report of iris

7/31/2019 Report of Iris

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A

Colloquium Report on

IRIS Biometric for Person Identification

Submitted for the curriculum of the degree of

Bachelor of technology

In

Computer and science Engineering

By

KOMAL SINGH ANITA GUPTA

Roll no. 0916110053 Roll no. 0916110014

Krishna Engineering College, Ghaziabad

Gautam Buddha Technical University


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completing a task is never one-mans effort. It is team effort. Teamwork divides the task and

multiplies the success. It is often the result of invaluable contribution of number of individuals in

a direct or indirect manner that helps in sharing and making success.

We take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude and whole hearted thanks to ourguide Ms.Surbhi Sharma for his valuable guidance, keen interest, affection and encouraging

inputs throughout the work.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty

members of the department for their kind assistant and co-operation during the development of

our project. Last but not the least, the acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the

completion of project.

Signature:

Name:

Roll No.

Date:

Signature:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

INTRODUCTION

SCOPE

TECHNOLOGIES USED

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

CONCLUSION

REFRENCES


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ABSTRACT

Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on

his/her physiological or behavioural characteristics. Physical

characteristics such as fingerprints, retinas and irises, palm prints, facial

structure, and voice recognition are just some of the many methods of

biometric encryption. Depending on the context, a biometric system can

be either a verification (authentication) system or an identification

system. Biometrics is a rapidly evolving technology which has been

widely used in forensics such as criminal identification and prison

security. Recent advancements in biometric sensors and matchingalgorithms have led to the deployment of biometric authentication in a

large number of civilian applications. With the increased use of

computers as vehicles of information technology, it is necessary to

restrict access to sensitive/personal data. Real-time biometric systems

can be used to prevent unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones,

smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, computer networks and

electronic banking.

In this report an attempt has been made to present to the reader anunderstanding of this rapidly evolving technology. It includes a brief

overview followed by details of components and processes involved,

leading Biometric Technologies, the encryption process, benefits, their

applications, comparison and future scope.


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INTRODUCTION

Reliable user authentication is becoming an increasingly important task

in the Web-enabled world. The consequences of an insecure

authentication system in a corporate or enterprise environment can be

catastrophic, and may include loss of confidential information, denial of

service, and compromised data integrity. The value of reliable user

authentication is not limited to just computer enhanced security.

The prevailing techniques of user authentication, which involve the use

of either passwords and user IDs (identifiers), or identification cards andPINs (personal identification numbers), suffer from several limitations.

Passwords and PINs can be illicitly acquired by direct covert

observation. Once an intruder acquires the user ID or network access.

Many other applications in everyday life also require user

authentication, such as banking, e- commerce, and physical access

control to computer resources, and could benefit from and the password,

the intruder has total access to the users resources. In addition, there is

no way to positively link the usage of the system or service to the actualuser, that is, there is no protection against repudiation by the user ID

owner. For example, when a user ID and password is shared with a

colleague there is no way for the system to know who the actual user is.

A similar situation arises when a transaction involving a credit card

number is conducted on the Web. Even though the data are sent over the

Web using secure encryption methods, current systems are not capable

of assuring that the rightful owner of the credit card initiated the

transaction. In the modern distributed systems environment, the

traditional authentication policy based on a simple combination of user

ID and password has become inadequate. Fortunately, automated

biometrics in general, and fingerprint technology in particular, can

provide a much more accurate and reliable user authentication method.

Biometrics is a rapidly advancing field that is concerned with identifying

a person based on his or her physiological or behavioral characteristics.


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Examples of automated biometrics include fingerprint, face, iris, and

speech recognition. User authentication methods can be broadly

classified into three categories as shown in Table 1.1. Because a

biometric property is an intrinsic property of an individual, it is difficult

to surreptitiously duplicate and nearly impossible to share. Additionally,a biometric property of an individual can be lost only in case of serious

accident

Biometric readings, which range from several hundred bytes to over a

megabyte, have the advantage that their information content is usually

higher than that of a password or a pass phrase. Simply extending the

length of passwords to get equivalent bit strength presents significant

usability problems. It is nearly impossible to remember a 2K phrase, and

it would take an annoyingly long time to type such a phrase (especiallywithout errors). Fortunately, automated biometrics can provide the

security advantages of long passwords while retaining the speed and

characteristic simplicity of short passwords.

Even though automated biometrics can help alleviate the problems

associated with the existing methods of user authentication, hackers will

still find there are weak points in the system, vulnerable to attack.

Password systems are prone to brute force dictionary attacks. Biometric

systems, on the other hand, require substantially more effort for

mounting such an attack. Yet there are several new types of attacks

possible in the biometrics domain. This may not apply if biometrics is

used as a supervised authentication tool. But in remote, unattended

applications, such as Web-based e-commerce applications, hackers may

have the opportunity and enough time to make several attempts, or even

physically violate the integrity of a remote client, before detection.

A problem with biometric authentication systems arises when the data

associated with a biometric feature has been compromised. For

authentication systems based on physical tokens such as keys andbadges, a compromised token can be easily canceled and the user can be

assigned a new token. Similarly, user IDs and passwords can be changed

as often as required. Yet, the user only has a limited number of biometric

features (one face, ten fingers, two eyes). If the biometric data are

compromised, the user may quickly run out of biometric features to be


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used for authentication.

Only the biometric authentication is based on an intrinsic part of a

human being. So unlike a password or PIN or Smart Card, it can't be

forgotten, misplaced, lost or stolen. We are having our identification

with ourselves and therefore there is no need to carry any card orremember passwords for our identification. A biometric template is

unique for an individual for whom it is created. Biometrics ensures that

the person trying to access your network and applications is actually a

sanctioned user, and not in a possession of a stolen smartcard or

someone who found, hacked or cracked password.

Biometrics

What is Biometrics?

Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a

physiological or behavioural characteristic. The word biometrics means

Biological Measurements. Therefore in this way we can use computers

to recognize persons.

Physiological characteristics means Fingerprints, Retinal and Iris

Patterns, Hand and Finger Geometry, Facial recognition etc.

Behavioural characteristics means Voice Patterns, Signature etc.

There are different biometric solutions. Some of them are Finger PrintRecognition, Iris Pattern recognition, Facial Recognition, Voice Pattern

Recognition, Hand and Finger Geometry etc. In all these

biometricsolutions the details about the physiological/behavioural

characteristics are entered into a database. When the user uses the sytem

the characteristics required for the system are scanned and a template is


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formed. It is checked whether there exists a match for this template with

any of the records already stored in the database. If a match is found, the

user is allowed access. Otherwise the user is denied access.

Each biometric solution can be used in two different modes.

In Identification mode, where the biometric system identifies a person

from the entire enrolled population by searching a database for a match.

In Verification mode, where the biometric system authenticates a

person's claimed identity from his/her previously enrolled pattern.

Applications of Biometrics.

Improving airport security.Strenghthening our national borders in travel documents, visas,

passports etc.

In peventing ID theft.

e-banking, e-commerce and other financial transactions.

Law enforcement.

Health and Social Services.

In Network security infrastructures, etc.

In Enterprise and Government networks.

Biometrics based authentication applications include workstation,

network and domain access, single sign-on, application logon, data

protection, remote access to resources, transactionsecurity and web

security etc.

Advantages of using biometrics in various

applications.Only the biometric authentication is based on an intrinsic part of ahuman being. So unlike a password or PIN or Smart Card, it can't be

forgotten, misplaced, lost or stolen. We are having our identification

with ourselves and therefore there is no need to carry any card or

remember passwords for our identification.

A biometric template is unique for an individual for whom it is created.


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Biometrics ensures that the person trying to access your network and

applications is actually a sanctioned user, and not in a posession of a

stolen smartcard or someone who found, hacked or cracked password.

Disadvantages of using biometric solutions.It is not only the intial cost that of the sensor or the matching hardwarethat is involved. Often the life cycle support cost can overtake the intial

cost of the hardware.

Most of the biometric systems like firnger print recognition, iris

recognition etc. are accurate. But someothers like facial recognition etc.

are not that accurate.

Accuracy of a biometric system includeFalse Acceptance Rate Percentage of impostors accepted.

False Rejection Rate Percentage of authorised users rejected.

Equal-Error Rates When the decision threshhold is adjusted so that

the false-acceptance rate equal the false-rejection rate.

Conclusion

An important point to be noted in constructing a biometric system is that

it should be based upon a distiguishable triat. For eg: Law enforcement

has used finger prints to identify people. There is a great deal of

scientific data supporting the idea that no fingerprints are alike.

All biometric systems capture data from individuals. Once these date

have been captured by the system, they can be forwarded to any location

and put to many different uses which are capable of compromising on an

individual's privacy.

A good biometric system is one that is of low cost, fast, accurate, and

easy to use.

Techniques Used In Identification


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Fingerprint Scanning

Retinal Scanning

Iris Scanning

Facial Recognition Voice Recognition

Working Of Biometric Processes

The concept of biometric verification is simple. The system already hassome prestored data. When you approach the system, say a fingerprint

scanner, your finger is scanned & matched with a record of fingerprint

already in its database. Only when it finds a match access is granted. The

concept might be simple, but the process is quite ingenious.

Fingerprint Scanning

Fingerprint is a unique feature to an individual. It stays with the person

throughout his or her life. This makes the fingerprint the most reliable

kind of personal identification because it can not be forgotter, misplaced

or stoles.

A fingerprint is made up of ridges and valleys (lines and gapes

separating them) & it is these ridges & valleys which are scanned to

verify the authenticity of a print.

The most commonly used method of scanning is optical scanning. An

optical scanner has a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) sensor similar to

the ones used in digital cameras. There is an array of light sensitive

diodes (photosites). When these diodes come in contact with light, they

generate an electrical signal. Every photosites record a pixel

representing the light it came in contact with.

An analog to digital converter (ADC) system in the scanner processes


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the electrical signals to generate digital representations of the image. It is

not necessary that the same kind of light falls on all diodes. So what is

generated is a mix of dark & light areas, which together make up the

image. It is not necessary that the same kind of light falls on diodes. Sowhat is generated is a mix of dark and light areas, which together make

up the image.

The process begins as soon as you place your finger on the glass plate.

The scanner has its own source of light (mostly an array of LEDs) which

illuminate the finger & the CCD inside takes a picture of the finger.

After that it checks for the integrity of the image in terms of contrast,

sharpness & sheer quality.

The system checks the average pixel darkness. If the image is too dark

or too light, it is rejected. Exposure settings are then accordingly

adjusted and the print rescanned.

If the exposure level is found to be correct, it goes on to check the

sharpness of the fingerprint. It does so by analyzing severals straight

lines moving horizontally & vertically across the image. If the definition

is good, a line running perpendicular to ridges will comprise alternating

segments of light and dark pixels. If this is found to be in order, the

scanner will compare the fingerprint with those in the database.

Matching of prints is a fairly complex process in itself & is far removed

from the super-imposing method commonly shown in films. This is so

because smudging (due to scan surface or oily fingers) can make the

same print appear different photos. Also, scanning and matching the

entire finger consumes a lot of processing power. An individual can

even fool a fingerprint detector by using a piece of sticky tape gelatinwith an authentic fingerprint on it.


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Retinal Scanning

Retinal scanning is rather old in the chronology of technology

innovations. For the retina to be scanned, the user looks through s small

hole in the scanning device and focuses on a particular point for the time

period during which, a low intensity light and a CCD analyse the layer

of blood vessels at the back of the eye for matching patterns and then

validate the person identity.

This technology is still not in public domain (unlike fingerprint

recognition, which is) and is used only to secure highly sensitive

security areas.

Unlike fingerprints, there is absolutely no known method of replicating a

persons retina.

Facial Recognition

A Facial recognition system is a computer drives application for

automatically identifying a person from a digital image, it does meant by

comparing selected facial features in the live image and a facial

database.

Fingerprinting and retinal scanning are relatively easy to administer,

since the people going through the process are aware of it and are

consenting to subject themselves to these measures, the main application

of facial recognition is in security where the software is expected to pick


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a face out of, say, thousands of passengers at the airport, and match it

with a database of wanted criminals and positively state whether or not

that face belong to the guilty party.

To make the computer recognize a face from a picture or a video feed isquite an achievement in itself, but the bigger achievement is to identify

clearly if the face is that of wanted man or not.

If you look in the mirror, or at a persons face for that manner, you will

notice that every face has certain characteristics and distinguishable

feature, which allows us to differentiate between two people.

The facial recognition software divides the face into 80 nodes, some of

common ones being distance between eyes, width of nose, and depth of

eye sockets, cheekbones, jaw lines, and the chin. The system generally

needs to match between 14-25 nodes in order to obtain a positive ID.

Now, obviously these are a lot of people coming in and out of a place

where this system is setup (stadiums, airports etc.).The real challenge is

to recognize face instantaneously. To facilitate this, a database is created

with the help of an algorithm, which goes through the characteristics of

the faces and stores them as a string of numbers. This string is called a

face print.

Following are the steps processed by the facial

recognition software:-

Face Detection

First of all the camera pans around looking for a face, as it e1ncounters a

face, it starts scanning it and than proceeds to identifying the variousnodes.

Detection Of Orientation

Once the face is detected, the system determines the size of the head and

position. Generally, a face needs to be around 40 degree towards the


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camera for the system to register and analyse it.

Mapping

The facial image is scaled down to the level of the images in the

database and is then rotated and otherwise adjusted to match theformatting of the images in the database.

Encoding

The algorithm then converts the face into a face print based on the pre-

defined criteria programmed into the algorithm.

Matching

This new data is then used as a fitter to sort through the database of faces

at a very fast speed to find a match.Since it uses a variety of nodes, simple alternations of the face will not

fool it. However, twins might; so the system certainly not infallible.

Voice Recognition

Like fingerprints and face attributes, every person has a unique speech

pattern. Voice recognition works by first storing voice pattern and then

using them as a database to authenticate a subject.

Voice recognition is often confused with speech recognition, which is

technology that converts speech to text and conversion software were

needs to go through extensive training by the user before any suitable

and acceptable result are obtained.

Voice recognition works by nothing a persons voice (physicalcharacteristics of the vocal tract, the harmonic and the resonant

frequencies) and converts it into an audio file which is known as voice

print


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IRIS

Iris is the area of the eye where the pigmented or colored circle,

usually brown, blue, rings the dark pupil of the eye.


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NORMAL EYE EXAMPLE OF IRIS

Iris Scan

Iris scans, though relating to the eye (like retinal scan) uses a completely

different method of identification. The Iris scan is the colored ring

surrounding the pupil. The scan analyses the features that exist in this

colored tissue.

Over 200 points can be used for comparison such as rings, furrows and

freckles. The scan is done with a regular camera and the subject stands

about a foot from the lens of the camera.

The Iris pattern is much more unique than a fingerprint. A statistical

analysis puts the probability of two irises matching at 1 in 10 to the

power 78 while the population of humans on earth is 7 billion that is 7 to

the power 9 of the iris.

And it is encoded by image-processing technologies.

Iris recognition

In less than few seconds, even on a database of millions of records, the

iris code template generated from a live image is compared to previously


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enrolled ones to see if it matches to any of them.

Major characteristics of iris recognition

Iris is thin membrane on the interior of the eyeball.

Iris pattern remains unchanged after the age of two and does not degrade

overtime or with the environment.

Iris patterns are extremely complex than other biometric patterns

Typical iris system configuration for taking a

picture

An iris recognition camera takes a black and white picture from 5 to 24

inches away.

The camera uses non-invasive, near-infrared illumination that is barely

visible and very safe.

And this iris recognition cannot take place without the person

permission

Techniques used

Iris Localization

Iris Normalization

Image Enhancement

Iris Localization

Both the inner boundary and the outer boundary of a typical iris can be

taken as circles. But the two circles are usually not co-centric. Compared


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with the other part of the eye, the pupil is much darker. We detect the

inner boundary between the pupil and the iris. The outer boundary of the

iris is more difficult to detect because of the low contrast between the

two sides of the boundary. We detect the outer boundary by maximizing

changes of the perimeter- normalized along the circle. The technique isfound to be efficient and effective.

Iris Normalization

The size of the pupil may change due to the variation of the illumination

and the associated elastic deformations in the iris texture may interface

with the results of pattern matching. For the purpose of accurate texture

analysis, it is necessary to compensate this deformation.

Image Enhancement

The original image has low contrast and may have non-uniform

illumination caused by the position of the light source. These may

impair the result of the texture analysis. We enhance the iris image

reduce the effect of non-uniform illumination.

Comparison Of Iris Recognition With Other

Biometrics

Accurate

Stability

FastScalability


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Conclusion

Iriscameras perform recognition detection

of a persons identity by mathematicalanalysis of the random patterns that arevisible within the iris of an eye from somedistance. It combines computer vision,pattern recognition, statistical inference andoptics.Of all the biometricdevicesand scannersavailable today, it isgenerally conceded that iris recognition isthe most accurate. The automated methodof iris recognition is relatively young,existing in patent since only 1994.The iris is the coloured ring around the pupilof every human being and like a snowflake,no two are alike. Each are unique in theirown way, exhibiting a distinctive pattern thatforms randomly in utero, n a process called

chaotic morphogenesis. The iris is amuscle that regulates the size of the pupil,controlling the amount of light that entersthe eye.Iris recognition is rarely impeded byglasses or contact lenses and can bescanned from 10cm to a few metersaway. The iris remains stable over time as

long as there are no injuries and a singleenrolment scan can last a lifetime.

Even blind people can use this scan technology sinceirisrecognition technology is iris pattern-dependent not sightdependent.


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Iris scanning is an ideal way of biometric identification sincethe iris is an internal organ that is largely protected by damageand wear by the cornea. This makes it more attractive thenfingerprints which can be difficult to recognize after several yearsof certain types of manual labour.The iris is also mostly flat and controlled by 2 muscles so it helpsmake the iris movements more predictable then facialrecognition. Even genetically identical twins have completelydifferent iris patterns.Iris cameras, in general, take a digital photo of the iris patternand recreating an encrypteddigital template of that pattern. Thatencrypted template cannot be re-engineered or reproduced in any

sort of visual image. Iris recognition therefore affords the highestlevel defence against identity theft, the most rapidly growingcrime.The imaging process involves no lasers or bright lights andauthentication is essentially non-contact. Todays commercialiris cameras use infrared light to illuminate the iris without causingharm or discomfort to the subject.

References

Y.Zhu,T.Tan and Y.Wang,Biometric Identification Based on Iris

Pattern.

Anil K Jain,Biometric Authentication: How Do I Know Who You

Are.

D Maltoni, D.Maio, Anil K Jain, and S prabhakarHandbook of Fingerprint Recognition.


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report of iris

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