Assessment Report

On

Solid Waste Management in Bharatpur Municipality

(Project Title: Strengthening local capacities in Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM)

DRAFT COPY

Submitted By:

Municipal Association of Nepal (MuAN) 190-Niketan Marg, Dillibazar, Kathmandu

POB 14286, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: 977-1-4436725/ 4420559

Fax: 977-1-4418671 URL: www.muannepal.org

Prepared by:

Babina Kharel Capacity Building and Networking Coordinator

MuAN, Dillibazar,Kathmandu

1. BACKGROUND 1.1 Geographic Location: Bharatpur municipality is located in Chitwan district of Narayani Zone in the central development region of Nepal. The municipality was established in 2035 B.S. There are 14 wards in Bharatpur municipality and the total area coverage of the municipality is 7500 hectares. The municipality lies 251 m above the sea level. Barandabar forest corridor falls to its east, in the west lies Mangalpur VDC and Narayani river, in the north also lies the Narayani river and Kabilash VDC and in the South is GitaNagar VDC.Ward no.5 is directly in connection to Narayani river whereas ward no. 1,2,3,4 are also stroked by the river. Narayani lift irrigation canal also passes through the Bharatpur municipality. 1.2 Demographic Details: The population as per the 2058 census is 93,218 and the population growth rate is 7.15. 1.3 Climatic Conditions: Bharatpur has an extreme type of climate with very cold chilling winter and an extreme hot summer. Poush and Magh are the coldest month and Jyestha to Bhadra is very hot. The minimum temperature is 15 degree centigrade while the maximum temperature is between 40-42 degrees centigrade. The average annual rainfall is reported to 2,000 mm. Chaitra and Baishak are the windy months in Bharatpur. 1.4 Water Resources: Bharatpur completely depends upon ground water for drinking purpose. Water Supply Corporation has also supplied water from 5 deep boring plants. However, only 40% of the population has been served with the water supply service. The rest of the population extracts water from well and hand pumps. For irrigation purpose rainwater and deep boring is in practice. The Narayani Lift irrigation system has also contributed for irrigation to some extent. 1.5 Land Use: The total land area covered by the municipality is 7,500 hectares. Agricultural land covers 37.02% of the total land. Forests area coverage is 21.48 %, human settlement contributes to 13.25% of the land, urban area occupies only a small share of 2.25% and the other areas cover 1%. The population density is 1315.59 per km. Bharatpur has the highest population density in the district. 1.6 Forest Area: Forest covers 21.48% of the total land. The primary forest land is the Barandabhar forest bordering in the east. Besides, there also lies a BP shanti Forests in the bank Narayani river in ward no.4 and 5. The total area of this forest is 300 hectares. 1.7 Biodiversity: Barandabar forest joining the Royal Chitwan National Park with the Mahabharat range is an important ecological corridor. Rare animal species like tiger, rhino, chhital move within the corridors. There are 14 tigers, 20 -26 Rhino, 400 Chittal, 9 ratuwa, 8 jarayo, 18 boars and over 133 species of birds. There also lies an important wetland Beeshajari Tal within the Barandabar forest. This lake likes around 9 km south from Narayanghat. The dominant tree species is Sorea Robusta ( Sal). Sal forest covers around 83% of the Barandabar forest. Besides, there are trees of Saj, Jamun, kyamun. Sisoo is highly dominant in the municipal forest.

2. METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT 2.1 Assessment Process Foremost, a cadre of municipality staffs, NGO activist, representatives from CBOs, local clubs, associations was trained in the ISWM participatory assessment methodology. Later, a working group was formed from among the cadre trained with ISWM participatory assessment methodology. This working committee was further categorized into 6 sub committees to assess the solid waste management status from different sustainability aspects. The different aspects in consideration are:

• Socio Cultural • Environmental/ Health • Political / Legal • Institutional/ Organizational • Economic and Fiscal • Technical

Apart from the working group, a coordination committee was also formed. This committee was formed with the political leaders from all the existing parties and with the executive officer of municipality within the committee. The coordination committee remained as an advisory body for the working committee. 2.2 Tools for Assessment a. Checklist: The assessment involved checklist as the basic tool. The working group was intensively oriented on the assessment techniques. They were clarified on the information to be collected and the sources they could surf for gathering the information. A checklist was provided to working group to gather the information. The checklist is attached in the annex. b. Questionnaires Survey: Besides checklist a brief questionnaire survey was also conducted in 50 households to gather public responses on public perceptions and few financial topics. c. Focus Group Discussion: Each working group also conducted focus group discussions to gather information relevant to the aspects they were predefined. The focus group discussion was conducted in political parties, street children, municipality workers, women group and also among the working group itself. d. Field Observation: Working committee along with the project staffs visited different waste related sites in Byas and gathered some baseline information. The dumping site, collection and transfer points were also visited. Similarly the team also visited the recycling business points and relevant information was gathered. e. Secondary Data Collection and Review: Existing literatures and reports related to the municipality were reviewed to gather the background information of the municipality.

2.3 Information Documentation As the ISWM project encourages the modality of participation, the first phase of report was prepared by the working group. A team leader was defined for all the sub committees whose responsibility was to document the findings on their particular aspect. Thus, each of the sub committee submitted reports on findings of their particular aspect. A coordinator was assigned to facilitate the overall working group. 2.4 Report Compilation and Preparation After all the required information was gathered the compilation task was done. The information was cross checked for avoiding manipulation, overlaps, and contradictions, for ensuring authenticity. The filled up questionnaires were processed and analyzed. 2.5 Data verification and Authenticity Draft report thus prepared was finally presented by working group themselves. The participants at the meeting; both the coordination committee and working committee through the series of discussion verified the collected information. Recommendations and changes proposed were incorporated before finalizing the report.

3. ASSESSMENT FINDINGS 3.1 Stakeholder Identification The ISWM working group identified the major stakeholders for Solid Waste Management .The stakeholders having roles in both the management and contributing to waste generation were identified and categorized. The list of stakeholders identified by the working committee is tabulated in annex 1.

3.2 Environmental Aspect: Impacts of existing solid waste management practice in Environment: With the increased population and haphazard urbanization, there has been a marked increase in the amount of solid waste generated in Bharatapur municipality. The amount of waste generated in Bharatpur municipality is around 15 tons per day. Out of total waste generated 68% are organic in nature, 20% are reusable and only 12% are the waste that needs to end up in the dumping site, but all the waste is being dumped. This has led to a massive environmental problem associated with solid waste disposal.

Aesthetic: Solid waste scattered randomly is considered as an eye sore in Vyas municipality. It has been adversely affecting the aesthetic beauty of the city.

Impact on Air: As a result of haphazard scattering and littering of solid waste, bad odour has been observed in the air. This problem has primarily been noticed in Pulchowk, Sahid chowk, Kamalnagar chowk , vegetable market, Hakim Chowk. Also the fine dust particles mixed with solid waste is posing pollution in air. With the windy season the scattering and transport of waste specially plastics and papers give an unaesthetic look to the city.

Impact to water bodies: It has been felt that the inadequate solid waste has caused the water bodies to pollute. Besides surface water, ground water is also getting polluted. Also solid waste that mixes with the open drainage is causing problem in and around the Pungi river .

Impact to land: Contamination of agricultural land with solid waste has hampered the crop production. People also believe that stucking of the plastics in the roots of plants and leachate with some harmful chemicals has adversely affected the plant growth in some areas. In some cases the impacts of gas generated from solid waste in the roots of plants were also blamed for the degradation of soil quality.

Open Grazing and impact to Cattle: Openly grazing cattle are also victims of improper solid waste management in Bharatpur. Cattle feeding upon the solid waste were found to suffer from infectious diseases which disturb the digestive system. This problem was observed in ward no.1 and 2 specially Aaptari.

3.3 Health Impacts

The unmanaged solid waste system and haphazard disposal has posed serous effects to the health of the municipal citizens.

District public health office data from Chitwan reveals that out of the 10 major health problems in Chitwan district, the following diseases are recorded as the top four.

Skin Ailments Diarrhea/ Dysentry Intestinal worms Fever

This also indicates that the inadequate solid waste management is creating a real health hazard in Bharatpur municipality.

Bharatpur hospital data recorded during the assessment period ( Ashad , 2064) showed that out of total 1749 admitted patients, 121 were suffering from respiratory diseases, 114 were suffering from fever and 96 were diarrheal patients. Since monsoon is the most prevalent time for spreading diseases due to solid waste contaminants, It is very likely that the incidence was an outcome of the improper solid waste management.

Health Crisis: Typhoid Epidemic In monsoon 2059 B.S, Bharatpur underwent a serious health crisis when there was a typhoid epidemic with 4,287 patients of typhoid admitted in Bharatpur hospital and medical college. Out of total patients 35% were from Ward no. 10. The cause identified was the mixing of drinking water line with solid waste contaminants. The water quality testing showed a clear presence of salmonella typhii and coli form in the water that was supplied within municipality. Apart from this major case, other incidences of acute dysentery epidemic was observed in the year 2053 and 2057 in Bharatpur municipality.

Vulnerable Groups and Health Risks

People working directly with waste are at top most level of health risk. The most vulnerable groups that are suffering from the impacts of solid waste are the municipal staffs. Similarly the street children (also elderly) directly involved in waste picking and handlings are also at great risk. The people who live near by the collection centers, drug addicts who search for syringes in waste piles, poultry farmers, pig keepers etc are also very vulnerable groups. Health Impacts to municipal Solid Waste Workers:

Municipal solid waste workers are very vulnerable group as impacts of solid waste on health is concerned. The focus group discussion with municipality sweepers could find out that:

They work with no any safety measures like masks and gloves. People of any age are working; they also carry their little children to work and to help

them around. Elderly people of around 60 are also involved in waste picking job.

Municipality workers are suffering from frequent cuts and wound while they collect waste. For instance; municipality staff Kashi Ram had a cut in his feet and needed to take 7 stitches while he worked with waste. Others had complains of headache, fever, and were found to be very prone to cold. The retired staff Butai Raut was found to suffer from respiratory problems, coughing and loss of appetite. Actually the loss of appetite is a problem in all.

Lack of healthcare facilities: Bharatpur municipality is not providing any healthcare services to the municipal waste workers. They have no first aid facilities for the waste workers in case of injuries. They are not provided with health treatment and health examination facilities.

Health Risks in Street Children Street children have been living and feeding near the dumping sites and in streets so they are suffering from different health problems. With the interviews of few of them they mentioned that the most remarkable problems they are victimized to are:

• Catching Cold • Fever • Stomach ache • Cuts due to glasses and injection of syringes and needles

3.4 Technical Aspects of the Solid Waste Management

Waste Generation: Basically, Narayanghat is the major business center for the municipality while Bharatpur is more for the academic centers, offices, hospitals and clinics. Besides these other regions are more popular for residential purposes. Comparatively ward no. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are very densely populated while others are sparse. Thus, there is variation in generated waste amount and waste characteristics.

Waste Generators: The major waste generators in Bharatpur municipality are household, business entities, vegetable markets, slaughter houses, academic centers, offices, hospitals and clinics, hotels and restaurants.

Waste Generation:

Although there are 14 wards in Bharatpur municipality the major challenge for managing the solid waste is that generated from the ward no. 1, 2, 3,4 and 10. Besides, Municipality is also managing the waste generated from the wards 7, 9, 11 and 12.

Existing municipal data proclaim that the total waste generated from the municipality is 18 tons per day.

Categorization of generated waste:

S.N Types of Waste Major Waste generators Amount in % 1 Household Waste Household 50% 2 Commercial Waste Business centers, shops, hawkers,

Offices, schools and colleges 34%

3 Healthcare Waste Hospitals , nursing home and clinics

1%

4 Others Streets, construction wastes 15%

Field Research: The working group formed as a part of ISWM assessment made a field research found out that the following types and amount of waste was generated from each samples .( Shrawan 27, 2064)

S.N Sample Type of Waste Amount/ day1 Sweets Store Plastic bottles, Plastic bags, papers,

Food waste, dust 700 gm

2 TV and Fridge Emporium Plastics, paper, packages 280 gm 3 Hardware shop Paper and plastic pieces 100 gm 4 Grocery store Plastics, papers, packages, kitchen was 800 gm 5 Cloth Store Plastics( 200 gm), Papers( 25 gm) and

Dust( 25 gm) 250 gm

6 Fancy shop Plastics( 50 gm), Dust ( 50 gm) 100 gm 7 Books store Plastic, papers 675 gm 8 Hotel and restaurants Plastics, papers, food scraps,

vegetable waste 350 gm

Categories of Waste Generation: Categorizing the municipal waste into three categories namely;

Biodegradable /Organic waste Reusable waste Recyclable waste

With the working committee field level research carried out during the assessment process it was observed that the household waste contains about 80% of organic waste. The restaurants and hotels were found to generate 85% of organic waste *.

* These organic waste is however collected by pig keepers. Thus, usually they don’t need to be managed by municipality.

Health care waste management: The most sensitive waste generated is the healthcare waste generated by hospitals and clinics.

Hospital waste composition: Organic: 80% Inorganic: 20% Collection:

Waste collection techniques: Household waste is carried by the collection staffs to the collection centre via carts. From the collection centre, waste is transported by municipal staffs towards the disposal site. There is a strongly lacking of waste segregation practice while collecting waste.

Collection Centers and Routes: Municipal waste is generally collected in the

following centers.

Hakim Chowk Ramailo chowk Narayani High School Chowk Junhall galli Highway( Pulcowk – Lions chowk)

Collection Frequency: Besides the strikes and Banda days, in rest of the days the collection takes place daily. In ward no. 1,2,3,4, and 10 it occurs daily whereas in ward no. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 the collection takes place in the interval of 15 days. Area Coverage and Beneficiary Population: The waste collection service has not been delivered to all the wards of the municipality. Basically ward no 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10 have been receiving the collection service. Wards 11 and 12 receive the partial service to waste collection. It is estimated that around 50,000 populations are benefited from the collection service within the municipality. Technical backup for waste collection:

Collection Equipments: Containers Carts

Numbers of containers:

Bharatpur Cancel hospital is managing its organic waste by dumping them to pits however infectious waste is being incinerated within the hospital premises. Besides, the waste from other nursing homes and clinics are being collected by the municipality in it collection centre together with the other municipal waste and disposed together with no special care.

In total there are 25 waste collection containers within municipality. In addition, there are carts to collect waste to deliver to the collection centers.

Human Resources in Collection Job Assistant Officer 1 Supervisor 2 Driver 2 Sweeper 43 Labour 6

Solid Waste Management Service Delivery

The solid waste management is the sole responsibility of municipality at now. It also was done by contactor some time back. As there were no application for tender announcement on solid waste management, municipality itself undertook the service delivery task. Waste Transportation: Transport vehicles: There are at present 2 tractors for transporting waste from the

collection points to final disposal sites. Status of transport vehicles: The tractors that are in use are not very efficient. The

pickup of the tractors is very poor. They can only make 2/3 trips everyday. There is no system for covering the waste, so waste gets littered while transporting to disposal sites. These vehicles are not maintained regularly to keep them efficient. They go under maintenance only after they are crashed.

Human resources in transportation task: The numbers of staffs in the transportation

job are as follows. Driver 2 Workers 7

Distance to be covered for transporting waste Since there is no any defined landfill site in Bharatpur at the moment, waste disposal has no any fixed site. So there is no any absolute estimation of the distance traveled. Disposal: Disposal Site: The waste disposal condition in Bharatpur municipality is very pitiful. There is no any landfill site in operation. Just a little time back, waste was disposed11.5 km far from municipality in the Ramnagar forest whereas now in the lack of disposal site, it is being openly dumped along the highway in between Narayanghat and Bharatpur. This is a complete eyesore for the municipality as this is highest mobility track in the city. Disposal Method: The waste which is finally disposed is normally covered with soil layer and insecticides are applied over it to control bad odor and infections. Disposal Amount: The total amount of disposed waste is 15 tons per day.

3.4 Social and Cultural Aspects: About 5 decades back due to threats of malaria, snakes, scorpions and wild animals like tiger and bear people were not attracted to Chitwan district. So there were only the indigenous communities residing in Chitwan. But with the inception of many development projects like construction of Mahendra highway, Rapti Doon development project, malaria eradication program, Khageri irrigation, Chitwan irrigation and the establishment of Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) the district development rocketed with high immigration. The migration trend is very high in Chitwan district. The major pull factors are:

Increased Urban Facilities Political instability Secure from disaster point of view

Indigenous Community: Chitwan is a very rich district from the point of indigenous diversity. The municipality also consists of significant indigenous communities like Darai, Kumal , Bote and Thraus. Minorities: With in the Bhratapur municiplaity there are various minority population like Gurung, Newar, Magar, Tamang, Damai , Kami and Sarki. Social Norms and attitudes related to Solid Waste:

“Not in my Backyard” principle is deeply rooted as mindsets in the municipal citizens. Majority of people are solely concerned in keeping their households clean with no any realizations to keep their neighborhood clean. They believe that once waste is out of their home, it is no more their tension and then the tension should be of the municipality.

However during festivals and fairs, the municipality undergoes an intensive cleanup in

terms of solid waste management. Also the city is lucky enough to be groomed when a national leader or a distinguished politician makes a visit to the municipality. Neighborhood are also kept clean and managed when there are some rituals, wedding ceremonies or religious events.

Social Opinion: Waste in priority of Management A structured questionnaire survey was conducted by the working group to gather information regarding people’s opinion on which waste should be dealt with the highest priority for municipal SWM.

Exploration for Landfill Site: On the basis of research conducted, Tare Ghol near by Jugedi is proposed as a feasible land fill site for Bharatpur Municipality.

which type of the waste should be high priority in waste management ?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Waste formhouse

Industrialwaste

Marketwaste

hospitalwaste

agriculturalwaste

Series1

Municipal citizens sensed household waste as the most troublesome waste for the Bharatpur municipality. 27 out of 50 respondents had their opinions in urgency to manage the household waste in comparison to other choices. Similarly, 12 respondents cast their votes for market waste to be managed with high priority. Hospital waste was ranked third , followed by industrial waste. Public perspectives towards solid waste workers: There is no much discriminatory attitude of public towards the solid waste workers in Bharatpur municipality. The major representation in this group is from the following caste: Kumal,Raut,Shahi, Pode, Deuja . Also there is majority of involvement of terai people in this job. They are not very inferior from the financial security point of view and they are not undergoing the ill behaviors and harassments while they do their jobs. People’s preference for criteria of waste tariff collection People in Bharatpur municipality believe that if tariff is to be collected for waste management then amount of generated waste should be considered as the basic criteria.

What should be the basis for collecting waste tarrif?

05

101520253035

House hold family size Waste amount Economicstatus

Series1

On the basis of the survey conducted as a part of assessment, the preference of the municipal citizens were identified in case the tariff was to be collected in municipality for solid waste management. Majority of the responded had the waste amount as the preference to be the basis followed by the family size. Social Conflict: Recurring Cases People generally tend to dispose their waste in front of other’s house particularly in the night time; this is found to have created scenes of conflicts many times. The cases of conflicts are found to be accelerating and the most happening case is the social disputes raised due to pollution caused by the poultry farming in neighborhoods. Role of women in solid waste management: Women of Bharatpur municipality are very energetic for solid waste management at the household level. They are also being involved in transforming waste to wealth and they have set some good models. Activities of women contributing to solid waste management:

o Women are engaged in keeping their homes clean and managing their household waste.

o Vermi composting: Some women have initiated vermi-composting in Bharatpur with

very good results. They are successfully growing healthy vegetables out of the compost generated.

o They are utilizing compost bins for composting waste.

o They are involved in collection of plastics and supporting the TLOs with economic returns.

o They organize ring games for collecting money for solid waste management.

o They also check for drainage and clean them up.

o They are also operating bio gas projects.

“Siuro program” Narayanghat: With five staffs in the organization, women as initiators have distributed 12,000 needles so far by the suiro program. The service delivery wards are 1,2,3,4, 10, 11,12. The selling cost of needle is Rs. 5 whereas it takes only Rs. 4 to make this needle. The program collects the plastics worn in needles from households in every 10-15 days. This is then sold to factories to prepare polythene pipes, drums and tents. Suiro program was collecting 1800 kg of plastic in early days while it is only collecting 1300 now. These collected plastics are sold from Nrs. 18-20 to either of the following centres.

o Shree Plastics o Sapkota Plastics

o Gaurav Plastics o Hamal Plastics o Karmacharya Plastics o Environplast

Social Consensus on Waste Management:

What would be the best waste management process for municipality?

24%

70%

6%

RecycleComposting Other

In an attempt to identify what the society really had in preference as a best option in solid waste management, a questionnaire survey was conducted with 50 samples. It was observed as the result of analysis that 70% of the respondents were in favor of composting waste. 24% thought that recycling would be a very good option. Others had their opinion for minimizing waste at the source. 3.5 Organizational Aspect Incase of Bharatpur , municipality itself is taking the lead of the solid waste management task. The organizational structure of municipality is as shown below in the given chart. The organogram clearly indicates that there are no any units and subunits particularly looking after the solid waste management issues in the municipality. Solid waste issue is covered up by the sanitation section. Existing staff position details: The table below shows the details of the various positions within municipality structure with their numbers. S.N Positions Numbers 1 Municipality approved recruitment numbers 280 2 Fulfilled numbers 204 3 Permanent staffs 119 4 Temporary staffs 18 5 Contract staffs 53 6 Contract staffs 14 7 Women staffs 23 8 Men Staffs 181 9 DAG Staffs 2

10 Disabled Staff 1 11 Technical staffs 10 12 Non Technical staffs 194 13 Officers 6 14 Assistants 198

PPP for waste management: Bharatpur Municipality since last 4 years had been managing solid waste by private sector on the basis of public-private partnership approach. This approach allows the private sector to collect the service charges from different sector as per the rule of municipality. They should in turn manage waste with the charges collected. Municipality while managing waste with this approach could make a good income of Nrs. 25,000 in the fiscal year 063/064. Basically, the private sector is a person lead one rather than a institution so its organogram is not much clear. However, the responsibilities are defined as follows.

o Main Contractor o Office assistant/Account o Service fees collector o Supervisor o Sweeper

Physical Infrastructure of the Bharatpur Municipality office: Bharatpur municipality owns a private building with ward offices in all the 14 wards of the municipality. Municipality office is well equipped with facilities of electricity, water supply, telephone, and internet. Equipments and Vehicles: Bharatpur municipality possesses a good deal of equipments for development works and sanitation, and waste management. They are listed as below:

o Loader: 1 o Tripper: 5 o Grader: 1 o Roller: 2 o Fire Brigade: 2 o Water tanker: 1 o Jeep: 2 o Motorcycle: 11 o Cycle: >150

Municipality Board

Municipality Chief/ Mayor

Deputy Chief

Secretary

Planning and Admin Unit Technical Unit Financial Administration Community and Cultural

development Unit Legal Unit

Municipal Council

• Planning and programs

• Internal Administration

• Vital registration • Municipality Police • Registration • Typing

• Construction • Information • Mapping • Electricity and

drinking waster

• Internal audit • Accounts

subsection • Revenue • Jinci

• RUPP • Community

development • Cultural development• Health • Sanitation

Social organizations involved in solid waste management: In Bharatpur municipality there are different organizations working for solid waste management namely;

• Mothers group • Youth clubs • Diyalo family

Who should be the Watch Dog? On collecting opinions from the public on who should be responsible for the tariff collection and mobilization for better solid waste management, TLO was the first preference.

Who should take the responsibility to collect tarrif?

40%

54%

6%0%

municipality TLOTLOPrivateOthers

54% of the people believed that TLO should be given this particular responsibility so that the management would be the best. Only 40% wanted municipality to take this responsibility and only 6% had the opinions that private sector could do the best. Street children as informal solid waste managers: Street children are informally engaged in waste collection in the municipality. They basically collect plastics, metal scraps, glass waste and sell. They collect waste from the collection centres and dumping sites. There is no estimation of the exact number of street children in Bharatpur municipality. 3.6 Economic Aspects Major economic activities: The major economic activities in Bharatpur municipality are agriculture and cattle raising, poultry, tourism, education. Commercially vegetable farming, dairy industry, cash crops are having a good share in the municipal economy. Agriculture in Bharatpur holds 4% of the total national agricultural production. As for poultry Bharatpur stands first with 8% of share in the national production. There are also good hospitals and good educational institutions located in Bharatpur.

Registered Economic Entities: Following economic entities are in operation with the registration from the Narayanghat CCI.

• Association: 21 • Sub Committee: 5 • Associate members: 20 • Members: 1,187

Municipal budget allocation for solid waste management For the fiscal year 2064/065, Bharatpur municipality has allocated the total budget of Rs. 48,00,000. This total budget is further broken down under following headings. 1. Sanitation and other service charge: Rs.10,00,000.00 2. Municipal Solid waste management Rs. 33,00,000.00 3. Dumping Site management Rs. 5,00,000.00 Solid Waste Management Service Charge Bharatpur municipality has been collecting service charges for different sectors. Attached annex ……shows the list of the service charge collected by the municipality. In case of households, not all the households are paying the service charge. Out of 50 questionnaire survey carried out in different wards of the municipalities, Citizens from ward no. 3 were paying some service charge occasionally during the festivals and fares. The graph below shows the proportion of people paying and not paying the service charge.

Are yoy paying for waste management ?

36%

64%

Yes no

From the assessment it was observed that only 36% of the samples were paying service charge and that too not in the regular basis while 64% of the samples were paying no any service charge. On asking the samples who were paying the fees on the amount they needed to pay, there responses were obtained as below.

If yes, how much do you have to pay?

66%

17%

17%

Less then 20In between 20-50In between 50-100

Thus, it was observed that the highest percentage of population paying the service charge was paying the amount in less than Nrs. 20. The ratio was found to be 66%. Willingness to pay: Questionnaires were sampled among 50 respondents on how much would they be willing be pay in the case they would get an improved solid waste management service. The responses obtained are illustrated in the bar diagram below.

How much you are willing to pay for waste management each month?

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20

Not willing <Rs.20 Rs20-50 Rs.50-100 >Rs.100

Series1

20 out of the total respondents were willing to pay no fees. There were in total 17 responses who were in favor to pay less than Rs. 20 per month. The highest proportion that is 19 people were willing to pay the tariff in between Rs. 20-Rs. 50. Subsidies and grants for solid waste management Bharatpur municipality provides the subsidies of up to Rs. 13,56,000 for solid waste management, while there is also a good possibility of inflow in this sector from other projects. Different organizations have also been receiving grants for improvising the solid waste status of the municipality.

Communities economically dependent on waste business: Plastic Recycle: Recycling industries have been contributing in plastics reuse there by controlling the scattering and piling up of plastic waste. This has also provided employment to many people. Including both the small and big industries there are around 50 people being employed. According to them they have been making good profits in regards to investments. Informal Involvement in waste management

Kabadi Centres: “Kabadis” play a very vital role in waste management in Bharatpur Municipality. There are around 28 Kabadis in Bharatpur municipality. However, they differ in their capacities and efficiency. They are all under the private operations. Some ‘kabadis” are not involving any employee and are working solely on their own, few were found to have at most 5 employees. They categorize the collected waste and are sold to different industries for recycling in Nepal and in India. With interviews to Kabadis, it was found that their recycling business was in profit. The goods purchase rate however was found to be in a similar level but they varied on the selling rates.

Informal sectors like plastic entrepreneur association, Rotary club of Narayanghat and the Rotract club of Chiwan are involved in the Suiro Programs for plastic reduction.

TLO has been supported in 50/ 50 basis for rickshaw support. Also the women initiate“Suiro program” is to receive support from the municipality in the near future.

3.7 Political aspects in solid waste management: The Local Self Governance Act 2055 and regulations 2064 has defined provisions for municipal solid waste management. It also speaks up of the different rules to be implemented in the municipal level. Bharatpur municipality has measured their level of performance in these aspects. Status of compliance of existing laws and regulations: LSGA speaks of keeping their neighborhood clean and encouraging municipal citizens to keep their city clean. Bharatpur has complied with this particular provision to some extent. In case of enhancing the awareness level of municipal citizens, Bharatpur has strongly acted towards energizing TLOs through different programs. For instance: they are also informing TLOs in waste segregation methods and techniques. Solid waste management in Municipal Council The LSGA has also included solid waste management as a component of municipal council. The major activities encouraged in the part of solid waste management are:

Encourage cleanliness program within the municipality. Bharatpur municipality has been very efficiently following this activity from time to time.

To manage solid waste through collection, and proper transport. Bharatpur municipality is taking the sole responsibility in this sector at the present with involvement of private contractors in the previous days.

To manage a cleary defined slaughter house. In Bharatpur municipality there is no any defined slaughter house so far.

To mobilize the local organizations, clubs, women group, children club for awareness rising in the municipality. Many such organizations are found to be actively mobilized within Bharatpur municipality. Some remarkable ones are:

Nari Abudaya Kendra Nari utthan Kendra Diyalo Parivar Rhino Parivar Youth Club Narayanghat J.M.C Nepal Pragati Youth Club Nayan Youth Club

Provisions of Penalties and Compliance level There is a clearly defined provision for penalizing people for disposing waste in areas other than defined ones. The penalty begins from the amount it would take to dispose the waste back to the defined area to up to Rs.15,000( depending upon the case). Although, very clearly defined in the acts, the compliance has not been much practical in many municipalities. The case is same for Bhratpur. It is also strongly felt that in case of penalizing the culprit there should always be a strongconsensus between stakeholders and political bodies.

Political / Legal Status related to Solid Waste Management Bharatpur municipality is not just confined to the acts and regulations as the municipality waste management is concerned. Bharatpur has been taking its own innovative initiatives for better solid waste management. The local plans related to existing policy in Bharatpur municipality are discussed below.

• In order to drive the waste management efficiently the municipality council has decided to implement the service charge system.

• The working committee and the coordination committee formed during the assessment of ISWM will contribute in solid waste management in the long term too.

• The research and the study for the dumping site management has gained momentum and feasible spot has been proposed.

• The policy has also been defined to mobilize the TLOs for solid waste management. • Improved plans are being defined in the municipal level in regard to existing resources

and equipments with focus to adding on these accessories for better Solid Waste management.

Public Information gap Though there are policies and guidelines in solid waste management sector, the concerned stakeholders are found to be unaware. Thus, bridging the information gap is very much urgent. This can be done by disseminating information through media, papers, television and radio. Also street dramas and hoarding boards can help to flow the information to society. Political Commitments: “If we don’t speak for the better solid waste management, we do not get votes from people”; quote of a popular local politician. Local politicians are to a high level committed in solid waste issues. Solid waste management is also a hot and priority issue for the politicians. However, according to politicians themselves, the issue is still not in top focus in central level as it is in the local level.

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Polluters Should Pay in implementation

Bharatpur municipality however also has documentation of cases when people have been penafor breaking rules in solid waste management. A very fresh example obtained during the assessment study records a penalty paid by a poultry farm vehicle for disposing waste in roads. The vehicle was seized until it paid the penalty amount of Rs. 500.

ANNEX I: Stakeholders Identification

S.N Stakeholders Formal/ Informal Risk/ Resource 1 Municipality F Resource 2 TLO F Resource 3 Meat and vegetable market I Risk 4 Bus park I Risk 5 District Police/ army F Risk/ Resource 6 Saloon/ Beauty Shops I Risk 7 Tailor/ Fancy stores I Risk 8 Hospital and medical centres F Risk 9 Educational institutaions F Risk/ resource 10 NCCI F Resource 11 Hotels F Risk 12 Offices F Risk 13 Households I Risk 14 Temples/ Chitwan Utsav I Risk 15 Slaughter house I Risk 16 Film Halls F Risk 17 Workshops I Risks 18 Hardwares I Risks 19 Poultry and Dairy I Risks 20 Saw Mills I Risks 21 Kabadi F Resource 23 Construction business I Contributor 25 Rotaract/ Diyalo and other clubs F Resource 26 Suiro Program

F Resource

ANNEX II. Solid Waste Service Charge for different entities in Bharatpur Municipality S.N Details of the entities

Charge in Nrs.

1 Meat stores/ Fresh house with signboards and fridge/ day 25 2 Meat stores/ Fresh house with either signboards or fridge/ d 15 3 Smaller fresh house/Day 7 4 Fruits and vegetable , big vehicle /trip

Small vehicle /trip Small packet/unit

400 200 0.5

5 Banana per bumch 0.5 6. Sugarcane per stick 0.15 7. Mineral water /100 1.00 8. Noodles per 100 0.6 9. pan parag, tobacco/100 1.00 10. 20 microns or thicker plastics 0.6 11. Peanuts/trip ; Big vehicle

Small vehicle 400 200

12. Bangles per 100 1.00 13. Sanitary items( marbles, tiles, hardwasres)/trip 300 14. Big hotels and restaurants/month

Small and medium 1000 100

15. Nursing homes, private hospitals/month 2000 16. Pathology lab and clinics/month 100 17. Medical Halls/month

Category A Category B

150 100

Category C 50 18. Oil and ghee packages/100 0.50 19. Can juice,beer /100 0.75 20. Chocolates and biscuits/100 0.50 21. Kabadi stores/month

Category A Category B

500 250

22. Saloon /month 30 23 Shoes, sandals and bags

Category A Category B

500 300

24. Tailors/ month Small Bigger

100 150

25. Cinema Hall per month 500

Annex III

ISWM Assessment Working Group

Bharatpur Municipality

Socio Cultural Laxmi P. Dev BhandariBal Krishna Thapaliya Tulasa Gyewali

Organizacional

Hom Hindi Poudel Mana Sen

Environmental / Health Tika Bahadur Poudel Ramesh Kumar poudel Ramesh Khadge Chandra P. Acharya

Technical/ Performance Krishna Hari Devkota Narayan Laudari Shanti Sapkota Mej Lal Deuja

Economic /Fiscal

Political /Legal Bhakti Gautam Lila Devi khadka Savitri Bastola Ram Krishna Dhakal

Coordinator Hom Nidhi Poudel

ANNEX III: Checklist for ISWM Assessment

S.N Aspect Checklist

Information Access and Possible Indicators

1. Technical and Performance

Waste System Elements Generation to Disposal A) GENERATION

a. Major Waste Generators b. Waste Generation Volume ( Total, HH,

Commercial, wet market, medical waste) c. Waste Characteristics

B) COLLECTION a. Waste Collection techniques b. Collection routes/ points/ time c. Collection frequency d. Coverage Area and population served e. No. of container/trolly f. Means of collection g. No. of Staffs for collection task h. Service providers information ( municipality,

CBOs, Contactors) i. Total amount of waste collected per day

C) TRANSPORTATION

a. Transportation : Means of transportation b. No. Transport vehicles/type c. Condition of vehicles d. Frequency of Maintenance

a. Focus Group Discussion and Municipality Records b. Field Data; Plastic Bag waste sampling and weighing c. Waste segregation from bag and characterization a. Municipality Focus Group Discussion b. Municipality Focus Group Discussion c. Community Focus group Discussion d. Municipality record e. Municipality Record f. Municipality Staffs g. Municipality Record h. Municipality Focus Group Discussion

i. Municipality Focus Group Discussion a. Municipality/ Community Focus Group Discussion b. Municipality Record c. Municipality Officers d. Municipality Authorities

e. No. of staffs in transportation task f. Distance traveled in course of waste collection D) DISPOSAL a. Disposal Site( Availability of Landfill) b. Disposal mechanism c. Disposed amount d) Ownership of the site (Gos/ com./ public)

e. Municipality Record f. Municipality waste collection staffs FGD

D)Municipality Collection and disposal team/Contractor if any

2. Environmental and Health A)Environmental background of project area a. Geography and Climate b. Political Area c. Topography d. ground water table e. Climatic condition f.. Major water bodies g. Land use patterns h. Forest cover, flora and fauna B) Effect of Environment due to present SWM a. Impact on Air b. Impact to water c. Impact to land d. Problems of aesthetic/littering/ Animals open grazing C) Impacts on health: a. Major health problem in the area b. Impact on health due to prevailing SWM system c. Direct and indirect health impacts to waste

A) DDC , District offices, Municipality B) a. b. Interview with community nearby water bodies c. Interview with people near by dumping site d. Community Focus group Discussion C) a. Hospital Data on vector borne diseases b. Focus group discussion and hospital visit c. Municipality sweepers Focus group discussion

workers ( municipal staffs and scavengers) d. Occupational safety measures adopted by municipal staffs e. Identification of most vulnerable groups.

d. Municipality Staffs e. Community Focus group Discussion

3. Political and Legal a. Review of national policy, rules and regulation related to SWM

b. Review of local municipal policy roles and regulations

c. Implementation of rules and regulation: Provisions of penalties, taxes, subsidies

d. Environmental guidelines

a. Internet Surfing b. Review of local Self Governance Act, Solid

Waste management and resource mobilization act

c. Focus Group Discussion with political parties and coordination committee to ensure the compliance level in the municipality

4. Socio Cultural A) Socio Cultural Background

a. Urbanization trend b. Population and Demography c. Total number of wards d. Population density e. Population growth rate f. Migratory trends g. Socio cultural composition h. Ethnic group/ minorities i. Major cultural activities and waste generated j. Role of Women in Waste management k. Role of children in waste management

B) Socio Cultural Practices related to SWM

A) a. DDC record comparison over last few years b. DDC record c. municipality d. DDC record e. DDC record compare and analysis for few years f. DDC record and municipality g. Municipality h. DDC / Municipality i. Focus group discussion in community/ women group j. Focus Group discussion with women Group B) a. Group discussion and Analysis

a. Document the socio cultural practices in relation to SWM b. Community and individual involvement in SWM c. Informal Involvements in SWM( Scrap dealers, Kawadis and scavengers) d. Public responses towards waste workers e. Practices of Waste management in communities ( Reduce, reuse, recycle, recover

b. Field visit and discussion c. Discussion and Municipality record d. focus group Discussion with waste handlers e. Focus group discussion/ Municipality authorities

5. Institutional a. Organizations and institutions involved in waste management b. Municipal working modality and institutional structure c. Staffs and Resource allocation for SWM in municipality/ Performance of TLOs d. Involvement of NGOs, INGOs and CBOs, local clubs, informal groups in waste management.

a. Municipality b. Municipality c. Municipality Plan and Budget d. Municipality and coordination committee group discussion

6. Economic and Financial A) Economic Background of Municipality a. Income per capita b. Major economic activities c. Occupational groups and their proportion in

total economy B) Municipal Economic Status in SWM a. Total Municipal budget allocation b. Tariffs for waste management

A) Municipality/ DDC / District offices/ CCI B) a. Municipality Budget plan b. Municipality Plan

c. Waste Subsidies d. Service fee system C) Industries / communities/ individuals economically dependent on waste management a. Recycling business: Profit per year, Staff number b. Communities, individuals in informal sectors c. Economic status of kabadis, scrap collectors, (income generated, profit, purchase rate) D. Willingness to pay Survey over better SWM

c. Municipality Plan C. Focus group Discussion c. Focus Group Discussion with Scrap Collectors D. Questionnaire Survey