the
basis
for e
stab
lishi
ng re
gion
al e
nerg
y m
onito
ring
syst
ems.
The
plac
e of
the
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
with
in t
he d
evel
opm
ent
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ener
gy sa
ving
pro
gram
s in
the r
egio
n is
show
n in
Fig
ure
13.
4. If
it is
impo
ssib
le to
ens
ure
thor
ough
, acc
urat
e an
d tim
ely
data
, mak
e a
deci
sion
eith
er to
cor
rect
the
list
of p
aram
eter
s and
leve
ls of
det
ail o
r to
add
mea
sure
s to
reso
lve
the
iden
tified
pro
blem
.
5. A
s pro
gram
is b
eing
impl
emen
ted,
eva
luat
e th
e po
ssib
ility
to ta
ke st
eps 1
-4 w
ith a
hig
her l
evel
of d
etai
l w
here
nec
essa
ry.
Dat
a in
put i
nto
the
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
may
be
auto
mat
ed o
r pe
rfor
med
man
ually
, or
both
. Man
ual i
nput
is a
pplie
d w
hen
the
data
requ
ire p
relim
inar
y cl
eani
ng, a
gree
men
t, or
cla
rifica
-tio
n –
i.e.,
whe
n di
rect
hum
an p
artic
ipat
ion
is ne
cess
ary.
This
met
hod
is m
ostly
use
d ei
ther
at
the
first
sta
ge (
colle
ctio
n of
in
itial
dat
a) o
f the
pro
gram
dev
elop
men
t or
in t
he p
roce
ss o
f pr
ogra
m m
onito
ring
befo
re th
e de
velo
pmen
t of r
egul
atio
ns.
Aut
omat
ic i
nput
is
used
with
ele
ctro
nic
qual
itativ
e da
ta (
the
qual
ity o
f da
ta i
s gu
aran
teed
by
tech
nica
l and
org
aniz
atio
nal
activ
ities
), ei
ther
in c
ase
of si
ngle
inpu
t at t
he fi
rst s
tage
of t
he
prog
ram
dev
elop
men
t or
dur
ing
the
prog
ram
impl
emen
tatio
n m
onito
ring
proc
ess.
Base
d on
tim
e an
d co
st, B
usin
ess I
ntel
ligen
ce (B
I) so
ftw
are
is m
ost s
uita
ble
for m
onito
ring
syst
em d
evel
opm
ent.
The
mar
ket
is de
velo
ped
and
its sp
ecia
lists
are
hig
hly
skill
ed a
nd a
vaila
ble.
Th
e list
of s
uppl
iers
incl
udes
wel
l-kno
wn
inte
rnat
iona
l com
pa-
nies
(Mic
roso
ft, O
racl
e, IB
M, S
AP,
etc
.) as
wel
l as c
ompa
nies
in
volv
ed in
BI a
t the
loca
l lev
el.
The
Tota
l C
ost
of O
wne
rshi
p (T
CO
) m
etho
dolo
gy m
ay b
e us
ed t
o m
ake
a de
cisio
n on
a s
peci
fic s
oftw
are
syst
em.
The
esse
nce
of T
CO
is in
con
sider
atio
n of
all
cost
s (fo
r pr
ocur
e-m
ent
of s
oftw
are
and
hard
war
e, o
pera
tion,
etc
.) du
ring
the
entir
e lif
e cy
cle
of t
he in
form
atio
n sy
stem
. Bot
h co
mm
erci
al
and
publ
icly
acc
essib
le so
ftw
are
solu
tions
are
ava
ilabl
e fo
r cal
-cu
latio
n of
TC
O (
see
an e
xam
ple
of t
he p
ublic
ly-a
cces
sible
so
ftw
are
at: h
ttp:
//ww
w.tc
otoo
l.org
/inde
x_en
.htm
l).
In 2
010,
spec
ialis
ts at
Rus
sian
firm
TEK
dev
elop
ed th
e Reg
ion-
2010
soft
war
e to
dem
onst
rate
bas
ic e
lem
ents
of t
he m
etho
dol-
ogy
rela
ted
to th
e en
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n m
onito
ring.
Soft
war
e de
signa
tion:
dem
onst
rate
the
oper
atio
n of
the
met
hodo
logy
usin
g lim
ited
initi
al d
ata;
fine
-tun
e el
emen
tary
col
lect
ion
of re
quire
d in
form
atio
n,
whi
ch h
elps
det
erm
ine,
in si
tu, w
hich
dat
a ca
n be
col
lect
ed
quic
kly
and
whi
ch d
ata
are
miss
ing;
dem
onst
rate
exp
ecte
d ou
tcom
es fo
r the
pre
-set
per
iod
(for
exam
ple,
for t
hree
yea
rs);
eva
luat
e th
e ex
pect
ed v
olum
e of
ene
rgy
reso
urce
savi
ngs i
n ki
nd a
nd in
USD
dep
endi
ng o
n se
lect
ed a
ctiv
ities
, pric
es
for r
esou
rces
;
pro
duce
a te
ntat
ive
eval
uatio
n of
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f pay
-bac
k of
cos
ts fo
r ene
rgy
savi
ng v
ia sa
ved
ener
gy re
sour
ces.
The
soft
war
e co
mpr
ises
:
A. T
ools
to d
evel
op:
a li
st o
f fac
ilitie
s by
leve
ls of
det
ail (
for e
xam
ple:
sect
ors,
grou
ps o
f con
sum
ers);
a li
st o
f par
amet
ers t
o be
mon
itore
d (fo
r exa
mpl
e,
elec
tric
ity c
onsu
mpt
ion,
ele
ctric
ity c
osts
, cos
ts fo
r m
anuf
actu
ring
of p
rodu
cts,
etc.)
;
a li
st o
f dat
a co
llect
ion
time
perio
ds (q
uart
er, y
ear);
oth
er se
rvic
e in
form
atio
n;
B. F
orm
ats f
or in
put o
f pla
nned
and
act
ual i
nfor
mat
ion
on th
e st
atus
of f
acili
ties’
para
met
ers i
n tim
e;
C. S
umm
ary
tabl
es a
nd re
port
s for
revi
ew o
f inp
ut d
ata.
The
soft
war
e fu
nctio
ns to
geth
er w
ith th
e da
taba
se, a
nd is
de-
signe
d fo
r ope
ratio
n by
one
or s
ever
al u
sers
. Fin
d th
e so
ftw
are
and
a brie
f man
ual o
n th
e web
site o
f ros
tepl
o.ru
, with
in U
sefu
l So
ftw
are
for
Ther
mal
Eng
inee
ring
(htt
p://w
ww.
rost
eplo
.ru/
soft
.php
?idd=
183)
.
Thus
, the
sys
tem
atic
and
fun
ctio
ning
ene
rgy
man
agem
ent
syst
em,
conn
ecti
ng t
he d
ots,
is
the
min
imum
key
con
di-
tion
for
the
lon
g-te
rm s
ucce
ss o
f th
e de
velo
ped
regi
onal
en
ergy
sav
ing
prog
ram
.
Acc
ordi
ng to
rec
ent p
ract
ices
, the
dev
elop
men
t of r
egio
nal e
nerg
y sa
ving
pro
gram
s in
cur
rent
co
nditi
ons i
s a p
roce
ss a
imed
at u
nder
stan
ding
the
mos
t im
port
ant r
egio
nal e
nerg
y pr
oble
ms,
defin
ing
impr
ovem
ent
pote
ntia
l and
str
engt
heni
ng e
cono
mic
ally
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t by
es
tabl
ishin
g an
effi
cien
t m
onito
ring
and
man
agem
ent
syst
em o
f en
ergy
and
res
ourc
es s
uppl
y ac
ross
all
sect
ors a
nd su
b-se
ctor
s of t
he e
cono
my.
Dev
elop
ing
the s
tate
ener
gy sa
ving
pol
icy
in d
iffer
ent r
egio
ns ta
kes p
lace
in se
vera
l sta
ges (
Tabl
e 5)
, and
eac
h re
gion
will
mai
ntai
n its
ow
n ra
te o
f dev
elop
men
t dep
endi
ng o
n its
ow
n ch
arac
ter-
istic
s. A
s the
nat
iona
l sys
tem
of m
anag
emen
t and
ene
rgy
infr
astr
uctu
re e
volv
es, d
iffer
ent s
ets o
f re
gula
tory
and
lega
l mec
hani
sms w
ill b
e us
ed.
Rig
id p
rohi
bitiv
e m
echa
nism
s pre
vail
in th
e fir
st st
ages
(req
uire
men
ts, s
tand
ards
, rul
es (F
igur
e 10
)), w
hile
as a
new
inst
itutio
nal e
nviro
nmen
t (Fi
gure
14)
is c
reat
ed, l
ess r
igid
, mor
e at
trac
tive
mec
hani
sms (
priv
ilege
s, ou
trea
ch a
ctiv
ities
, etc
.) m
ay b
e ad
ded.
The
vario
us c
hara
cter
istic
s of r
egio
ns m
ean
that
a si
mpl
e se
t of
indi
vidu
al so
lutio
ns w
ill n
ot a
lway
s lea
d to
effi
cien
cy im
prov
e-m
ent.
Cer
tain
ly, t
here
is
no u
nifo
rm u
nive
rsal
set
of
ener
gy
and
reso
urce
s sav
ing
mea
sure
s and
tech
nolo
gies
. At a
ny p
oint
in
tim
e, k
ey r
egio
nal s
peci
fics d
eter
min
e th
e co
mm
on v
ecto
r, di
rect
ion
of m
oder
niza
tion,
and
the
esta
blish
men
t of a
cer
tain
se
t of m
easu
res –
as w
ell a
s the
sequ
ence
of t
heir
impl
emen
ta-
tion.
Tabl
e 6
and
App
endi
x C
incl
ude
basic
mec
hani
sms f
or im
ple-
men
ting
ener
gy s
avin
g m
easu
res,
incl
udin
g ex
ampl
es f
rom
va
rious
cou
ntrie
s. Th
e m
otiv
atio
n m
echa
nism
s de
mon
stra
te
how
the
mot
ivat
ion
of e
ntiti
es m
ay b
e im
prov
ed a
nd h
ow b
ar-
riers
to p
ro-a
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
may
be
over
com
e.
Con
clusio
n
Not
all
succ
essf
ul c
ases
(re
f. A
ppen
dice
s C
and
D)
may
be
appl
ied
effec
tivel
y in
oth
er c
ount
ries,
beca
use
of t
he v
aryi
ng
stag
es o
f the
ener
gy effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t pro
cess
. Nev
erth
e-le
ss, t
he m
ajor
ity o
f cas
es c
onvi
ncin
gly
prov
e th
e w
orka
bilit
y of
mot
ivat
ion
mea
sure
s in
case
of s
tage
d an
d co
nsist
ent i
mpl
e-m
enta
tion
of th
e en
ergy
savi
ng p
olic
y bo
th a
t the
regi
onal
and
co
untr
y le
vels
in v
ario
us se
ctor
s of t
he e
cono
my.
Suita
ble
mec
hani
sms a
re se
lect
ed b
ased
on
the
spec
ifics
of t
he
rele
vant
regi
on. A
t the
sam
e tim
e, o
ngoi
ng c
hang
es in
the
re-
gion
al c
onfig
urat
ion
(com
miss
ioni
ng a
nd d
ecom
miss
ioni
ng
of r
esid
entia
l bui
ldin
gs, r
egio
nal i
nfra
stru
ctur
e fa
cilit
ies,
in-
dust
rial e
ntiti
es, e
tc.)
nece
ssita
te a
n effi
cien
t re
gion
al e
nerg
y su
pply
and
ene
rgy
man
agem
ent s
yste
m.
Des
pite
the
var
iety
of a
ppro
ache
s, on
the
who
le, c
ompr
ehen
-siv
e en
ergy
sav
ing
prog
ram
s al
low
reg
ions
to
optim
ize
oper
-at
ing
capa
citie
s and
cre
ate
requ
ired
rese
rves
. Reg
iona
l ene
rgy
savi
ng p
rogr
ams
shal
l be
com
e th
e ba
sis f
or c
ompr
ehen
sive
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
t pr
ogra
ms
- to
im
prov
e effi
cien
cy o
f ex
istin
g so
urce
s, re
leas
e re
serv
es f
or f
utur
e de
velo
pmen
t an
d pr
o-ac
tivel
y us
e se
cond
ary
and
non-
trad
ition
al e
nerg
y so
urce
s ra
ther
than
con
stru
ct n
ew e
nerg
y-ge
nera
ting
faci
litie
s.
The
deve
lopm
ent o
f suc
h pr
ogra
ms
is a
cruc
ial s
tep
in b
uild
-in
g an
effi
cien
t life
supp
ort s
yste
m a
nd th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f a
robu
st p
latfo
rm fo
r reg
iona
l and
nat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t. St
aged
im
plem
enta
tion
of a
set
of a
ctiv
ities
fost
ers
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
th
e cu
rren
t situ
atio
n in
the
regi
on, i
dent
ifies
crit
ical
pro
blem
s an
d de
fines
met
hods
of e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy im
prov
emen
t.
App
endi
ces
4 Th
e do
cum
ent i
s in
publ
ic d
omai
n on
htt
p://w
ww.
1400
0.ru
Ene
rgy
effici
ency
man
agem
ent s
yste
m
Pla
nnin
g an
d id
entifi
catio
n of
obj
ectiv
es a
nd ta
sks
Ene
rgy
effici
ent d
esig
n
Im
prov
emen
t of t
he le
vel o
f pro
cess
inte
grat
ion
Mai
nten
ance
of m
otiv
atio
n in
the
proc
ess o
f ene
rgy
effici
ency
initi
ativ
e im
plem
enta
tion
Mai
nten
ance
of s
kills
of h
uman
reso
urce
s
Inf
orm
atio
n ex
chan
ge
Effi
cien
t con
trol
of p
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses
Mai
nten
ance
Mon
itorin
g an
d m
easu
rem
ents
Ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
audi
t and
ene
rgy
diag
nost
ics
Ent
halp
y an
d ex
ergy
revi
ew (P
inch
ana
lysis
)
Ther
mo-
econ
omic
s
Ene
rgy
mod
els,
data
base
s and
bal
ance
s
Opt
imiz
atio
n of
par
amet
ers o
f ene
rgy
reso
urce
s use
ää
Sinc
e Ju
ly 2
007,
ele
ctric
ity a
nd g
as m
arke
ts i
n EU
Mem
ber
Stat
es h
ave
been
ful
ly o
pene
d fo
r al
l cu
stom
ers.
Acc
ordi
ng
to t
he E
urop
ean
Reg
ulat
ors’
Gro
up f
or E
lect
ricity
and
Gas
(E
RGEG
, 20
07),
end-
user
pr
ice
regu
latio
n di
stor
ts
the
mar
ket.
ERG
EG t
hus
reco
mm
ends
end
-use
r pr
ice
regu
latio
n be
abo
lishe
d or
bro
ught
into
line
with
mar
ket c
ondi
tions
.
Cas
e: R
educ
ing
fuel
pov
erty
by
incr
easi
ng e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy
An
appr
oach
pro
vidi
ng a
ssist
ance
to
low
inco
me
hous
ehol
ds
in o
rder
to
impl
emen
t en
ergy
effi
cien
cy m
easu
res
has
prov
ed
to b
e a
succ
ess i
n th
e U
K. I
t is u
sed
to re
duce
fuel
pov
erty
in
the
long
er-te
rm.
Wha
t: W
arm
Fro
nt sc
hem
e to
tack
le fu
el p
over
ty a
nd im
prov
e en
ergy
effi
cien
cy.
Why
: In
the
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
(UK
), re
duci
ng a
nd a
ddre
ssin
g fu
el p
over
ty i
s on
e of
the
mai
n ob
ject
ives
of
ener
gy p
olic
y. Fu
el p
over
ty o
ccur
s due
to a
com
bina
tion
of p
oorly
insu
late
d,
ener
gy in
effici
ent h
ouse
s and
low
inco
me.
In th
ese h
ouse
hold
s, fin
anci
al b
arrie
rs to
ene
rgy
effici
ency
mea
sure
s are
hig
h.
Acc
ordi
ng to
the U
K d
efini
tion,
a ho
useh
old
is in
fuel
pov
erty
if
it ne
eds t
o sp
end
mor
e tha
n 10
% o
f its
inco
me o
n a s
atisf
acto
ry
heat
ing
regi
me.
In
2004
, abo
ut 2
mill
ion
hous
ehol
ds w
ere
in
fuel
pov
erty
in th
e U
K (O
ECD
/IEA
, 200
8).
How
: In
Engl
and,
the
War
m F
ront
Sch
eme
prov
ides
ene
rgy
effici
ency
gra
nts t
o ho
useh
olds
that
rece
ive s
ome f
orm
of s
ocia
l be
nefit
, su
ch a
s ho
useh
olds
with
dep
ende
nt c
hild
ren,
the
el
derly
, the
long
-term
sick
and
the d
isabl
ed. Th
e pub
lic g
rant
is
fund
ed b
y D
EFR
A (D
epar
tmen
t for
Env
ironm
ent,
Food
and
R
ural
Affa
irs) a
nd m
anag
ed b
y Ea
ga, o
ne o
f the
UK
’s la
rges
t su
pplie
rs o
f hea
ting
and
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y.
In t
he W
arm
Fro
nt S
chem
e, c
entr
al h
eatin
g is
offer
ed t
o al
l el
igib
le h
ouse
hold
s. O
ther
ener
gy effi
cien
cy m
easu
res m
ay a
lso
be o
ffere
d, su
bjec
t to
max
imum
gra
nt a
mou
nts.
Out
com
e: B
etw
een
the
intr
oduc
tion
of t
he s
chem
e in
Jun
e 20
00 a
nd t
he e
nd o
f 20
07,
near
ly 1
.5 m
illio
n ho
useh
olds
re
ceiv
ed a
ssist
ance
. Th
e av
erag
e gr
ant
inve
stm
ent
was
GBP
83
9 in
200
4-20
05 a
nd G
BP 1
436
in 2
006-
2007
. The
aver
age
payb
ack
time
was
5 y
ears
in 2
004-
2005
and
7 y
ears
in 2
006-
whi
ch a
t le
ast
half
had
to b
e m
et in
low
-inco
me
hous
ehol
ds.
Failu
re t
o co
mpl
y w
ith t
he r
equi
rem
ents
led
to
finan
cial
pe
nalti
es.
Flex
ibili
ty i
s al
low
ed t
hrou
gh t
radi
ng:
supp
liers
co
uld
buy
or se
ll en
ergy
savi
ngs,
or th
eir o
blig
atio
ns, t
o ot
her
supp
liers
.
Out
com
e: I
n th
e 20
05-2
008
perio
d, t
he s
uppl
iers
del
iver
ed
savi
ngs o
f 187
Tw
h, n
early
50%
mor
e th
an th
e ta
rget
. And
at
leas
t hal
f of t
he sa
ving
s wer
e m
ade
in lo
w-in
com
e ho
useh
olds
(O
fgem
, 200
8).
Cas
e: E
nerg
y sa
ving
obl
igat
ion
to e
lect
rici
ty d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em o
pera
tors
Wha
t: O
blig
ate
elec
tric
ity d
istrib
utio
n sy
stem
ope
rato
rs t
o ac
hiev
e ene
rgy s
avin
gs in
hou
seho
ld an
d no
n-ho
useh
old
sect
ors
in th
e Fl
emish
regi
on in
Bel
gium
.
Why
: To
im
prov
e en
ergy
effi
cien
cy i
n ho
useh
old
and
non-
hous
ehol
d se
ctor
s.
How
: In
the
Fle
mish
reg
ion,
ele
ctric
ity d
istrib
utor
s m
ust
achi
eve
an a
nnua
l en
ergy
sav
ing
targ
et o
f 2%
of
elec
tric
ity
supp
lied
to h
ouse
hold
s and
1.5
% o
f ele
ctric
ity su
pplie
d to
non
-ho
useh
old
cust
omer
s. Th
e ta
rget
is
base
d on
the
am
ount
of
elec
tric
ity s
uppl
ied
in t
wo
prev
ious
yea
rs. O
pera
tors
tha
t fai
l to
ach
ieve
the
targ
et m
ust p
ay a
fina
ncia
l pen
alty
.
The
dist
ribut
ors
can
deci
de w
hich
ene
rgy
savi
ng m
easu
res
to
prom
ote
to a
chie
ve t
he t
arge
t. Th
e m
easu
re m
ust
cons
ist o
f fin
anci
al (f
or e
xam
ple
gran
t or
low
-cos
t loa
n) a
nd a
war
enes
s-ra
ising
ele
men
ts (
i.e. c
onsu
mer
s’ aw
aren
ess).
In
addi
tion,
the
sy
stem
ope
rato
rs w
ere
requ
ired
to c
arry
out
tw
o en
ergy
scan
s fo
r eve
ry 1
00 h
ouse
hold
con
nect
ions
bet
wee
n 20
07 a
nd 2
009.
W
here
adv
isabl
e, e
nerg
y sa
ving
lig
htbu
lbs,
wat
er-e
cono
my
show
er-h
eads
, pip
e in
sula
tion
and
radi
atio
n fo
il ar
e in
stal
led
to th
e sc
anne
d ho
useh
olds
. The
elec
tric
ity d
istrib
utor
s are
also
ob
ligat
ed to
offe
r ene
rgy
acco
untin
g fo
r sch
ools
and
heal
th a
nd
wel
fare
faci
litie
s an
d su
ppor
t loc
al a
utho
ritie
s in
the
ir en
ergy
po
licy
(Fle
mish
ene
rgy
effici
ency
act
ion
plan
200
8-20
10).
Out
com
e: Th
e m
ost
com
mon
mea
sure
s ha
ve b
een
supe
r-in
sula
ted
glaz
ing;
co
nden
sing
boile
rs
and
high
-effi
cien
cy
boile
rs;
roof
ins
ulat
ion
in e
xist
ing
build
ings
; th
erm
osta
tic
valv
es; a
nd so
lar b
oile
rs (F
lem
ish e
nerg
y effi
cien
cy a
ctio
n pl
an
2008
-201
0). Th
e re
aliz
ed p
rimar
y en
ergy
sav
ings
hav
e va
ried
2007
.
As
a re
sult
of t
he i
nves
tmen
ts,
the
CO
2 em
issio
ns o
f th
e ho
useh
olds
fel
l an
ave
rage
of
24%
in
2004
-200
5 an
d 13
%
in 2
006-
2007
. Oth
er b
enefi
ts w
ere
impr
oved
air
qual
ity a
nd
ener
gy se
curit
y (O
ECD
/IEA
, 200
8).
Sim
ilar
regi
onal
en
ergy
effi
cien
cy
prog
ram
s ta
rget
ed
to
hous
ehol
ds in
fue
l pov
erty
are
in p
lace
in N
orth
ern
Irel
and,
W
ales
and
Sco
tland
.
Cas
e: E
nerg
y E
ffici
ency
Com
mit
men
t fo
r el
ectr
icit
y an
d ga
s sup
plie
rs
Wha
t: E
nerg
y Effi
cien
cy C
omm
itmen
t (E
EC2)
, th
e m
ain
inst
rum
ent
of t
he U
K G
over
nmen
t fo
r im
prov
ing
ener
gy
effici
ency
of h
ouse
hold
s in
2005
-200
8.
Why
: To
im
prov
e en
ergy
effi
cien
cy o
f ho
useh
olds
thr
ough
ob
ligat
ions
to e
nerg
y su
pplie
rs.
How
: The
Elec
tric
ity a
nd G
as O
rder
requ
ires e
lect
ricity
or g
as
supp
liers
who
sup
ply
at l
east
50,
000
dom
estic
cus
tom
ers
to
achi
eve
ener
gy s
avin
g ta
rget
s in
the
hou
seho
lds.
The
over
all
targ
et fo
r the
200
5-20
08 p
erio
d w
as a
savi
ngs o
f 130
TW
h, o
f
betw
een
600
and
1000
GW
h/ye
ar
in 2
003-
2006
(Cor
nelis
, 20
09).
Cas
e: L
ong-
term
, low
inte
rest
loan
s for
bui
ldin
g re
trofi
t
Wha
t: C
O2
Build
ing
Reh
abili
tatio
n pr
ogra
m in
Ger
man
y
Why
: To
im
prov
e en
ergy
effi
cien
cy i
n ex
istin
g re
siden
tial
build
ings
How
: In
Ger
man
y, su
bsid
ies
com
bine
d w
ith l
ow i
nter
est
loan
s are
gra
nted
for
the
reno
vatio
n of
bui
ldin
gs t
hat r
equi
re
subs
tant
ial e
nerg
y sav
ing i
nves
tmen
ts. F
or a
build
ing c
ompl
eted
be
fore
1984
, for
exam
ple,
a su
bsid
y of 1
7.5%
of r
enov
atio
n co
sts
(up
to 8
750
euro
per
dw
ellin
g) m
ay b
e gra
nted
if th
e bui
ldin
g’s
ener
gy c
onsu
mpt
ion
is at
leas
t 30
% h
ighe
r th
an r
equi
red
by
the
curr
ent b
uild
ing
code
.
Alte
rnat
ivel
y, a
low
-inte
rest
loan
may
be
gran
ted
to c
over
the
in
vest
men
t co
sts.
The
leng
th o
f th
e tim
e w
ithin
whi
ch t
he
loan
has
to
be p
aid
is lim
ited
to 2
0 ye
ars,
but
the
perio
d of
re
paym
ent
can
be d
elay
ed f
or a
max
imum
of
thre
e ye
ars.
If
the
reno
vate
d ho
use
(bui
lt be
fore
198
4) a
chie
ves
the
ener
gy
The m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t mea
sure
s in
EEC
2, n
umbe
r of m
easu
res
deliv
ered
and
ener
gy sa
ving
ach
ieve
d in
200
5- 2
008
(Ofg
em,
2008
).
Figu
re. P
art o
f an
ener
gy c
ertifi
cate
of a
smal
l resi
dent
ial b
uild
-in
g in
Fin
land
. Ene
rgy
effici
ency
rat
ing
from
A to
G is
bas
ed o
n th
e en
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n of
the
bui
ldin
g (k
Wh/
gros
s ar
ea (
m2)
). Th
e bu
ildin
g in
the
exam
ple
cons
umes
185
kWh/
m2
and
has t
he
ener
gy p
erfo
rman
ce ra
ting
of C
perf
orm
ance
sta
ndar
d fo
r ne
w b
uild
ings
, 5%
of
the
loan
is
forg
iven
. If
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
goes
30%
bey
ond
the
stan
dard
, the
relie
f is 1
2.5%
.
The
loan
s are
man
aged
by
KfW
, a n
on-p
rofit
pub
lic b
anki
ng
grou
p. L
ower
inte
rest
rate
s tha
n m
ost c
omm
erci
al lo
ans r
esul
t in
ave
rage
savi
ngs o
f abo
ut 7
-12%
per
loan
.
Out
com
e:
From
19
96
to
2004
, th
e C
O2
Build
ing
Reh
abili
tatio
n Pr
ogra
m
appr
oved
lo
ans
for
abou
t 16
.3
mill
ion
m2
for
196,
000
dwel
lings
. Bet
wee
n 20
01 a
nd 2
005,
th
e es
timat
ed a
nnua
l ene
rgy
savi
ng w
as 2
0 PJ
(O
ECD
/IEA
, 20
08).
Cas
e: E
nerg
y ce
rtifi
cate
s of b
uild
ings
Wha
t: E
nerg
y ce
rtifi
cate
of b
uild
ings
.
Why
: To
info
rm b
uyer
s and
rent
ers,
and
pros
pect
ive
tena
nts,
of a
bui
ldin
g’s e
nerg
y pe
rfor
man
ce.
How
: The
EU d
irect
ive
on E
nerg
y Pe
rfor
man
ce o
f Bui
ldin
gs
(200
2/91
/EC
) re
quire
s M
embe
r St
ates
to
ensu
re t
hat
whe
n bu
ildin
gs a
re c
onst
ruct
ed,
sold
or
rent
ed o
ut,
an e
nerg
y ce
rtifi
cate
is a
vaila
ble
to t
he p
rosp
ectiv
e bu
yer
or te
nant
. The
cert
ifica
te p
rese
nts t
he en
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n of
the b
uild
ing
for
spac
e an
d ho
t wat
er h
eatin
g, c
oolin
g, v
entil
atio
n an
d lig
htin
g.
In a
dditi
on, t
he c
ertifi
cate
sho
ws t
he r
efer
ence
val
ues s
uch
as
curr
ent l
egal
sta
ndar
ds, a
nd g
ives
rec
omm
enda
tions
for
cost-
effec
tive
impr
ovem
ent o
f ene
rgy
perf
orm
ance
.
Out
com
e: Th
e en
ergy
cer
tifica
tes h
ave
signi
fican
tly im
prov
ed
publ
ic aw
aren
ess a
nd a
tren
d to
war
d m
ore e
ffici
ent c
onst
ruct
ion
is vi
sible
. H
owev
er,
in m
ost
coun
trie
s it
is to
o ea
rly t
o qu
antit
ativ
ely
estim
ate
the
full
impa
ct o
f en
ergy
cer
tifica
tes.
In th
e Net
herla
nds,
whe
re a
cert
ifica
tion
sche
me e
xist
ed b
efor
e
the E
U d
irect
ive o
n bu
ildin
g en
ergy
per
form
ance
, it s
eem
s tha
t bu
ildin
gs w
ith th
e “g
reen
labe
l” (s
ee F
igur
e ab
ove)
hav
e ha
d a
sligh
tly h
ighe
r tr
ansa
ctio
n pr
ice
than
bui
ldin
gs w
ith t
he “
red
labe
l.” A
lso, t
he p
erio
d of
tim
e th
at a
hou
se g
oes
unso
ld h
as
been
shor
ter f
or g
reen
labe
l bui
ldin
gs (A
SIEP
I, 20
09).
Cas
e: E
nerg
y se
rvic
e co
mpa
ny (E
SCO
)
Wha
t: E
nerg
y se
rvic
e co
mpa
ny (E
SCO
).
Why
: To
prom
ote
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
inve
stm
ents
in in
dust
ry,
serv
ices
and
pub
lic b
uild
ings
.
How
: A
n en
ergy
ser
vice
com
pany
(ES
CO
) is
an e
nter
prise
th
at d
eliv
ers
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
mea
sure
s an
d in
vest
men
ts in
a
cust
omer
’s fa
cilit
y or p
rem
ises.
The r
emun
erat
ion
of th
e ser
vice
s of
ESC
O,
incl
udin
g in
vest
men
ts,
is ba
sed
on s
aved
ene
rgy
cost
s. Th
us E
SCO
ser
vice
s in
clud
e a
savi
ngs
guar
ante
e an
d ES
CO
cov
ers t
he fi
nanc
ial r
isk e
ither
par
tly o
r ful
ly (M
otiv
a,
2010
). Th
e ES
CO
con
cept
is p
artic
ular
ly su
itabl
e w
hen
a la
ck
of fi
nanc
ial o
r hu
man
res
ourc
es i
mpe
des
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ot
herw
ise v
iabl
e ac
tiviti
es.
Seve
ral
EU
coun
trie
s ha
ve
take
n m
easu
res
to
prom
ote
ESC
O’s,
esp
ecia
lly i
n th
e pu
blic
sec
tor.
ESC
O p
roje
cts
are
ofte
n pr
omot
ed t
hrou
gh t
he p
repa
ratio
n of
pro
ject
s an
d by
in
vest
men
t sub
sidie
s (EC
, 200
9). G
erm
any
has a
par
ticul
arly
es
tabl
ished
ene
rgy
serv
ices
indu
stry
.
Out
com
e: In
Ger
man
y, th
ere a
re ab
out 5
00 E
SCO
com
pani
es
and
an e
stim
ated
50,
000
proj
ects
. Th
e av
erag
e in
vest
men
t pa
ybac
k tim
e is
5 to
15
year
s, an
d th
e av
erag
e sa
ving
in e
nerg
y va
ries
betw
een
10%
and
38%
of e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n be
fore
th
e in
vest
men
t. Th
e m
ost
com
mon
tec
hnol
ogie
s de
liver
ed in
ES
CO
pro
ject
s ar
e he
atin
g, in
sula
tion
and
CH
P (B
erto
ldi e
t al
., 20
07).
Ara
kelo
v V.
E. M
etho
dica
l Bas
is of
Ene
rgy
Res
ourc
e Sa
ving
s. –
M.:
Ener
goiz
dat,
1990
.
Art
ykho
v V.
V., G
asho
E.G
., M
arty
nov
A.S
., Z
abel
in
S.I.,
Miru
tenk
o M
.V.,
Ryzh
kov
I.N. E
colo
gy a
nd
Ener
gy G
ener
atio
n –
Ten
Cas
es. –
Inde
pend
ent E
co-
logi
cal R
atin
g A
genc
y N
ERA
. 200
8.
Baid
akov
S.L
., G
asho
E.G
. Eco
nom
ic a
nd L
egal
Pre
-re
quisi
tes f
or Im
plem
enta
tion
of C
ompr
ehen
sive
Ter-
ritor
ial E
nerg
y Sa
ving
Pro
gram
s // N
ews i
n El
ectr
icity
G
ener
atio
n Se
ctor
. 200
7, #
6.
Gas
ho E
.G.,
Kov
ylov
V.K
., Pa
rsch
ikov
V.P
. Met
hod-
olog
ical
App
roac
h to
Res
olut
ion
of th
e Pr
oble
m w
ith
Rat
iona
lizat
ion
of th
e R
egio
nal E
nerg
y an
d In
dust
rial
Com
plex
// In
dust
rial P
ower
Sec
tor.
2002
, # 1
0. P
. 2-7
.
Met
hods
and
Mod
els f
or D
evel
opm
ent o
f Reg
iona
l En
ergy
Pro
gram
s./ S
aney
ev B
.G.,
Soko
lov
A.D
., et
c. –
N
ovos
ibirs
k : N
auka
, 200
3.
Ref
eren
ce D
ocum
ent o
n Be
st A
vaila
ble
Ener
gy E
ffici
en-
cy T
echn
olog
ies /
V. V
inic
henk
o, E
. Gas
ho, T
. Gus
eva,
E.
Dm
itrie
v, G
. Pan
kin.
The
refe
renc
e do
cum
ent w
as
publ
ished
with
supp
ort f
rom
the
Stra
tegi
c Pr
ogra
mm
es
Foun
datio
n (U
K F
orei
gn O
ffice
) and
Ros
stan
dart
(R
ussia
). 20
09.
Sham
shev
a N
.V. P
ract
ical
Ene
rgy
Savi
ng M
echa
nism
s U
sing
the
Exam
ple
of th
e La
w O
n En
ergy
Sav
ing
in th
e C
ity o
f Mos
cow
// N
ovos
ti te
plos
nabz
heni
ya. 2
007,
# 3
.
Ener
gy S
avin
g En
cycl
oped
ia /
Dan
ilov
N.I.
, Sch
elok
ov
Ya.M
. – Y
ekat
erin
burg
: Soc
rate
s, 20
02. –
p. 3
51.
Ener
gy E
ffici
ency
Mon
itorin
g in
EU
27.
(OD
YSSE
E-M
UR
E pr
ojec
t). B
arba
ra S
chlo
man
n, M
athi
as M
aukh
an
d W
olfg
ang
Ach
ham
mer
.
http
://w
ww.
odys
see-
indi
cato
rs.o
rg
OEC
D/I
EA, 2
007.
Ene
rgy
Stra
tegi
es in
IEA
Mem
ber
Stat
es. I
nter
natio
nal E
nerg
y A
genc
y (I
EA),
Paris
.
http
://w
ww.
iea.
org/
text
base
/npp
df/fr
ee/2
007
Wor
ld B
ank.
201
0. L
ight
s Out
? Was
hing
ton,
DC
Ref
eren
ces
to U
sefu
l Doc
umen
ts:
