Report Concept

Communication

Non written communication Verbal communication

Oral communication Written communication

Report

Report types

Scientific report Arts report Managerial report

Elements of Communication in Reports

• Diversity of report according to the target and reader.

• The report is the media of communication between both writer and reader.

• The use of an adequate language in a report by the writer.

• The report should always meaningful and deals with a defined problem.

Report WriterSubject of ReportReport Reader

Descriptive Expression

Symbolic Expression

Schematic andStatistic

Presentation

Transfer of Report Through the Visual Channel

Feedback of Reader ( Show the degree of understanding of reader to the subject )

Modification of

Report and

Re-writing

Factors Affecting the Communication Effectiveness of a Report

Writer Report“ Sender ”

Reader Report ”Receptor”

Report ContentFeedback

Impact

1. Language and the right to pick up a word that give one meaning.2. Should be easy to follow.3. Concise ( abridged) short and to the point.4. Target should be very clear.5. Vocabulary well applied rules, no language mistakes good editing6. Use bullets, short sentences. Word should be understandable.7. The sender or writer should have a wide knowledge about subject

The receptor “ Reader” should have a degree of

knowledge about the subject and understandsthe bases of the communication.

The report should contain signs , diagram charts , notation and statisticalfigures and should beunderstandable byboth the reader and the writer.

It is the response ofthe reader of the report from which thewriter senses the impacts of his reporton this specific reader.

IMPORTANCE OF A REPORT-The report will help the "management" to identify how to

have an oversight on the premises status it regarded as an important tool of control and follow-up of the actual delivery at the level of

- it also helps management evaluation of the magnitude of achievements.

-To identify deficiencies and weaknesses.-Helps management to plan objectively.

-Helps to connect work of the institution with the externalbusiness

-Helps to connect business and the activities within the institution or within the branches of the institution.  

The Report is a Form of Communication in Either Horizontal or Vertical Levels

• It facilitates the flow of plans – decisions – instructions from management levels to executive level.

• it facilities the flow of new ideas – proposals – complaints – implementation rates from lower levels to higher ones.

• It ease the coordination between different departments in a premises.

• A report should help in the transfer of suggestions derived of consultation units in a certain department to the executive management system.

Are Reports from Different Management Levels similar ?

Top management

Middle management

Executive managers

Executive management

Type of Report

Explanative Exceptional

Demonstrative

Concise to point

Semi-detailed reports

Detailed reports

Schematic Representation Showing the Relation Between Managerial Levels and Reports

Report Movement

Quaternary

Monthly

Weekly

Daily

G.M

Types of Reports

Reports are Derived According to the Field of Action as Follows

1. Trend Reports.2. ٌ�Reconnaissance Report.3. Reports on Conclusion.4. Explanatory Reports (classification reports ).

Classificationaccording to

direction.

1. Internal Reports.2. External Reports.

Classification according to

duration.

1. Periodic Reports.2. Special Reports.3. Exclusive Reports.

Classification according to managerial

Posts.

1. Planning Reports.2. Regularity Reports.3. Orientation Reports.4. Control Reports.

Classification accordingto target.

Scientific Reports Related the Masters and Philosophy Doctorates

Classification According to Miscellaneous Activities

ImportantTypes of Reports

Finance ReportsMarketing ReportsReports of Purchase

And StorageEmployment

Reports

1. Salaries.2. Average Salaries.3. Relation Between Actual Work Hours and Expenses.4. Statistical Studies on the Satisfaction Factors of Employees.

1. Periodic.2. Sales Billing.3. Daily Work Program.4. Old customer.5. New Customer.6. Purchase Order.7. Periodic Reports on Purchasing.8. Reports on Expenses.

9. Reports on Sales Expenses

The definition of scientific research

1-Careful examination of the information or the discovery of new relationships and the growth of current knowledge and verified.

2-It is the attempt to find solutions for to the problems that affect and worry the human being and the society.

3-The collection, recording and analysis of data and information and facts about a particular problem and identifying alternative solutions and to selection of the best solution in light of surrounding circumstances.

4-The definition of scientific research varies according to the types of research domains, and goals and the means and tools and therefore it is preferable not to worry in finding or deducing definitions but one should confine itself on the quality of research and new characteristics.

RESEARCHES

TYPES OF RESEARCHESAND CURRICULA

CLASSIFICATION

Historical researchApplied ResearchTheoretical Research

1. These are descriptive researches that study events of past phenomena that vanished through time.

2. Observations are usually on remains of the subject such as remains of a monument..

3. This kind of research considers usually

a) Study of past production , economy in the past ….

b) applied to old era such as

( the vapor era - the industrial era – the computer era.)

1. These are researches that should solve actual problems and projects solutions for the future ones.

2. They contain plenty of statistics and numerous investigations.

3. Laboratory experiments is the main tool of investigation in applied scientific researches.

1. Target: these are researches that search in assumptions, theories, laws in the surrounding and are the bases of all sciences.

2. These types of researches are used in all scientific fields such as chemistry , physics , math , astrology , geology , medicine …etc and in social sciences such as : sociology , philosophy… etc.

Problems

Facts Information Data

Combining Registration

Analysis

Selection of Alternatives.

Search for reasons and fact.

Assumptions , hypotheses.

Modeling andTesting.

The characteristics of scientific research

• Accuracy

• Objectivity

• Forecasting

• The possibility of proofing or verification of the validity of the results

• The adequacy of controlling conditions and factors influencing variables in the search and results

The specifications and characteristics of scientific research

• The exact diagnosis and the proper description of the situation or problem, then to deduce assumptions and hypotheses to overcome the problem.

• The use of scientific methods to test the validity of these assumptions and find solutions to this problem.

• To explanation and the justifications (rationale) of the solutions that have been reached to solve the problem using the logic of reason and without prejudice

• To prove the validity of these justifications in reaching a solution and, if possible, to develop a model of the problem and to apply the results and examine their validity.

Characteristics of Scientific Research

Accuracy•Research subject.•Research tools.•Research data

Objectivity• Title of Research.•Research goals.•Results• accomplished • by the researcher.

Organization• Logical • ordering• modeling

Scientific ethics :• ideas•Styles •Ethics ideas •References•Different • references• an resources

Linguistic rules

• Types of pages.• Choosing • expression.• Continuity

The advantages of the scientific method in the search

1-The prompt investigation behind the real causes of the events and phenomena.

2-The high accuracy in the collection of information from multiple reliable sources and not to rush into decision making without obtaining reliable and results of well identified sources.

3-Sufficiency of the evidences to reach decisions or the right solutions, using defined standards, and appropriate and substantive methods for the evaluation of the collected data.

4 -Scientific research relies on the use of experimental tools , modern techniques and statistics for supporting

the findings.  

The researcher Chooses the Subject of its Research (problem) From

• Its area of specialization.

• The phenomena and problems of society.

• Imagination.

• Personal experience.

And also can identify five other major sources of the selection process :

Supervisors of the research-Reference in area study-The sense of the problem- Directed research from institutions.

2 – Basis of Choice of Research Problem

1. Availability of facilities that are requested for the research.

2. Importance of the problem itself.3. The extend of agreement of this problem with the

tendencies of the researcher.4. Considering of the time limits.5. The possibility of obtaining approval for this

particular research.

3 – Characteristics of Research objectives

1. Ease.2. Understandable.3. Precise4. Straight forward5. Realistic and could be performed

4 – Defining the previous study of research

1. Using the public and private libraries.

2. Scanning the previous research using computers (electronic survey) .

3. Scanning the different networks of information and the internet.

4. Revising the previous research lists in the department, college and within field of specialization.

5. Consulting some member of teaching staff that are working in the same field/

6. When listing some previous research we should mention:

a) The name of the researcher.

b) Researcher problem.

c) Methodology of research.

d) Important results.

e) Year of publishing and editors of the research.

5 -The use of previous theories and models suitable for the research

Student should know the theory, models

6 -Specifying question and obligation of the research

1 -Simple 2- Understandable 3- Precise 4- Straight forward

5 -Realistic and could be performed