regional integration in africa dr djacoba liva tehindrazanarivelo boston university geneva programme...

Regional Integration in Africa

Dr Djacoba Liva Tehindrazanarivelo

Boston University Geneva Programme

HEID Summer Course

Geneva, 30 June 2008

D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo 2

Outline

1. The quest for regional integration in Africa: the Abuja Treaty framework and its place within the AU agenda

2. The forms of existing regional economic communities (RECs) in Africa

3. Discussions

- the proliferation of RECs in Africa and the process of continental integration

- external powers and Africa: EU, US and China


1.1 The Abuja Treaty Framework Origins of the Abuja Treaty: Monrovia Declaration (1979), Lagos Plan of Action

and Final Act of Lagos (1980) Objectives of the African Economic Community (art. 4 (1))

(a) To promote economic, social and cultural development and the integration of African economies in order to increase economic selfreliance and promote an endogenous and self-sustained development;

(b) To establish, on a continental scale, a framework for the development, mobilisation and utilisation of the human and material resources of Africa in order to achieve a self-reliant development;

(c) To promote co-operation in all fields of human endeavour in order to raise the standard of living of African peoples, and maintain and enhance economic stability, foster close and peaceful relations among Member States and contribute to the progress, development and the economic integration of the Continent; and

(d) To coordinate and harmonize policies among existing and future economic communities in order to foster the gradual establishment of the Community.


Modalities for the establishment of AEC

Stage 1: 5 years (~1995-1999): strengthening of existing RECs and creation of new ones in other regions

Stage 2: 8 years (~2000-2007): stabilising tariff barriers and NTB, customs duties and internal taxes; sectorial integration; Inter-RECs co-ordination and harmonization

Stage 3: 10 years (~2008-2017): establishment of FTA at the level of each REC

Stage 4: 2 years (~2018-2019): harmonisation of tariff and NT systems among RECs with a view to establishment of a continental CU

Stage 5: 4 years (~2020-2023): establishment of an African Common Market through common policy, etc.

Stage 6: 5 years (~2024-2028): consolidation and strengthening of the structure of the ACM: 4 freedoms, sectors integration, single Central African Bank and currency, executive organs of the AEC, etc

‘The transition from one stage to another shall be determined when the specific objectives … for a particular stage are implemented’. Not exceed 40 years


1.2 The AEC, the AU and the RECs

The place of the AEC in the AU agenda: Sirte Declaration, OAU Constitutive Act, NEPAD

The AEC 5 RECs framework and the actual 14 RECs

- West Africa (2): ECOWAS, UEMOA- North Africa (2): UMA, CEN-SAD (Sahara & Sahel)- Central Africa (3): CEEAC, UDEAC/CEMAC, CEPGL- Eastern Africa (3): IGAD, EAC, IOC (Indian Ocean)- Southern Africa (4): SADC, SACU, CMA + COMESA (Eastern

and Southern )


RECs in North Africa

UMA, 1989, 5

Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania

CEN-SAD, 1998, 25

States situated in the deserts of Sahara and Sahel + Comoros


CEN-SAD: A Transversal REC

1998, 25 www.cen-sad.org

Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, CAR, Chad, Niger, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Comoros

http://www.cen-sad.org/


RECs in West Africa (2)

ECOWAS, 1975, 15

Cape Verde, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria

UEMOA/WAEMU, 1994, 8

Senegal, Mali, Niger, Guinea Bissau, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin


RECs in Central Africa (3)

ECCAS/CEEAC, 1983, 11

Chad, CAR, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, STP, Gabon, Congo, DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola

CEMAC/CAEMC, 1994, 6

Chad, CAR, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo

ECGLS/CEPGL, (1976) 2004, 3

DRC, Rwanda, Burundi


RECs in East Africa (3)

IGAD, 1996, 7 - www.igad.org

Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda

EAC, (1967) 1999, 5 www.eac.int

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania + Rwanda & Burundi (1.7.2007)

IOC, 1984, 5 www.coi-ioc.org

Comoros, Madagascar, France (La Réunion), Mauritius, Seychelles

http://www.igad.org/

http://www.eac.int/

http://www.coi-ioc.org/


COMESA: Eastern and Southern Africa

1993, 19 ww.comesa.int

Libya, Egypt,

Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi,

DRC, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Mauritius, Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles

FTA + CU (20..)

http://www.comesa.int/


RECs in Southern Africa (3)

SADC, 1992, 14 www.sadc.intDRC (97), Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia (90), Botswana, South Africa (94), Lesotho, Swaziland, Madagascar (05) Mauritius (95)

CMA, (1974-86) 1992, 4 South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Namibia

SACU, 1910, 5 www.sacu.int Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland

http://www.sadc.int/

http://www.sacu.int/


3. Discussions

The proliferation of RECs in Africa and the process of continental integration

. Issue of multiple memberships

. Issue of harmonization and inter-regional cooperation: identifying possible concurrent RECs

. Other issues?

. AU’s responses

- 8 recognized RECs: ECOWAS, COMESA, CEEAC, AMU, IGAD, SADC, CEN-SAD, and EAC


3. Discussions (2)

Relations with external powers

. The ‘new scramble for Africa’

- EU

- USA

- China

. Continental or regional negotiation framework?

regional integration in africa dr djacoba liva tehindrazanarivelo boston university geneva programme...

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