Geography

Remote SensingConcept of remote sensing. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites. Imageries- IRS products, MSS bands- blue, green, red and near infra red, False Colour Composite (FCC). Application of remote sensing in natural resources. Introduction to Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS). Remote Sensing :

Remote Sensing ( ) . , (Satellites) , . Remote Sensing : SensorObject to be sensedElectro Magnetic RadiationRemote Sensing 3 Remote Sensing :

Target Interaction recording, (Transmission, Reception and Processing) (Interpretation and Analysis) (Application) Electromagnetic Spectrum

Remote Sensing :

Remote Sensing :

Remote Sensing : Active/passive

Remote Sensing : Passive Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic radiation) (record) . . . . Photography active remote sensing . Landsat (), SPOT () Radiometer, Imaging radiometer, Spectrometer, Hyperspectral radiometer Sensors () Passive remote sensing . RadiometerAn instrument that quantitatively measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in some bands within the spectrum. Usually, a radiometer is further identified by the portion of the spectrum it covers; for example, visible, infrared, or microwave.Spectrometer A device that is designed to detect, measure, and analyze the spectral content of incident electromagnetic radiation. Conventional imaging spectrometers use gratings or prisms to disperse the radiation for spectral discrimination.

9Remote Sensing :

Remote Sensing : Active Remote Sensing : . , , .

RadiometerAn instrument that quantitatively measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in some bands within the spectrum. Usually, a radiometer is further identified by the portion of the spectrum it covers; for example, visible, infrared, or microwave.Spectrometer A device that is designed to detect, measure, and analyze the spectral content of incident electromagnetic radiation. Conventional imaging spectrometers use gratings or prisms to disperse the radiation for spectral discrimination.

11RADAR, SONAR, LIDAR

: (Echo) . . .

SONAR (SOund Navigation And Ranging) . . RadiometerAn instrument that quantitatively measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in some bands within the spectrum. Usually, a radiometer is further identified by the portion of the spectrum it covers; for example, visible, infrared, or microwave.Spectrometer A device that is designed to detect, measure, and analyze the spectral content of incident electromagnetic radiation. Conventional imaging spectrometers use gratings or prisms to disperse the radiation for spectral discrimination.

12SONAR .

RadiometerAn instrument that quantitatively measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in some bands within the spectrum. Usually, a radiometer is further identified by the portion of the spectrum it covers; for example, visible, infrared, or microwave.Spectrometer A device that is designed to detect, measure, and analyze the spectral content of incident electromagnetic radiation. Conventional imaging spectrometers use gratings or prisms to disperse the radiation for spectral discrimination.

13RADAR .

; . RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) .

14LIDAR , : LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) LIDAR .

15 , . . ; . ; .

16 . (. ) (thermal infrared) .

17Remote Sensing: Bands (Sensors) Visible () Near infrared ( ) . Landsat 1972 . MSS TM . Remote Sensing: BandsMSS - Multispectral Scanner. Resolution 60 4 Spectrometer . (MSS Band) (micro meters) 40.5 0.650.6 0.760.7 0.8 70.8 1.1 Remote Sensing: BandsTM Thematic Mapper. Resolution 30 7 Spectrometer .

False colour composite (fcc) (FCC) (Infrared) (filters) . .

False colour composite (fcc)FCC , /False colour composite (fcc) / IRS 1979 1981 -2 : IRS . : (Land Use and Land Cover) (Urban planning) IRS : (Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development) 1992 174

IRS FASAL : 1988 CAPE (Crop Acreage and Production Estimation) . , , , , . . , . CAPE . IRS FASAL : FASAL (Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agrometeorological and Land based observations) . , , , . . IRS :WRIS: WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM

Web-enabled GIS , NGOs , . IRS :VRC (Village Resource Centres) communication . , , , , , . . IRS :VRC (Village Resource Centres) communication . , , , , , . .TYPES OF SATELLITES & LAUNCH VEHICLES

Sun-synchronousGeo-synchronous1. PSLV 2.GSLV

Aerial photography can be defined as the science of taking a photo from a point in the air, for the purpose of making some type of study of earth. Terrestrial photo Camera axis is horizontal or near horizontalAerial photo Camera axis is vertical or near vertical.Aerial photographs were the first form of Remote Sensing and they still remain most widely used images on even today also.Limitations / Drawbacks of aerial photographs:

1. Scale is not uniform. It varies from strip to strip, photograph to photograph and also in same photo at different points.

2. Minor structural features such as folds, small scale joints, fractures, lineation, foliation, crossbedding, ripple marks, etc. can not be interpreted unless the scale of photographs is sufficiently large to represent them photographically.

3. In some cases exact rock identification may become difficult as rock exposures may be covered by surficial cover, soil, vegetation etc.

4. Photo interpretation tells only about those features which are on the surface of Earth.

5. Photographic remote sensing is restricted to 0.3 to 0.9 m region of electromagnetic spectrum and longer wavelengths valuable information is omitted.

6. Photography is restricted by weather, lighting conditions and atmospheric effects.

7. Information is recorded in the analog mode / non-digital format. In order to be computer processed, photos must be converted in to digital format although digital cameras are developed and are now used to acquire aerial photographs.

31IRS 1A: Launch Date: 17 MARCH 1988I st in series of Remote Sensing SatellitePolar sun synchronous orbit from the vostok in USSR

Mission completed July 1996 after serving for 8 years ORBITAL PARAMETERAltitude - 904 KmInclination - 99 degreesLocal Time - 9:40 A.MRepetivity - 22 DaysOrbits/day-14Period -103 minutesSensors- LISS-I, LISS-IIIRS-1AAerial photography can be defined as the science of taking a photo from a point in the air, for the purpose of making some type of study of earth. Terrestrial photo Camera axis is horizontal or near horizontalAerial photo Camera axis is vertical or near vertical.Aerial photographs were the first form of Remote Sensing and they still remain most widely used images on even today also.Limitations / Drawbacks of aerial photographs:

1. Scale is not uniform. It varies from strip to strip, photograph to photograph and also in same photo at different points.

2. Minor structural features such as folds, small scale joints, fractures, lineation, foliation, crossbedding, ripple marks, etc. can not be interpreted unless the scale of photographs is sufficiently large to represent them photographically.

3. In some cases exact rock identification may become difficult as rock exposures may be covered by surficial cover, soil, vegetation etc.

4. Photo interpretation tells only about those features which are on the surface of Earth.

5. Photographic remote sensing is restricted to 0.3 to 0.9 m region of electromagnetic spectrum and longer wavelengths valuable information is omitted.

6. Photography is restricted by weather, lighting conditions and atmospheric effects.

7. Information is recorded in the analog mode / non-digital format. In order to be computer processed, photos must be converted in to digital format although digital cameras are developed and are now used to acquire aerial photographs.

32LISS - I SensorLISS - II SensorResolution -36.25 mSwath -74 x 2 kmRepetivity -22 daysSpectral Bands 0.45 - 0.52 microns (B)0.52 - 0.59 microns (G)0.62 - 0.68 microns (R)0.77 - 0.86 microns (NIR)Resolution -72.5 mSwath -148 kmRepetivity- 22 daysSpectral Bands0.45 - 0.52 microns (B)0.52 - 0.59 microns (G)0.62 - 0.68 microns (R)0.77 - 0.86 microns (NIR)Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensors (LISS)Solid state detectors.Charge Coupled Devices (CCD). Terrain in the cross track Detector stored image & form scan linesTwo dimensional picture. Resolution depends on no. of photo detector & the swath. 1C Launch Date:19May, 1995 1D Launch Date:27 Sep 1997 2nd Generation Satellite Large Ground Station Networ

On Board Tape Recorder (OBTR) with capacity of 62 Gb, storing data 24 min.Enhanced Payloads like better Spatial resolution additional spectral band, improved repetitivelyORBITAL PARAMETEROrbit: Polar Sun synchronousAltitude: 817 KmInclination: 98.69 degL.Time:10:30 A.M (descending mode)Repetivity: 24 DaysOrbits/cycle :341Period:101.35 minSensors: PAN, LISS-III, WiFS

Mission completed IRS1C

Mission completed IRS1DIRS Oceansat-1Launch Date: 26May 1999

first satellite built for Ocean applicationsweight 1050 kg orbit by PSLV-C2 Sriharikota. Two sensor Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) Multi - frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) for oceanographic studies. Extend applications to several newer areas.Having swath 1420km to 1660kmMission completed on August 8, 2010

3rd GenerationResourcesat-1 & 2Mission Objectives: Provide continued remote sensing data for integrated land & water resource management with enhanced multi-spectral / spatial coverage and stereo imaging. Further carry out studies improved urban planning, national security, forestry and disaster management.Launch Date 17Oct,2003Launch Date 20 April,2011

CARTOSAT-1 (IRS P5) Launch date 5 May,2005ORBITAL PARAMETEROrbital Altitude : 618 kmInclination : 97.87 degreeLocal time: 10:30 AMRevisit: 5 daysRepetition: 126 daysOrbits/day: 14Period: 97minutes Payload: two PAN sensorsMission Objectives:design & develop stereo imaging & cartographic applications.stimulate areas of user applications in urban management, mineral exploration, & disaster management

37Launched 1/10/07An advance sensor to give specific spot imagery. Images use- detailed mapping, infrastructure development & managementLand Information System (LIS) & Geographical Information System (GIS).

Altitude: 630 kmPeriod: 97.4 min.Time descend : 9.30 amOrbits/day: 14Revisit: 4 daysRepitivity: 310 dayPower: solar array Pay load: PANOperational life: 5 yearsResolution : better than 1mtSwath: 9.6 kmSpectral band: 0.5-0.85 mmSolid state recorder: 64 GB capacity for image storage ORBITAL PARAMETER

PAN specification 4th GenerationCartosat-2Meghatropics tropical atmosphere water cycles 2003 ; 2004 . 12 2011 (PSLV C-18 ) 3 micro-satellites: SRMSAT built by the SRM University, Chennai, the 3 kg remote sensing satellite Jugnu from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur(IIT Kanpur) and the 28.7 kg VesselSat-1 of Luxembourg to locate ships on high seasSARALSatellite with ARgos and ALtiKamission of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and CNES (Space Agency of France).SARAL will perform altimetric measurements designed to study ocean circulation and sea surface elevation SARAL was successfully launched on 25 February 2013

Geographical Information System (GIS) GIS , , . , , GIS , , , , , , . . Geographical Information System (GIS)

Geographical Information System (GIS)

Geographical Information System (GIS) GIS 1961 . Data Data management . : (, , ) , , , , , , : , Disaster Management ( )Global positioning system (GPS)

Global positioning system (GPS)

Global positioning system (GPS)

Global positioning system (GPS) GPS (Base Station) GPS 31 24 (20,000 ). ( 67-80 ). Global positioning system (GPS) ; . . ; GPS ; . . GPS 1575.42 MHz frequency . Global positioning system (GPS) GPS Navigation . . . GPS IRNSSIndian Regional Navigation Satellite System : . 3 GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbits) 4 GSO (Geosynchronous Orbits) 36,000 . GPS : .IRNSS . Byalalu ()IRNSS IRNSS 1A 1 2013 . IRNSS 1D 28 2015 . 2016 3 . 10 . . IRNSS

ISRO

ISRO ISRO > > >15 1969 : , , , : : , . . : Space Technology in the Service of Human KindDepartment of Space . ISRO Major Centres