REPORT ON OCCUPATIONS

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OH.APTER I.

ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS AT THE THIRTEENTH CENSUS.

ENUMERATION.

Area of enumeration.-The statistics of occupations contained in this volume relate to the total area of enumeration at tbe Thirteenth Census, taken by the Bureau of the Census as of April 15, 1910. This area includes the mainland of the United States and the outlying territories of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. Persons in the military and naval service of the United States stationed abroad (that is, stationed beyond the limits of the United States proper and outside of the outlying possessions included in the area of enumera­tion in 1910) were also enumerated. Thi<:; class of persons comprised officers and enlisted men and civilian employees at military and naval stations and on naval vessels ~ hrA"d ,. 1u;iq . .in addition, officers' servants an 'iembers of families of certain officers and enlis

18 , and of civilian employees.

s:an attempt'nquiry.-The inqu_iry with respect to occup~--- ~ ):t.tllle on the population schedule at the Thirteenth Census, called for the following state­ments: First, the "trade or pr-0f ession of, or particular kind of work done" by each person engaged in gainful labor; second, the "general nature of industry, busi­ness, or establishment" in which the person worked; third, whether the person was an employer, an em­ployee, or working on his own account; fourth, if an employee, whether he was out of work on April 15, 1910, and, fifth, if all"employee, the number of weeks he had been out of work <luring the calendar year 1909. The enumerators were instructed to return an occupation for every person engaged in gainful labor, irrespective of age, but as yet no statistics have been prepared on the occupations of children under 10 years of age. The statistics of occupations reported in this volume are limited, therefore, to gainful workers 10 years of age and upward. The term "gainful workers," as used in the printed instructions to enumerators and in this report, includes all workers, except women doing housework in their own homes, without salary or wages, and having no other employment, and children working at home, merely on general household work, on chores, or, at odd times, on other work.

Genera.I conditions of enumera.tion.-The occupation returns for the Thirteenth Census form part of the information obtained in the general enumeration of

population which was taken as of April 15, 1910, through the agency of approximately 70,000 enumer­ators. The questions concerning occupations were five of the 32 items of inquiry included in the popula­tion schedule to be answered, so far as applicable, for each person enumerated. In order to secure a definite statem:ent of the specific occupation, trade, or pro­fession of each person engaged in gainful labor, de­tailed explanations concerning the manner of return-

1 ing occupations were given tlie census enumerators in a book of printed instructions.1 In addition, the census supervisors were directed to "give the enumer~ ators personal instruction prior to the enumeration and to supervise their work during the enumeration. The supervisors were directed1 also, to examine and scrutinize the completed schedules received from the enumerators, and, in the event of discrepancies or deficiencies in the same, to cause these to be corrected before sending the schedules to the central office at Washington. But many of the supervisors did not fully observe these requirements, and, as a result, numerous improperly filled schedules reached Wash­ington at a date too late for them to be returned to the enumerators for correction. In general, then, the accuracy of the occupation returns in 1910, as at previous censuses, was dependent very largely upon the intelligence and interest of the army of enumera­tors. They were more nearly accurateJ however, than at any previous census for these two special reasons: The instructions to the enumerators were more defi­nite and emphatic; and the schedule contained two columns for the return of the occupation and the industry or place where it was pursued, instead of one, as at previous censuses. From decade to decade, since the first Federal census of occupations in 1820,,doubt­less there has been a gradual improvement in the occupation returns, and it is probable that the rate of improvement has been greater with each succeeding decade; but the improvement in the returns in 1910, as compared with those in 1900, probably was far greater than at any preceding decade. This improve-

1 The paragraphs relating to the portions of the occu:pation inquiry for which statistics are here presented are reprinted m the Appen­dix, p. 87.

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16 POPULATION.

ment must be attributed largely to the introduction in the schedule of the additional column for the return of the industry or place of employment, for wi.thout this information a large percentage of the returns could not have been classified properly. For example, in 1900 the returns for fully one-half of the book­keepers, clerks, stenographers, and typewriters were given in such general terms that the attempt to dis­tinguish those employed in Government offices, manu­facturing establishments, and offices of professional people from those engaged in trade and transporta­tion was rendered futile/ but in 1910 it was possible to make this distinction for all but about one-eighth of the same classes. And again, while in 1900 "it was necessary to classify persons engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits under general designations denoting the place of work or article produced, rather than under specific terms indicating the kind of work done," because "the proportion of indefiniteness in the returns of the groups of workers comprehending such general designations as makers, workers, em­ployees, laborers, etc.," ranged "from one-fifth to one-half of the whole number of persons in each group," 1 in 1910 the returns for probably not over one-' tenth of all the persons in the same classes were in such general terms that they could not be classified fairly well according to the kind of work done. In certain industries, however, the proportion of "not specified" returns was considerably over one-tenth of all; and in many cases occupations could not be classified as specifically as desired, but had to be combined with other similar occupations under somewhat general classes.

Enumeration of the negroes of the South.-The occu­pations of the negroes of the South were less carefully returned by the enumerators than were the occupa­tions of the whiteE;. To a large extent this was due to the greater difficulty of the task, because of the greater amount of ignorance in the negro population, but in part it was due, probably, to the inefficiency or carelessness of the enumerators. The most serious errors in the returns of the occupations of the negroes resulted from some of the enumerators adopting -fixed forms for entries in the occupation columns of the schedule and then following these forms without proper regard to the other facts in the individual cases, such as those of age, sex, family relationship, farm ownership, etc. In general, there was too great a tendency among the enumerators to return a gainful occupation for every negro, especially for every negro woman and child. While it is well known that the negro women and children in the South work in the fields much more commonly than do white women and

• i·Twelfth Census Report on Occupations, p. xxvi.

children ·in any section of the country, still the returns showed that frequently "gainful" occupations were returned for negro women and children in the South who, elsewhere, would not have been considered gainfully employed.

In the work of editing, many impossible returns of negro persons gainfully occupied were rejected; but in the merely doubtful or somewhat improbable cases the returns of the enumerators were accepted. For these reasons, probably too many negro persons !}-re re­ported as gainfully occupied.

Enumeration of the Indians.-In general, the occu­pations of the Indians were not so carefully returned by the enumerators as were the occupations of the whites. No doubt this was due largely to the greater difficulty of the task, but in some cases it was evi­dently due to the inefficiency or carelessness of the enumerators. In editing the returns, the most im­probable cases of Indians returned as gainfully occu­pied were rejected; but, notwithstanding this, it is probable that too many of the Indians are reported as gainful workers. This is certainly true in the case of particular tribes, where the proportion gainfully employed sometimes exceeds 60 per cent.

Enumeration in Alaska.-In Alaska the enumeration was in the winter. In some of the outlying, sparsely populated districts it w;:..; ~~.?-~"' 1lse as enumer­ators persons whose ed:ucation often was qm~•e limited and many of whom had no special clerical~~ty. Moreover,. the Indian population of .Alaska ''.t,e illiterate. Under these conditions enumeral __ .:,, _ _;:'was at best difficult. But, because c:'':'f.r~1 that the Indians are mainly hun~~-trai>pers, fishermen, and deer herders and keep&s, there was little danger of the enumerators confusing occupations. However, some of the Indians may have been missed entirely, and probably others were returned as gainfully occupied when they should not have been. The conditions under which the white population was enumerated were better, but, in many cases, they were quite difficult. This was especially so in case of scattered and migratory miners, fishermen at sea, and men temporarily employed in railroad construction work. The shifting and transient element in the popu19.tion made it very difficult to avoid omissions and dupli­c!l.tions. Agents were placed at the ports of entry and all persons arriving or departing on vessels were enumerated, and in many. cases letters were sent persons temporarily away from Alaska. The use of but one column in the Alaska schedules for the return of both the occupation and the industry in which it was pursued, doubtless detracted somewhat from the accuracy of the occupation returns for both the whites and the Indians.

i.

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OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 17

CLASSIFICATION.

The new classification of oocupations.-From the Federal census of 1850, 1 when the present method of in­dividual enumeration was first inaugurated, twtil the enumeration in 1910, such a large proportion of the occupation returns were in general and indefinite terms that, in many cases, exact classification accord­ing to specific occupation wu.s impossible. Therefore, of necessity, the classification followed was, in many respects, largely industrial in form. Occupations, such as farmer, blacksmith, carpenter, doctor, and lawyer, which, usually, were carefully returned by the enum­erators and which could be classified easily apart from industries, were so classified. The remaining occupations, especially in manufacturing industries, were classified under such illdustrial groups as "Cot­ton mill operatives," "Woolen mill operatives," etc., without any attempt to distinguish the different specific occupations in each group, such as spinners, weavers, winders, etc. .AB time passed, this form of classification became more and more inadequate to meet new developments and to satisfy the increased demands for more accurate and detailed iuformation about the occupations of the people. At the Thir­teenth Census, it was believed that the special efforts that wero being made to secure a more careful return of occupations would be sufficiently successful to jus­tify an attempt at a more exact and scientific classifi­cation. A little study showed that mere changes in the old classification would not be sufficient, and that a new classification must be formulated.

Since the -value of occupation statistics is dependent very largely upon the form in which the occupations are classified, the basis of classification is of prime importance. After a study of the classifications in use in a number of the principal countries, it was decided that the proper basis for a classification of occupations is the worker and bis work, and, hence, that occupa­tions.should be classified with respect to the kind of work done or the character of service rendered rather than according to the article made or worked upon, or the place where the work was. done. However, since many occupations mean little when considered apart from the industries in which they are pursued, it was believed that the best form of classification for the United States would be an occupational classifica­tion with an,industrial framework. It was thtmght that such a classification would give the most vivid picture of the occupational position of each and every worker, and that it would best show the specific services rendered, work done, or processes performed

1 The returns in 1850 related on1v to :free males over 15 years of age, but in 1860 they were made to· cover free persons of both sexes over 15 years of age. Since 1870 the returns have covered either all persons irrespective of age or those 10 years of age and over. Theinslructions to enumerators, so far as they relate to occupations, at each census since and including 1870 are reproduced in the Appendix, p. 82.

32446°-14-2

by each worker. It was seen, too, that this form·of classification would allow of expansion or contrac­tion to suit the changes in occupations and industries which it is evident will come v;ith the future industrial development of the country.

In the development of this new classification, each important industry, or service group,2 ·was taken as a separate unit., and each of the specific occupations followed by the workers in it was listed thereunder so far as such occupation was indicated by the returns of the Twelfth Census enumerators. In this manner, eachimportantoccupation returned by the enumerators in 1900 was listed separately under its proper indus­try or se'rvice group,3 and these industries and service groups were then divided into eight general divisions.

Heretofore the United States classification of occu­pations has been rendered illogical and unsci~ntific by the practice of forcing all industries and occupa­tions into five general divisions, namely, agricultural pursuits, manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, trade and transportation, professional service, and domestic and personal service. As a result, accurate general statements often have been impossible, be­cause some of these general divisions havecontaine<l distinct industrial and occupational groups. In the new classification, an effort has been made to remedy this defect by increasing the number of general divisions from five to eight. The title of the fust general division of the old classification, "Agricultural pursuits," has been expanded to "Agriculture, fores­try, and animal husbandry," and fishermen and oystermen have been transferred from "Manufactur­ing and mechanical pursuits" to this division. The mining and quarrying industries have been trans­ferred from "Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits" to the new division, "Extraction of minerals." The title of the old division, "Manufacturing and mechan­ical pursuits," has been changed to "Manufacturing and mechanical industries." The old division, "T;tade and transportation," has been separated into its two parts, "Trade" and "Transportation," and all public service occupations not elsewhere classified have been brought together under a new division, "Public serv­ice." Since the Federal Government, the states, the counties, and the cities employ persons in a great variety of occupations and in many indust.ries, to attempt to classify all these employees under public service would r~quire much duplication and necessi­tate the breaking up of numerous occupational groups. Therefore, under public service have been classified only those public employees who could not, occupationa1ly, he better dasc;ified elsewhere.

2 :i:'ublic service, Professional service, and Domestic and personal service. .

3 The additional important occupations returned at the Thir­teenth Census were added later.

18 POPULATION.

The new index to occupations.-In classifying occu­pations at the Twelfth Census, an index to occupa- . tions, based upon that of the Eleventh Census; was used. This index, with approximately 2,600 occu­pational designations, classed under 475 occupation groups, was entirely inadequate as a guide to the proper classification of the 20,000 or more different occupational designations returned by the enumera­tors in 1900. It could not be used as a guide to the classification of the returns of 1910, in accordance with the new classification. Therefore, a new index to occupations was prepared. This index was based pri­marily on the occupations returned by the enumera­tors at the Twelfth Census. The terms, or desig­natio?s, actually used by the enumerators in 1900 were copied from the schedules. About 15,000 of the most important of these occupational designations were selected· for the index and were classiiied under the proper industries or ·service groups of the new classification. The index thus prepared shows the principal industries returned by the enumerators in 1900, the important occupations returned for each of these industries, and the most usual forms of returning such occupations. The new occupations returned in 1910, and the new forms of returning the occupations reported in 1900, have been added to the index, so that it now represents about 17,000 different occupational designations or forms of return. But, since, in most cases, any given occupation in an industry may be designated in two or more ways, the total number of occupations listed under the different industries and service groups of the index is much smaller than the number of occupational designations. And, since, in many cases, a given process of work and the conditions under which it is performed do not vary sufficiently from one industry to another to constitute the process a different occupation in each industry in which it is pursued, the total number of separate and distinct occupations returned at the Thirteenth Census is very much smaller than the total number listed under the different industries and service groups of the index. For example, while the process finishing varies so much from one industry to another that there are a number of distinct occupations, each termed "fin­isher," as, ":finisher coats," ":finisherpianos," "finisher steel rails," etc., typewriting is so nearly the same in every .business or industry that there is but one occu­pation termed "typewriter."

Method of classifying occupations in 1910.-Prior to the receipt of the schedules, it was estimated that there would be between 35,000,000 and 40,000,000 persons returned as gainfully occupied. It was evident that these millions of occupation returns, collected by the approximately 70,000 enumerators at the Thirteenth Census, would have to be classified before they could be reported in any scientific manner. It was certain, moreover, that many of the occupations would be returned in such indefinite form that their classifica­tion would be difficult. Hence, it was deemed inad-

visable to intrust the classification of all the occupa­tion returns to the regular punching clerks, who were to punch on cards 1 the numerous facts contained in the 27 other columns of the population schedule. On the other hand, it was equally inadvisable to pro­vide a special force to classify all the occupation returns before this information was transferred to the punch cards. Therefore, the work was divided between the regular punching clerks and a special classifying force. A brief list of occupational designations, containing those occupation terms which it was thought would be returned most definitely and most frequently, was prepared for the use of the punching clerks. The proper classification of each of these designations was indicated by a punch symbol. The punching clerks were then instructed to pu_nch only those occupational designations returned on the schedules for which they found exact duplicates in the list. For all indefinite forms of these designations, and for all other designa­tions, they were instructed to punch "Ot," meaning other occupations. These "Ot" occupations, com­prising a total of more than 21,000,000 occupation returns, were reserved for examination and classifi­cation by a special classifying force.

The force for classifying the "6t" occupations was divided into small sections, each containing from six to ten clerks under competent supervision. These clerks, each using a copy of the index to occupations, examined the schedules and assigned a punch symbol to each" Ot" occupational designation covered by the index. The "Ot" designations not covered by the index, as well as all doubtful cases, were referred to the section chief for classification and assign­ment of symbols. All available directories and re­ports were used as aids in classifying, and frequent reference was made to the Thirteenth Census sched­ules for manufactures and mines. The punch sym­bols were written on the schedules by the classify­ing clerks and later were punched in the cards. The cards were then sorted mechanically by industry and by occupation, and before tabulation the follow­ing classes of cards were compared with the original population schedules and the proper corrections made: All cards for females in occupations not usually fol­lowed by females, all cards for occupations very unusual in the industry, and all cards for either sex in any industry in which the sex was represented by three· persons or less in the tabulation area. After the cards were tabulated, further comparisons and corrections were made in cases of peculiar and unusual occupations, especially where children under 16 years of age were represented as working in occupa­tions thought to be impossible or unusual for persons so young. But an error in the statement of the sex, age, or occupation of a person could not be detected,

i At the Thirteenth. Census a separate card waa used for each per­son enumerated, to which was tp.nsferred _by punching, fpr purpo!'es of later tabulation by electrical machmes: all the mformat10n returned on the population schedule concernmg the color, sex, age, nativity, occupation, etc., of the person.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 19

unless it was inconsistent with the other information returned on the schedule for this same person. ·Most of the cases in which women and children are reported as working at occupations very unusual for such persons probably are the result of such undetected errors.

Inherent difficulties in classifying occupations.-Cer­tain inherent difficulties make absolutely accurate clas­sification of occupations impossible, and, hence, pre­clude the possibility of absolutely accurate occupation statistics. First, is the impossibility of making a clas­sification of occupations sufficiently broad and suffi­ciently detailed to cover all the various activities of the millions of gainful workers in a country with great diversification of industries and with minute division of labor in each industry. Second, is the difficulty due to the great complexity of present day industries and industrial establishments. In many cases there is to-day no definite line of demarcation between industries; and, consequently, processes which generally are considered as belonging to separate and di'3tinct industries frequently are performed in one and the same establishment. This makes it impos­sible in many cases to determine in which of two closely related industries a given person works, and, hence, makes it impossible to classify all workers properly, according to any definite and logical scheme. In short, the difficulty here is that which results from the neces­sary attempt to reduce to a fixed and definite classifica­tion the workers in an industrial system the organiza­tion of which -is not only complex but constantly changing. Third, is the impossibility of classifying with complete accuracy occupations which in reality are not clear-cut and well defined. Formerly, under the guild system, to a large degree each workman had a definite occupation or trade, as, cooper, tailor, shoemaker, etc.; but with the transition to the factory system, and the great division of labor which accom­panies it, the tendency has been for each of these old handicraft trades to give place to a number of specific processes in the manufacture of the same article. The transition is still in progress, so that to-day a workman may make the whole of an article, or perform several of the processes in its manufacture, or perform only one of them. Moreover, the nature of the processes is

changing continually. This indefiniteness in certain occupations makes their accurate return and classifica­tion impossible; and this indefiniteness will remain so long as new processes in manufactming are being <le vised.

Practical difficulties in classifying occupa.tions.-In addition to these inherent difficulties, due to the nature of present day industrial organization and, hence, in­eradicable, there were, at the Thirteenth Census numerous practical difficulties which, though not in-

. herent and not ineradicable, were, nevertheless, even greater hindrances i:n the proper classification of occu­pations and in the securing of accurate occupation statistics. The source of each of these practical diffi­culties was the same-poor enumeration. In part, this poor enumeration was <lue to the great difficulty of securing absolutely correct returns from persons who are ignorant, indifferent, or not trained in making accurate statement, or who, as a matter of fact, do not know the precise nature of the occupations followed by persons other than themselves, as was the case with some of those who furnished information to the enumerators; but, in the main, it was <lue to the care­lessness or inefficiency of the enumerators themselves. Their principal errors were: The use of general and indefinite terms; the failure to return for each gainful worker both the occupation and the industry in which it was pursued; the failure to make any return in the occupation columns of the schedule; the return of "None" for persons who evidently were gainfully em­ployed; the return of occupations for persons who evidently were not gainfully employed; the use of stereotyped forms of return, without proper regard to the facts in the individual cases; and the errors due to the misinterpretation of their instructions. The re­turns of the majority of the enumerators were largely free from these errors; the returns of many of the others were defective in respect to only a part of them; and in case of the returns of only a small minority of the enu­merators were they numerous. On the whole, these faulty returns did not constitute a large percentage of the entire number. The most important of them, the degree of success in classifying them, and their effect on the accuracy of the statistics are discussed in the following paragraphs.

OCCUPATIONS CLASSIFIED WITH DIFFICULTY, AND THE ACCURACY OF THE RESULTANT STATISTICS.

AGRICULTURE.

Farmers and farm laborers.-In 1910, as in 1900, oc­casionally an enumerator did not distinguish carefully between "farmers" and "farm laborers," but returned all farm workers indiscriminately as the one or the other. From the evidence in the other columns of the schedule, the classifiers were able to correct roost of these errors. The number of such errors that could not be so corrected was comparatively small in each case, and it is probable that in any area for which occupation statistics are reported they, to a large extent, balance each other.

"Laborer odd jobs," etc.-A. frequent form of return in 1910 was "Laborer odd jobs/' "Odd jobs/' or "Working out," with no statement as to whether the person so returned worked on a farm or elsewhere. In classifying such returns, the persons were con­sidered to be farm laborers if they lived in unincor­porated places and there was no evidence that they were working in construction gaiigs,lumber camps, or at other nonagricultural work. It is believed that through the operation of this rule most of these errors were corrected.

Children returned as farm la.borers.-The enumera­tors were instructed to return children at work on

20 POPULATION.

farms for their own parents as farm laborers-home farm, and to return children at work on farIDB for others as farm laborers.-J/l)orking outi but many of them failed to make these distinctions carefully. Quite frequently, the young children of a farmer were enumerated with the home family, but were returned in the occupation columns merely as laborers-farm. The classifying clerks were instructed to consider such children, when they were under 16 years of age, as being laborers on the home farm; but, as a large percentage of such returns were punched before the schedules were edited, the attempted division of children returned as farm laborers into farm laborers­home farm and farm laborers-working out was not very succe&sful.

Number of children in agricultural pursuits.-During the decade 1900 to 1910 the increase in the number of children 10 to 15 years of age returned as engaged in agricultural pursuits, especially the increase in the number of females returned as agricultural laborers, was so great as to seem excessive. A careful analysis of the figures (see p. 28 for a full discussion) indicates that during this period there was no such marked increase in ·t;he number of children actually engaged in agricultural pursuits, and that the apparent great increase was, to a large extent, the result of a difference in the basis of enumeration at the two ce)).Suses, due to a difference :in the instructions to the enumerators. It is probable that the Thirteenth Ce:i,1sus enumerators, construing their instructions closely, enumerated as gainful workers farm children who would not have been so enumerated by the Twelfth Census enumer­ators.

Number of women in agricultural pursuits.-The in­crease from HJOO to 1910 in the number of women returned as engaged in agricultural pursuits was quite marked, being especially large in the case of wome;n returned as farm laborers -working on the home farm. As suggested elsewhere (seep. 27 for a full discussion), it is quite probable that this great increase was in part abnormal and was due, primarily, to the difference :in the instructions to the enumerators at the two censuses, rather than to any great increase in the proportion of women actually engaged in agricultural pursuits.

MANUFACTURES AND MINING.

Apprentices.---Since in classifying occupations it was impracticable to assign a separate occupation symbol to each kind of apprentice in each of the different :industries, all the apprentices in each respective i11du1:1try, except in t,he building alld hand trades, were classified under the same occupation symbol. The resultant group of apprentices in each industry is not as specific as is desfrable, and those apprentices to the building and hand trades who were employed in other industries are reported u:nde1• those industries and not with" apprentices to building and hand trades."

Brass foundry and iron foundry employees.-The ef­fort to distinguish the employees in brass foundries from the employees in iron foundries was not very suc­cessful in places where both brass foundries and iron foundries were located, for, frequently, the returns were merely "Laborer-foundry," "Molder-foundry," etc., without further specification. The employees ' in brass foundries were chissi:fied with the employees in "Brass mills;" and the returns which could not be distinguished as belonging either to brass foundries or to iron foundries were classified under "Not specified metal industries."

Brick, tile, and terracotta factory employees.-An effort was made to distinguish the workers in brick factories, tile factories, and terra cotta factories, respectively; but this effort met with little success because of the fact that to-day some factories manu­facture both brick and tile, and others manufacture both tile and terracotta. No attempt is made, there­fore, to present separate occupation statistics for each of these three industries. It is believed, however, that the occupation statistics reported for the com­bined industries are approximately correct.

Builders and building _contraotors.-Xotwithstand­ing the effort made to classify as "Builders and build­ing contractors 11 only those persons occupied prin­cipally in making and carrying out building contracts, and to classify with their respective trades, as car­penters, masons, plasterers, etc., all persons working with their tools, it is believed that the number of "Builders and building contractors" is far too large.

Car shop imd railroad repair shop employees.-Much difficulty was experienced in the effort to distinguish the employees of railroad car repair shops from the employees of car building shops, and often this dis­tinction could not be made with certainty. In fact, it is believed that many of the employees of railroad car repair shops were classified with and are reported as employees of car building shops. However, since the occupations are much the same in the two kinds of shops

1 this failure to keep them separate is not of

great consequence occupationally. The industry to­tals, howevf.'r, are rendered inaccurate to the extent of the unbalanced error in the classification of the occupations.

Cigar factory and tobacco factory employees.---Since many of the enumerators did not distinguish carefully between the operatives in cigar factories and the operatives in tobacco factories, the occupations in these two industries have been combined. It is be­lieved that the occupation statistics for tho com­bined industries are approximately correct.

Clothing factory employees.-It was frequently dif­ficult to distinguish the makers of "suits, coats, cloaks and overalls" from the makers of other cloth

' . d garments; and often, also, difficulty was experience in distinguishing between the makers of ~loth garments and knit garments, and between the knitters of cotton

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OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 21

and woolen garments and the workBrs in cotton. aud woolen mills. Furthermore, in many cases it was hard to distinguish the makers of cloth and knit gloves from the makers of leather gloves.

lland sewers and sewing machine operators,-Since the enumeratcu-s did not distinguish carefully between the hand sewers and the sewing machine operators in factories, it has been necessary to combine them under one head.

Iron foundry and iron manll.fa.ctory employees.-An effort was made to distinguish the employees <if iron foundries from the employees of other establishments engaged in the remanufacture of iron and steel, hut so many of the machine shops and factories engaged in the manufacture of implements, machinery, etc., had iron foundries connected with them that a close dis­tinction was impossible.

Steel mills and iron manufactory employees.-An effort was made to distinguish the employees of, blast furnaces and steel-rolling mills-the mills which manu­facture and roll iron and steel-from the employees of the factories which remanufacture iron and steel into hardware, implements, machinery, etc., hut this effort was not entirely successful. In the first place, many of the enumerators, where they could have done so, failed to distinguish between steel mills and the factories which remanufacture iron and steel. In the second place, the enumerators of ten found it impossible to specify a given establishment either as a steel-rolling mill or as a factory engaged in the remanu­facture of iron and steel, for it was both. The fact that to-clay the steel industry is not clear-cu.t and dis­tinct, but frequently overlaps the iron and steel remanuf acturing industries, often makes impossible the return of the specific industry in which the em­ployees of a given establishment work, and hence renders impossible their exact classification according to industry. Notwithstanding these <lifficulties, it is believed that a large proportion of the workers in the steel industry have been properly classified; and, since they work under such peculiar conditions, it was thought best to report them separately.

Paper box and wooden box factory employees.-The number of cases in which the enumerators failed to distin~ish the operatives in paper box factories from the operatives in wooden box factories amounted fo approximately one-third of the total. There is, there­fore, a very large percentage of error in the statistics of occupations reported for each of these two industries.

Paper mill and pulp mill employees.-The enumera­tors failed to distinguish between paper mills and pulp mills so generally that no attempt has been made to report separate statistics for the occupations in each of these two industries.

. Not specified mine employees.--Some of the enu­merators, in returning the occupations of mine em­ployees, neglected to state the kind of mhie, as copper, iron, gold, etc. In a district in which only one mineral

is mined such returns could be classified under the prope.r industry, but in a district in which two or more minerals are mined it was necessary to classify them under "Not specified mines." In returning the occu­pations of the employees of those mines from which two or more minerals are extracted in about equal proportions, as copper and silver, silver and lead, the enumerators could not specify a particular kind of mine. It was necessary, therefore, to classify these returns also under "Not specified mines." From the foregoing it is evident that the 31,712 returns of workers of all kinds classified under "Not specified mines" did not come from the different mining states in the same proportions as the total number of mine workers returned, but in the main came from those states in which two or more minerals are mined in close proximity, or in which two or more minerals are extracted from the same mine. These, in general, are the mining states west of the Mississippi River antl :Michigan.

Occupations in not specified industries.-In those cases in which enumerators returned occupations with­out stating in what industries they were pul:Sued, it was impossible to classify the returns under any speci­fied iJ1dustry. In case of mining occupations, metal­working occupations, and textile~mill occupations usu­ally it was possible to determine to what group of related industries the different returns belonged, and in such cases they were classified, respectively, under "Not specified mines/' "Not specified metal indus­tries," and "Not specified textile mills." 1 Bpt in many of the cases it was possible to determine only that the occupations were pursued in manufacturing industries. These were classified under "Other not specified industries." In still other cases it was im­possible to determine anything in regard to the indus­tries in which the occupations were pursued. These were classified under "Occupations in not specified industries and service groups."

Specified occupations returned under trade names.­In all those cases in which hand trades, through the introduction of machinery, the multiplication of proc­esses, and the division of labor, have rather recently developed into factory industries, there was a marked tendency for the operatives to give the old trade names as their occupations, rather than the names of the . specific processes they were :performing. In some in­dustries a large percentage of the operatives were returned under these trade designations. This was especially true in bakeries, candy factories, cigar fac­tories, harness factories, hat factories, jt'welry factories, shoe factories, and clothhig factories. As a result, the number <if bakers, ~andy makers, cigar makers, harness makers, hatters, jewelers (factory}, shoemakers (factory), and tailors and tailoresses is excessive. Sometimes the proprietors in such industries were re­turned under the old trade designations, as brewers,

..... -·~-·------------~ 1 See Table VI, p. 302.

22 POPULATION.

millers, tanners, etc.; but usually these returns could be propei·ly classified, since the persons were returned as employers. ·

TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.

Clerks in stores and salesmen.-Although instructed specifically . to the contrary, many of the Thirteenth Census enumerators failed utterly-as did the enumer­ators at preceding censuses-to distinguish between the clerks and the salesmen employed in wholesale and retail trade. The tendency was to return sales­men as clerks, although their duties were in no sense clerical. As a result, the statistics reporting the num­ber in each of these occupations, respectively, are far from accurate. This is indicated by the fact that the number of salesmen and saleswomen reported is less than three-fourths the number of wholesale and retail merchants and dealers, and by the further fact that there are reported more than two clerks in stores for each five salesmen and saleswomen. Similar figures were reported at the Twelfth Census.

Locomotive engineers and firemen.-The ·enumera­tors did not always distinguish carefully between loco­motive engineers and the stationary engineers em­ployed by railroads, or between locomotive firemen and the other firemen employed by railroads; and the large number of locomotive engineers and of locomotive firemen· reported for 1910 indicates that, even after such corrections as could be made, some stationary engineers are included with the locomotive engineers and some other firemen are included with the loco­moti"ve firemen.

Railroad brakemen.-The number of railroad brake­men is entirely too small as compared with the number of locomotive engineers and-firemen. This probably is due to the return of brakemen under certain gen­eral designations.

Steam and street railroad employees.-The enumera­tors in their returns did not always specify the em­ployees of street railways as such, and it is probable, therefore, that some of these were classified with and havfl been reported as employees of steam railroads. However, it is not believed that the number of such cases is large enough to affect the statistics perceptibly.

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE.

Cooks and general serva.nts.-In the occupation re­turns, especially the returns -for the colored females of the South, there was not a careful distinction made between cooks and general servants. As a result, in some areas the fem ale cooks far outnumbered the general servants, and in the United States as a whole there was more than one female cook to each three female general servants. The returns for the male cooks and servants were much better than for the females.

Housekeepers and stewards.-Notwithstanding the fact that the enumerators were given specific instruc-

tions to return as housekeepers only those women who were keeping house for salaries or wages, so many of them returned as housekeepers housewives doing house­work in their own homes, without salaries or wages, and servants who were in no sense housekeepers, that, after a rigid exclusion of the most improbable cases, it is certain that so many housewives and servants are included under the head of housekeepers as to render the statistics very inaccurate. At the census of 1910, as at the preceding, there were reported more housekeepers and stewards than waiters, and more than one housekeeper or steward to each ten general servants.

Nurses.-An effort was made to separate the trained nurses from the practical or untrained nurses, and to exclude from both groups nursemaids and children's nurses. It is believed, however, that a considerable number of nursemaids and children's nurses were in­clud~d with the other nurses; and the effort to classify separately the trained and the practical nurses was not very successful. Therefore, the enormous increase from 1900 to 1910 iri the number of trained nurses may be in part apparent only.

OTHER CLASSES.

Inmates of institutions.-At the Twelfth Census only such of the inmates of institutions-asylums, homes, hospitals, jails, penitentiaries, etc.-as were actually engaged in remunerative work for which they received stated wages in addition to their board were returned as gainfully occupied. At the Thirteenth Census all inmates of such institutions who were regularly em­ployed, whether at productive labor or at other duties, such as cooking, scrubbing, laundry work, etc., were returned as gainfully occupied. The inclusion, in 1910, of all the gainfully occupied inmates of institu­tions, as against the inclusion, in 1900, of only those inmates who received wages in addition to their board, has contributed many thousands to the number of persons reported as gainfully occupied in the United States. 1 In returning occupations for the inmates of institutions, some of the enumerators returned former occupations an<l not the ones being pursued in the institutions. This fact made it difficult to classify these returns properly.

Peculiar occupations for women.-The Thirteenth Census enumerators, like the enumerators at previous censuses, returned women as following many occupa­tions which are very peculiar and unusual for women.

i There are no available Federal statistics from which can be made even an approximate estimate of the total number of i~mates in in­stitutions engaged in gainful occupations. A rough estimate, based on the most recent Feaeral statistics showing !he number of prison­ers and juvenile delinquents and the proportion of them gamfully occupied, indicates thatprobahly from 80,000 to 90,000 sueh persons were engagerl ,in gai~ful. occ;upations in 1910 .• The number of in­mates of charitable mst1tut10ns, almshouses, in.~ane ruiyluma, and asylums for the feeble-m!n?.ed who .were en.gaged iu g11inf¥l occu­pations probably was sufficient to brmg the !otal number of mmates of institutions engaged in gainful occupat10ns at the date of the Thirteenth Census up to or above 100,000.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS.

A careful examination of the schedules in such cases usually showed that errors had been made in the re­turn, either of the sex: or of the occupation. Most of these errors were found and corrected by the classifying clerks. Others. were corrected during the work of :final revision. Occasionally, however, no such errors were apparent on the schedules. These cases are reported, although it is probable that inmost instances the women did not actually follow the occupations returned for. them. The following are examples of such occupations:

Blacksmiths. Brick and stone masons. Elevator tenders. Furnacemen and smeltermen. Heaters (metal). Longshoremen and stevedores. Machinists. Rollers and roll hands (metal). Sailors and deck hands. Tinsmiths.

Soldiers, sa.ilors, and marines.-An effort was made to classify separately each of the special occupations followed by the enlisted men of the army and the navy, as blacksmith, teamster, fireman, machinist, etc.; but so many of the enumerators had failed to make such distinctions that this effort was not suc­cessful. Therefore, the enlisted men of the army and the navy are reported only as soldiers, sailors, and marines.

Two occupations for same person.-The enumerators were instructed that in case a person had two occupa­tions they should return only the more important one-that fa, the one from which the person got the more money. In case an enumerator did return two occupations for the same person, it was the rule of the office to consider only the first-named occupation.

Women musicians and teachers of mnsic.-Of the large number of women classed as mUBicians or teach­ers of music, it is probable that many did not spend a large proportion of their time at the occupation.

PRESENTATION.

Scope of report.-In a country where the occupa­tions are so numerous as in the United 'States, it fa impossible to present, in a single volume of moderate size, all the occupation statistics for which statis­ticians and others may have need. The original plans for the occupation report contemplated such a selection of occupation tables that the chief statistical facts in connection With occupations would be shown, in one.· table or another, and in such form that the statffitical facts of less importance could be derived from them easily. But this plan could not be carried out. In the first place, because of a lack of funds, the work on occupations was practically stopped for an entire year during the regular census period. When it was again resumed and the fust and simpler of the two contemplated machine counts of the occupation cards was almost completed, it was decided that, since the Thirteenth Census period had elapsed and since regular annual reports and other work of the intercensal period were being greatly delayed by the employment of the census clerks upon the Thirteenth Census work, it was best to abandon the second machine count. of the occupation _ cards and to limit the scope of the occupation report to the tables which could be constructed from the results of the first count of the cards.1

The limitation of the scope of the present report to the results of the first count of occupations has made necessary the omission of contemplated statistics on

1 This decision was made in compliance with the recoll'.lillenda­tions of a special arlvisory committee on the work of the census. The members of this committee were Hon. S. N. D. North and Hon. William R. Merriam, former Directors of the Census; Prof. Walter F. "Willcox, of Cornell Univernity; Mr .. W. S. Rossiter, formerly Chief Clerk of the Census; and Hon. Daniel C. Roper, First Assistant Postmaster General, and formerly an official of the Census Bureau.

the following subjects: Unemployment, marital condi­tion of persons engaged in gainful occupations, coun­tries of birth of foreign-born gainful workers, age dis­tribution of gainful workers by five or ten year periods, and class of worker-that is, whether the worker was an employer, an employee, or was working on his own account. Statistics on ea.ch of these subjects will be presented in a special report on occupations to be published later.

Description of general tables.-The present report, under the above plan, contains 9 general tables, as follows:

Table I (p. 91) shows, for the United States, the number and sex of the persons 10 years of age and over engaged in 1910 in each of 428 specified occupations and occupation groups, representing combinations of the elementary occupations shown in Table VI. Similar statistics are presented for each state and for the District of Columbia in Table II (p. 96) and for each city of 100,000 inhabitants or more in Table III (p .152).

Table IV (p. 208) shows, for each city of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, the number of males and females 10 years of age and over engaged in 1910 in each of 215 specified occupations and occupation groups. In this table the 215 main occupations and occupation groups of Table I are shown without subdivision.

Table V (p. 292) shows, for each of the outlying territories of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, and also separately for the cities of Honolulu, in Hawaii, and Ca,,,cYUas, Mayaguez, Ponce, and San Juan, in Porto Rico, tho number and sex of the persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each important occupation and occupation group in 1910. In the table for each separate area, the 215 occupations and occupation groups of Table I are shown so far as they were appli-

This page was inadvertently omitted during scanning.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 25

operatives in candy factories, etc. These residuary groups, while not strictly occupational, have a great

,. deal of occupational significance; for, although each of them is made up of the workers in numerous occu­pations pursued, sometimes, in several different indus­tries, these workers together form a group which, in many respects, is occupationally homogeneous, Since the proprietors, the officials, the supervisory persons, the clerical workers, the followers of trades, and the laborers are otherwise classified, all the persons in­cluded in each of the residuary groups shown under "Manufacturing and mechanical industries," are fac­tory operatives belonging to iJi.e semiskilled class. In each extractive industry the nature of the returns were

such that it was deemed best to combine the lttliorers and the semiskilled workers.

Thus, so far as practicable, the combination of the elementary occupations of 'l'ahle VI has been along occupational rather than industrial lines. Each oecu­pation of the condensed list is classified in that part of the industrial field in which it is most commonly pur­sued. For example, blacksmiths, carpenters, electri­cians, and machinists have been classified under" .Man­ufacturing and mechanical industries," although each of these trades is pursued in almost every industry. Clerical occupations, which can hardly be saiil to be more common to one general division of occupations than to another, have been classified apart.

CHAPTER II.

SU1\'fMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS.

SUFFICIENCY OF THE OCCUPATION RETURNS.

The comparisons and discussions of -this chapter are confined to the results of the censuses of 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910. In 1880, 1890, and 1900 the occupa­tion returns had reference only to gainfully occupied persons 10 years of age and over. In 1910 .the enu­merators were instructed to include all persons gain­fully occupied, irrespective of age, but the returns for persons under 10 years of age are not covered by the stati'3tics presented in this volume. .At each of these censuses, then, the occupation statistics refer only to gainfully occupied persons 10 years of age and over. Before comparing the statistics of 1910 with those of preceding censuses, it is essential to establish, as nearly as possible, the relative sufficiency of the occu­pation returns.

Table I YALE.

Possible excess in the number of women returned as gainful workers in 1910.-In continental United States the whole number of males 10 years of age and over reported as engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 (see Table 2, p. 30) was 30,091,564, representing 81.3 per cent of all males of that age, as compared with 80 per cent in 1900, 79.3 per cent in 1890, and 78. 7 per cent in 1880. These percentages show that the pro­portion of males 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations increased gradually during tho three decades, 1880-1910, with the rate of increase somewhat greater between 1900 and 1910 than during either of the two preceding decades. There were 81075,772 females 10 years of age and over reported as gainfully occupied in 1910, representing 23.4 per cent of all females of that age1 as compared with 18.8 per cent in 1900, 17.4 per cent in 1890, and 14. 7 per cent in 1880. The great increase from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of females, as compared with the moderate increase from 1880 to 1900, and as com­pared with the moderate increase from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of males gainfully occupied1 calls for further examination.

DIVISION AND STATE.

1910 1000

----United States ......... 81. 3 80.D

----GEOGRAPIDC DIYJSIONS:

New England ............. 80. 7 80.3 Middle Atlantic ........... 81. l 81. 0 East North Central. ••••.• 79.4 78.0 West North Central.. •.•.. 78. 2 77.4 South Atlantic ..•.••..•.•. 83.8 81.4 East South Central. ...... 85.3 83. 0 West Sonth Central.. ..... 82.8 80.6 Mountain ................. 81. 7 80.3 Pacific •••••••••.••••..••.. 82.1 81. 0 ----

NEW ENGLAND: Maine ..................... 78.8 78.6 New Hampshire .......... 80.5 81.3 Vermont .................. 77. 9 78. 7 Me.ssachusetts ............ 81. l 80.1 Rhode Island ............. 82.5 82.9 Connecticut ............... 81.3 81.3

MIDDLE ATLANTIC: New York ................ 81. 0 80.8 New Jersey ............... 81.1 81. 6 PennsyJyau!a ............. 81. 3 81.0

EAST NORTH CENTRAL: Ohio •.•••••••••••••..•..•. 79.8 78.1 Indiana ................... 79.5 77. 7 Illinois .................... 80.0 78.5

~~~ii:::::::::::::::: 79.6 78. G 70.5 7G.O

WEST No11rn CENTRAL: Minnesota ................ 7S. 2 77. 7 Iowa ...................... 71;, 1 7ii.4 Missouri .................. W.7 7!l.O North Dakots ............ I W. 3 78. 5 South Dakota............. 77. 4 75.1 Nebraska ................. 7tl. S 70.2 Kansas ................. ;. 774 3 76.1

SOUTH ATLANTIC: Delaware ................. 81.5 80. 7

~~Vrl~r~rco1iilliliia.:::::: 81. 0 79.0 70.6 79.0

Virginia .................. 81.4 79.0 West Viririnia ............ 81. 6 80.0 North Carolina ........... 86.4 84.l South Carolina ........... ; 8fi. 7 8~.8 Georiria ................... 8~. 9 82.5 Florida ................... 83.2 80.7

EA.ST SOUTH CENTRAL: Kenlnrky ................ 82.3 80.1 Tennessee ................ 83.li 81.9 Alabama ................. 88.3 86.4 Mississippi.. ..............

WEST SOUTIT CENTRAL: 88.2 84.5

Arkansas ................. 86.8 84.2 Loni.~iana. ...... , .......... 81.9181.5 Oklahoma. ................ 80.3 79.4 Texas ..................... 82. 1 I w.o

MOUNTAIN! 8-1.CI 184.9 Monta.na ..................

Idaho ..................... s~.* I~"-~ Wyoming ................ 81.a 1 81'.a rolorode> .................. 81. 3 I RO. l New Mrxi<•o .............. 80.7177.7 Ari1onn ................... 81.li s:. 7 Utah ..................... 1r..!l I n.1 Ne\•adn ................... 87.3 81. fl

PACIFIC: 82.4182.4 Wo.shimrton ..............

Orneon ................... Rl..5 70. 0 ralitornia ............... 82.1\80.U

!

1890

--79.3 -· 80.9 80.4 77.3 7fi. 7 80.3 80.5 79. 4 84.3 82.4 --

78.5 82.0 78.9 RI. I 83.2 81. 7

80.6 80.8 80.0

W.5 77.1 77.9 78. 5 76. l

7q, 1 74.9 71.1 81.9 7~. 2 77.8 75.1

81.'1 ;0.1 77.8 77.4 75. 7 82.3 82. l 83.5 78.8

77.8 79.4 8i~5 80.2

80.2 81.6 76.9 78.1

89.5 s:~.a 83.r, s;.5 82.1 lH.fJ 'i(t6 85.2

~:i.6 79. 7 82.2

I' FEYAI.E. 1- -·-·--·----

1880 1910 1900 1890

-- ------78. 7 23.4 18. 8 17.4 -- ---=·= 79.5 21:l.9 25.5 24.3 78.0 24.1 20.8 18. 9 75.4 18.2 t.5.0 12. 9 77.4 ltl. l 13. 3 11.9 81.9 31.0 23.8 22.3 80.5 30. 7 22.1 19.6 82.2 24.4 10. 7 17 •• 5 &3.2 Hi. I 13.2 12.3 81.5 ta.O 15.3 13.9 ,, --------

i 1r.. 71 21.3 18.6 16. 7 80.4 27. 5 24.0 23. l 77. (l 20.2 16. 7 15.0 80.2 31. 7 28.1 2i. 6 8:l.O 32.1 29.6 29.3 79.5 27.0 24. 3 23.1

7R.2 211. 7 23.0 21.1 7i.4 24.0 20.8. 19. 4 77.9 20.9 18.0 16.2

72.9 18.5 15.1 13.0 7i.O 14.8 12.1 10.4 75.9 20.0 10.3 14.3 78.0 17.4 14.G 12.5 73. 7 18.6 15.5 13.0

74.8 19.5 rn.2 14.9 77. 5 15.5 13.1 11. 7 77.1 rn.s 13. 5 11. s

;85.5 JI5. 8 14.5 14.4 \14.5 11.8 11.2

78.5 14.6 12.6 12.4 1s. o I 13. 0 10.4 9.3

83.3 22.1 18.2 16.1 77.8 25.2 21.3 20.9 74.0 36.0 33.4 32.2 79.6 22.0 18.3 17.6 75.7 12.0 9:3 8.2 84.5 34.2 23.4 21.4 8;1.9 49.0 38.0 33.9 87.4 37.3 27.5 26.4 78.9 27.5 20.6 20.8

I

79.4 j 17.4 13.5 12.5 74.6121.6 15.8 13.4 80.0 40.9 W.6 2i.O 81.2 I 47.6 32.7 30.1

I I

s2.1 I 29.7 17.3 14.fi sa.3 ! 29.6 26.5 ' 29.0

14.2 8.8 5.6 ·,siX; 24.1 13.6 13.C !

~~:~ 11 ~g:~ 14.5 14.4 9.4 8.4

70.r. I H.9 12.3 12.6 f.:7.0 1'"1.fi 14.9 15.3 7t1.!J i:·~.8 9.8 7.S ~'.I.§ I rn.s l~.3 9.6 1.~.a I H.4 11. 2 10.5 S4.'l j 18. 7 15.2 1J.2

~?-~ 11 1 !·~ 13.0 11.fi '.I.; 11 11.iJ 1:1.~ 11.0 ~l.D 'i 20.1 16.5 1."·. J

1880

--14.7 --

20.0 15.8 9.2 8.1

20. 7 17.9 17.2 7.5 9.9

--12.8 20.6 12.2 23.2

·25.9 19. l

17. 7 15.2 13. 5

9.5 7.2 9. 7 9.5

10:0

9.9 8.0 8.5

l 8.0 J

7.6 6.1

14.5 16.6 26.8 15.3 5.5

17.6 35.0 28.5 19.5

• 9.4 10.5 28.3 29.2

12.1 29.l

"ii: ii 6.8 4.1

10. 2 10.1 5.7 5. 6.2

4

1

4 6 0

10.

;1.

n. l 1.

'fable 1 shows, for the United States, for each geo­graphic division, and for each state, the proportion of males and of females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations at each of the last four censuses, 1910, 1900, 1890, and 1880.

The percentages for the different states, as given in Table 1, show that the marked increase from 1900 to

(26)

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 27

1910 in the proportion of females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations was general throughout the United States, though more marked in the South Atlantic, the East South Central, and the West South Central divisions than in the other geographic divisions. A part of this great increase probably was due to a difference in the basis of enu­meration at the two censuses. The following two par­agraphs from the "Instructions to Enumerators" at the Thirteenth Census may have resulted in the enu­merators returning occupations for women who would not have been considered gainful workers by the Twelfth Census enumerators, working under different instructions:

144. Column 18. Trade or projessi-On.-An entry should be made in this column for eve:ry person enumerated. The occupation, if any, follovred by a child, of any age, or by a woman is just as impor­tant, for census purposes, as the occupation followed by a man. Therefore it must never be taken for granted, without inquiry, that a woman, or child, has no occupation.

154. Women doing farm work.-A woman working regularly at outdoor farm work, even though she works on the home farm for her husband, son, or other relative and does not receive money wages, should be returned in column 18 as a.farm laborer. Distin­guish, however, such women who work on the home farm from those who work away from home, by writing in column 19 either lwme farm or working out, as the case may require. Of course, a woman who herself operates or runs a farm should be reported as a farmer, and not as afarm laborer.

The latter paragraph may have had much to do with the enormous increase between 1900 and 1910 in the number of females returned as engaged in agricul­tural pursuits, an increase from 977,336 in 1900 to 1,807,050 (see Table 15, p. 54) in 1910, or nearly 85 per cent. The increase in the-number of female agri­cultural laborers was especially great-from 663,209 in 1900 to 1,522,133 in 1910, or 129.5 per cent, as com­pared with an increase of only 23.3 per cent from 1890 to 1900. Numerically, most of this great increase in the number of female agricultural laborers was con­fined to farm laborers, and mainly to farm laborers working on the home farm. The whole number of female farm laborers1 in 1910 was 1,514,107, as against 661,103 in 1900, an increase of 129 per cent. Between 1900 and 1910 the number of female farm laborers working on the home farm increased from 441,055 to 1,176,585, or 166.8 per cent, while the number of fe­male farm laborers working out increased from 220,048 to 337,522, or 53.4 per cent. That too many women were returned as farm laborers at the Thirteenth Cen­sus is further evidenced by the fact that the percent­age which women constituted of all farm laborers rose from 15.1 in 1900 to 25.3 in 1910. It is hardly probable that in the United States, in 1910, more than one farm laborer in every four was a woman.2 And this reported increase from 1900 to 1910 of 129.1 per cent in the number of female farm laborers appears less reliable, since there was no similar increase in the

1 Exclusive of turpentine farm laborers.

number of male farm laborers, or in the number of farmers. From 1900 to 1910 there was an increase of but 20.4 per cent in the number of male farm laborers, while the increase in the number of farmers was but 4.9 per cent.

The great percentage increase from 1900 to 1910 in female agricultural laborers was not confined to chil­dren. Inf act, the percentage increase was greater for females 16 years and over than for females 10 to 15 years of age, the respective percentages being 144.~{ and 98.2. Neither was the percentage increase con­fined largely or mainly to negro female agricultural laborers, for while the percentage increase· for all fe­male agricultural laborers was 129.5, that for negro female agricultural laborers was only 90. 5. Further­more, the great percentage increase in female farm laborers, 129.1 per cent, was not confined principally to the South. In fact, the rate of increase waH far smaller in the South than in other parts of the country. For example, in 12 leading agricultural states of the South the percentage increase from 1900 to 1910 in female farm laborers was 120.7, while in 12 leading agricultural states outside of the South the percentage increase was 300.9.3 In the selected southern agri­cultural states the increase in female farm laborers ranged from 31.9 per cent in Louisiana to 317.6 per cent in Texas and to 357.1 per cent in Kentucky; and in the selected agricultural states outside the South the increase ranged from 154.9 per cent in Kansas to 471.4 per cent in Wisconsin and to 527 per cent in North Dakota.

These percentage increases are useful mainly, how­ever, to show that the great increase from 1900 to 1910 in female farm laborers was general throughout the United States and was not confined to children or to negroes. Numerically, however, it is a fact that a large proportion of this increase was confined to the South, to the negroes, and to children 10 to 15 years of age.

2 In .Alabama, Georgia., :Mississippi, and South Carolina, in 1910, the number of female farm laborers working on the home farm outnumbered the males (see Tables II and VII, pp. 96 and 434 ); and in Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina, the excess of females over males was so great that there was actually an excess of females over males in the tott> l number of farm laborers. .Also, in Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and TeXll.8, the number of female farm laborers on the home farm approached the number of males rather closely. In each of these nine states the number of male farm laborers on the home farm exceeded the females in each of the three lowest age periods-IO to 13, 14 to 15, and 16 to 20-but in each of the two highest age periods-21 to 44, and 45 years and over-the female farm laborers on the home farm greatly outnumbered the males in each state. In each of thc'<!e nine states too the number of negro female farm laborers on the home farm ~eatiy exceeded the number of males. The figures indicate that a lame proportion of the adult negro males working on the home fa~ were returned as "farmers," while most of the adult negro females working on the home farm were. returned as "farm laborers."

a The selected southern agricultural states are: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida Georgia Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South .Carolina ' Tennessee, Texas, and Virgmia. The selected agricultural states outside r:if ~he Sou~h are: California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Jtimn'::lsota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and WlBCOlli!ln:

28 POPULATION,

The grel\t nuro(irical increa.se from 1900 to 1910 in female agricultural laborers was mainly in female farm laborers, the number of which increa.sed 853,004. Of this increase, 90.2 per cent. wa.s in the 12 selected agricultural states of the South referred to on tho pre­ceding page, and almost 80 per cent was in 7 southern agricultural states-Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia1 Mis­sissippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. From 1900 to 1910 the number of all female agricultural laborers increased 858,924, and the number of negro female agricultural laborers increased 461,018. Thus 53. 7 pel' cent of the increase in the total number was confined to negro females, Furthermore, there was an increase from 1900 to 1910 of 202,839 in the number of female agricultural laborers 10 to. 15 yea.rs of age, which was 23.6 per cent of the total increase in the number. of fem.ala agricultural laborers, Of this in­crease of 202,839 in the number of female a.gricultural laborers 1 O to 15 years of age, 91.5 per cent was con­fined to the 12 selected southern agricultural sta.tes ~nd 8l.6 per cent to 7 southern agricultural states­Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi1 North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas,

There is no doubt that between the Twelfth Census a.nd the Thirteenth Census the:re was a grea,t inc:rease in the proportion of women 10 years of tLge and over a.ctually engaged in gainful occupa.tions, and it is quite probable thl\it the proportion increased more rapidly during this decade th!Lll during any preceding decade; but the above analysis indicates that a part of the great increase reported for the decade 1900 to 1910 was apparent only and waa due to a difference in the instructions to enumerators at the two censuses, rather than to so marked an increase in the proportion of women actually engaged in gainful labor, This (Lna.lysis indicates further that, while the number of women returned as engaged in a~cultural pursuits was affected most by these differences in the instruc~ tions to the enumerators, the number of women re­turned as· engaged in other pursuits probably was a:ff eoted by them to some extent.

It is impossible', of course, to measure exactly the extent to which the number of females returned as engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 probably was increased by the changes in the instructions to enu- · meru.t9rs, referred to above. But if, for the moment, it be assumed that outside of agricultural pursuits the returns were not affected perceptibly, it may ~ possible to approximate roughly any excess in the number of.females returned as engaged in agricultural pursuits. The small increase from 1900 to 1910 in t.he number of males engaged in agricultural pursuits, 14.4 per cent, and in the number of farms, 10.9 per cent, suggests that probably there was no gi·eat increase during this period in the number of females

engaged in agricultural pursuits, e.nd, henoe, probttbly no marked increase in the proportion whioh females engaged in agricultural pursuits constituted of all gainfully occupied females. An examination of the proportion which females engaged in agricultural pur­suits constituted of all gainfully occupied females at each of the censuses 1880, 1890, and 1900 lends strength to this suggestion. In 1880 females engaged in agricultural pursuits constituted 22.5 per cent of ll.11 gainfully occupied females; in 1890 this proportion had fallen to 19.2 per cent, and, in 1900, to 18,4 per cent. If the decrca.se in the proportion of gainfully occupied females engaged in agricultural pursuits was the same from 1900 to 1910 as it was from 1890 to 1900, then only 17.6 per cent of all gainfully occupied females in 1910 were actually engaged in agricultural pursuits. According to this estimate, the number of females engaged in agricultural pursuits in 1910 would have been 1,338,950 instead of 1,807,050, as reported, and the total number of females gainfully occ11pied in 1910 would have been 7,607,672 instead of 8,0751772, as reported. Also, according to this estimate, the proportion of all fern.ales gainfully occupied in 1910 would have been 17 per cent instead of _18.1· per cent, aa reported; and the proportion of females 10 yeani of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 would have been 22 per cent instead of 23.4 per cent1

as reported. Furthermore, the proportion of gainful workers in the total population would have been 41 per cent instead of 41.5 per cent, as reported, and the proportion of gainful workers in the population 10 years of age and over would have been 52. 7 per cent instead of 53.3 per cent, as reported.

While the above is but a rough approximation, the analysis indicates strongly that a reduction of 468,100 in. the number of :females returned as engaged in . agricultural pursuits would not be excessive. At lettst, it is very probable that a reduction of 468,100 in the total number of females engaged in all occupations would not be excessive, and, hence, that not over 17 per cent of all females and not over 22 per cent of the females 10 years of age and over were engaged in gain­ful occupations in 1910. Even these reduced propor­tions would show a considerably greater increase from 1900 to 1910 than during either of the two preceding decades, both in the proportion of all fem ales and in the proportion of females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations.

PQssible excess in the number of children retqrned as engaged in agricultural purnits in 1910.-The num­ber of children of both sexes 10 to 15 yea,rs of age e:ugaged in all agricultural pursuits 1 increased from 1,061,971 in 1900 to 1,431,254 in 1910--an increase of 34,8 per cent. The males increased from 854,690

1 See Table 29, p. 70.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 20

to 1,021,084, or 19.5 per cent, while the females increased from 207,281 to 410,170, or 97.9 per cent. The number of agricultural laborers 10 to 15 years of age increased from 1,054,446 in 1900 to 1,421,899 in 1910-an increase of 34.8 per cent. The males increased from 847,642 to 1,012,256, or 19.4 per cent; while the females increased from 206,804 to 409,643, or 98.1 per cent. This great increase in the number of children engaged in agricultural pursuits, especially in the number of female agricultural laborers, seems excessive. That it is excessive is indicated by the fact that from 1900 to 1910 there was no similar increase in the total number of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits, and by the further fact that, exclusive of agricultural pursuits, there was a marked decrease during this period in the total number of gainfully occupied children 10 to 15 years of age, a decrease of 18.8 per cent for both sexes, 19 per cent for males, and 18.5 per cent for females. The great increase in the number of children engaged in agri­cultural pursuits may be due in part to the following instruction to the Thirteenth Census enumeratol'S:

144. Column 18. Trade or profesBion.-An entry should be made in this column for every person enumerated. The occupation, if a.ny, followed by a child, of any age, or by a woman is just M im· portant, for census purposes, a.a the occupation followed by a man. Therefore it muat never be taken for granted, without inquiry, that a woman, or child, ha.a no occupation.

The effect, if any, of such an instruction upon the returns of the enumerators probably would be more marked in the case of children working at agricultural pursuits than in case of children working at other pur­suits. Children who work at nonagricultural pursuits commonly work away from home and for wages, and, hence, probably their occupations were quite gener­ally returned at previous censuses. In agriculture, a large proportion of the children work for their parents and without wages; and, since their work varies from doing a few errands or chores to field work regularly performed, the enumerator must of necessity draw the line between the gainful and the nongainful workers. The eff{;lct, if any, of the above instruction on this point probably was to cause him t~ include a larger proportion of the farm children among the gainful workers than otherwise he would have done. In addi­tion, he was given the following special instruction in regard to the return of the occupations of children working on farms:

155. Children onfarms.-ln caae of children who work for their own parents on a farm, the entryin column 18 should be/arm laborer andin column 19 home/ arm; but for children who work aa farm labor· ers for others, the entry in column 19 should be working out.

The instruction that occupations should not be re­turned for children working for their parents at chores, errands, or general household work was practically the same in 1900 and 1910. On the whole, however, it may be asserted that at the Thirteenth Census much

more emphasis was placed upon the instruction to return an occupation for every child gainfully occu­pied than was the case at the Twelfth Census. It may be, then, that during the decade 1900 to 1910 there was no marked increase in the number of chil­dren actually: engaged in agricultmal pursuits, and that the apparent increase was due mainly to the enumeration as gainful workers in 1910 of farm chil­dren doing chores or performing other light tasks not considered gainful occupations in 1900. It can not be asserted with assurance, however, that the Twelfth Census enumerators failed generally to enumerate as gainful workers farm children who should have been so enumerated, or that the Thirteenth Census enum­erators generally enumerated as gainful workers farm children who should not have been so enumerated; but the evidence here presented indicates that the great increase from 1900 to 1910 in the number of children returned as engaged in agricultural pursuits was due to a difference in the basis of enumeration at the two censuses, rather than to any actual increase in the number at work.

In 1910, 99.1 per cent of the males, 99.9 per cent of the females, and 99.3 per cent of all children 10 to 15 years of age engaged in agricultural pursuits were agri­cultural laborers. .A.E shown in the first paragraph on this page, the increase from 1900 to 1910 in the num­ber of agricultural laborers 10 to 15 years of age was 19.4 per cent for the males and 98.1 per cent for the fe­males. Thus, the great percentage increase from 1900 to 1910 in the number of children 10 to 15 years of age engaged in agricultural pursuits was confined mainly to female agricultural laborers, the number of which increased 202,839. As stated in the :first paragraph on page 28, 91.5 per cent of this increase of 202J839 was in 12 selected agricultural states of the South; and 81.6 per cent of it was in seven agricultural states of the South-Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, l-Iississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. How­ever, the percentage increase in female agricultural laborers 10 to 15 years of age, as distinguished from the numerical increase, was far less in the 12 selected agricultural states of the South than in the remaining states, the respective perc~ntages being 93.1. and 234.3. In the 12 selected agricultural states of the South the percentage increase from 1900 to 1910 in female agricultural laborers 10 to 15 years of age varied from 2.9 per cent in Louisiana to 233.5 per cent in Kentucky and to 284.9 per cent in Texas. J!or the male agricultural laborers 10 to 15 years of age, the percentage increase from 1.900 to 1910 was consid­erably greater in the 12 selected agricultural states of the South than in the remaining states, the respective percentages being 26.il and 4.1. In the 12 selected southern states the increase varied from three-tenths of 1 per cent in Louisiana to 62.2 per cent in Texas.

30 .POPULATION.

NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF PERSONS OCCUPIED.

United States.-At the Thirteenth Census, in 1910, there were 381756,223 persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the military and naval stations abroad. The gainful workers thus formed 41.5 per cent of the total population enumer-

. ated at that census. In this report, as in other Thir­teenth Censmi reportS, the term "United States" when used without qualification embraces the 48 states and the District of Columbia but not the out­lying territories and possessions of the Uni.ted States. Sometimes, however, the United States in this sense is refened to as the United States proper, or as continental United States.

In continental United States the gainful workers numbered 38,167,336, which was 41.5 per cent of the total population an<l 53.3 per cent of the population 10 years of age and over. In the male population the gainful workers numbered 30,091,564, which was 63.6 per cent of all males and 81.3 per cent of the males 10 years of age and over. In the fem.ale population the gainful workers numbered 8,075,772, which was 18.1 per cent of all females and 23.4 per cent of the females 10 years of age and over. Thus, in the total popula­tion, over two-filths of all persons, considerably over three-filths of all the males, but considerably less than one-filth of all the females, were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910; and in the population 10 years of age and over, more t;h.an one-half of all persons, over four-filths of the males, but less than one-fourth of the females, were gainfully occupied. In other words, of all persons 10 years of age and over :in 19101 more than every other one had a gainful occupation, of the males over four out of :five were gainful workers, and of the females almost one out of four was a gainful worker.

In Table 2 the number of persons engaged :in gainful occupations is compared with the total population and with the population 10 years of age and over, for both sexes and for each sex separately, at the censuses of 1910, 1900, 1890, and 1880, respectively.

This table shows that the proportion of the total population engaged in gainful occupations :increased gradually from 34. 7 lJcr cent :in 1880 to 41.5 per cent in 1910, the increase being least rapid from. 1890 to 1900 and most :rapid from 1900 to 1910. Of the male population the proportion engaged in gainful occupa­tions increased from 57.8 per cent in 1880 to 63.6 per cent :in 1910, while of the female population the pro­portion increased during the same period from 10.7 to 18.1 per cent. The increase for each sex was least rapid from 1890 to 1900. For the females it was most rapid from 1900 to 1910, but for males it was at the same rate from 1880 to 1890 as from 1900 to 1910.

The proportion of the population 10 years ~f age and over engaged in gainful occupations increased from 47.3 per cent in 1880 to 53.3 per cent in 1910,

the increase being least rapiu from 1890 to 1900 and most rapid from 1900 to 1910. In the male popula­tion 10 years of age and over the proportion gainfully occupied increased gradually from 78.7 per cent in 1880 to 81.3 per cent :in 1910, while that of gainful workers in the female population 10 years of age and over increased from 14.7 to 23.4 per cent. The in­crease for males was considerably greater from 1900 to 1910 than for either of the two preceding decades, while for females it was much less rnpid from 1890 to 1900 than during the preceding decade, but was quite marked from 1900 to 1910. After making full allow­ance for a possible excess in the number of females reported at work in 1910, the increase in the propor­tion of fem ales 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations appears to have been much greater during the decade 1900 to 1910 than during eitJ:ier of the two preceding decades.

Table 2 :PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE .AND OVER ENGAGED m GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS.

.. SEJC AND CENSUS Totalyopu- PoJ>Ulatlon Per 10Yell.TS of cent of "l"EAR. Jatwn. age and over. Per . cent of fa'W~ Number. total 10 years

CJ.Pu- ofaae t10n. an over.

"··------BOTH SEJCEB.

1910. ·- -- -- •••. ------- 91,972,266 71,580,270 38,167,336 41.5 53.3 1900 •...••••••.••.••.• 7.1, 994,5'!5 I 57,949,824 29,073,233 38.3 50.2 1890 I ••.............•. 62,622,2<0 47,413,059 '23,318,183 37.2 49.2 1880 •...•••....••..•.. co, 155, 783 36, 761,607 17,392,099 34. 7 47.3

MALE.

1910 •••••••.....•...•• 47,332,277 37,027,558 30,091,564 63.6 81.3 1900 •••••.••.•.••••••• 3S,Sl6,448 20, 703,440 23, 753,836 61.2 80.0 1890 '-···-···--···· ... 32,067,880 24,352,6.'9 • 19,312,651 60.2 79.3 1880 ••••••.•.•.•.••••• 25,518,820 18,735,980 14, 744,942 57.8 78.7

FEMALE,

1910 ••••••••• ·······-- 44,639,989 34,552,712 8,075, 7i2 18.1 23.4 1900 •.•....••....••••• 37,178,127 28,246,384 f,;{19,397 14.3 18.8 1890' .•••••..........• 30,554,370 23, 060, 900 • 4,005,E:l2 13.1 17.4 1880. - - ••• : •.••• - ••••• 24,636,963 18,025,627 2,647,107 10. 7 14. 7

1 Figures for 1890 am cxclufrve of persons in Indian Territorv and on Indian reservations, areas specially enumerated at that census, but !or which occupation stati~tics are not available.

•Corrected figures; for explanation, see Occupation Report for 1900, pp. l:x:vl- · lxxiii .

Divisions and states.-The number of persons en­gaged in gainful occupations is compared with the total population, by geographic divisions and by states, for 1910, 1900, 1890, and 1880, in Table 3 (p. 34).

Table 3 shows that in 1910 persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations formed 41.5 per cent of the total population of the United States, and that in the different geographic divisions the pro­portion of gainful workers ·in the population varied from 38.2 per cent in the West North Central to 46.l per cent in the Pacific division. In the East North Central, the West North Central, and the West South Central di.visions the proportion gainfully occupied was smaller than in the United States as a whole, while in each of the other geographic divisions the

iW

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 31

proportion was larger than in the Unitecl States as a whole. In each geographic division, however, the proportion of the population engaged in gainful occu- . pations was greater in 1910 than in moo, the increase being much larger in the southern section of the United States-that part included in the South Atlantic, the East South Central, and the West South Central divi­sions-than in the northern and western sections. New England showed the smallest increase in the pro­portion gainfully occupied-from 42.5 per cent in 1900 to 44.5 per cent in 1910-and the East South Central division the largest increasc---from 38.3 per cent in 1900 to 42.8 per cent in 1910.

In the states the proportion of the total population engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 varied from 35.2 per cent in Utah to 54.9 per cent in Nevada. The states having the smallest proportions were Utah, 35.2 per cent; Oklahoma, 30.1 per cent; Kansas and West Virginia, each 30.7 per cent; Nebraska, 37 per cent; and Iowa and New Mexico, each 37.1 per cent. The states having the largest proportions were Nevada, 54.9 per cent; Wyoming, 50.4 per cent; :Mississippi, 48.9 per cent; and South Carolina, 48.1 per cent. In every state except Arizona a larger proportion of the total population was gainfully occupied .in 1910 than in 1900. The greatest increases were in Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, N cva<la, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas, in each of which states the gainful workers constituted over 5 per cent more of the popu­lation in 1910 than in 1900.

In Table 4 (p. 35) the number of persons engaged in gainful occupations is compared with the population IO years of age and over, by geographic divisions and by states, for 1910, 1900, 1890, and 1880.

Table 4 shows that, while in the United States as a whole 53.3 per cent of all persons 10 years of age and over in 1910 were engaged in gainful occupations, in the geographic divisions this proportion varied from 48.9 per cent in the West North Central to 58.3 per cent in the East South Central division. In each division the proportion was higher in 1910 than in 1900, the increase being greatest in the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions and smallest in the West North Central and Mountain divisions.

In the states, the proportion of the population 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations fu 1910 ranged from 46.9 per cent in Iowa to 68 per cent in Mississippi. The- states having the· smallest proportions were Iowa, 46.9 per cent; Kansas, 47 per cent; Nebraska~ 47.7 per cent; Utah, 47.9 per cent; and Indiana, 48 per cent. The states having the largest proportions were North Carolina, 60 per

· cent; Georgia, 61.5 per cent; Wyoming, 62.6 per cent; Nevada, 64.3 per cent; Alabama, 64.7 per cent; South Carolina, 67.6 per cent; and :Mississippi, 68 · per cent. Except in three states-Arizona, Montana,

and North Dakota-there was an increase from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of the population 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations. The states showing the largest increases were Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Nevada, Nort.h Caro­lina, South Carolina, and Texas. In each of these states the gainful workers constituted over 6 per cent more of the population 10 years of age and over in 1910 than they did in 1900.

Differences in the proportion of the population engaged in gainful occupations usually result from differences either in the sex or the age composition of the population, in the proportion of foreign born or of negroes in the population, in the proportion of the population living in urban areas, or in the industrial activities of the people. In the states, the proportion of gainful workers in the population usually is larger for males than for females, for adults than for chil­dren, for negroes than for white people, for the foreign-born white than for the native white people, for urban than for rural dwellers, and for m1mufactur­ing and trading than for agricultural communities. In the discussion of Table 5 (p. 36), which shows for each geographic division and for each state the pro­portion of the males 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910, and in the discussion of Table 6 (p. 37), which shows similar :figures for females, marked differences in proportions are pointed nut and the most probable causes fnr them are given.

The proportion of gainful workers in the population 10 years of age and rwer is shown graphically, for each state in the UnitC'd Stlttes, for both.sexes in 1!110 and moo and for males and femules in 1910, in the diagrams on page 3S.

Table 5 shows that in the United States in 1910 more than eight out of every ten, 81.3 per cent, of the males 10 years of age and over were engaged in gainful occupations. The proportion was 78.2 per cent in the West North Central division, 79.4 per cent in the East North Central division, and over 80 per cent in each of the other geographic divisions. In each of the geographic divisions the proportion was larger in 1910 than in 1900, the increase being most marked in the South Atlantic, the East South Central., and the West South Central divisions.

A smaller proportion of males 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 in Ver­mont and Maine than in the other New England states probably was due largely to the fact that in these two states manufacturing was less extensive, the proportion of foreign born in the male population 10 years of age and over was smaller, and the proportion

·of the male population living in cities was smaller than was the case in the other New England states.

In each of the three states of theMiddleAtlantic divi­sion more than eight out of every ten males 10 years

32 POPULATION.

of age and over were gainfully occupied in 1910, the proportion in each state being practically the same as in the United States. In New Jersey the proportion was slightly smaller, and in New York and Pennsyl­vania slightly larger, than in 1900.

In the states comprising the East North Central and the West N ori;h Central divisions the proportion of the males 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 variccl from 76.1 per cent in Iowa to 80.7 in Missouri. In the entire area, and in each of the states which comprise it, the proportion was smaller than in the United States1 and the propor­tion for the area was also smaller than that for any of the other geographic divisions. This ~s largely an agricultural area. In 1910 a much smaller proportion of tho population lived in cities, and the proportion of foreign born in the population was smaller than in the New England ~nd Middle Atlantic divisions; the negro population, in which the proportion of gainful workers is larger than in the white population, was small in this area as compared with the area comprised in the South Atlantic, the East South Central, and the West South Central divisions;, and boys 10 to 19 years of age, many of whom do not work, formed a larger proportion of the male population in this area than in the Mountain and the Pacific divisions. These facts account for the smaller proportion of gainful workers in the male population 10 years of age and over.

In the South-comprising the South Atlantic, the East South Central, and the West South CeIJ.tral divisions-considerably more than four-fifths of all the males 10 years of age and over were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910, the proportion varying from 79.6 per cent in the District of Columbia to 88.3 per cent in .Alabama, where it was larger than in any other state of the Union. In the main, this is an agricultural area. In 1910 only a few of the states had important manufacturing industries, and the amount of trade was small in comparison with the size of the area. The population was largely rural and the pi'oportion of foreign born was small. In general, then, the large proportion of gainful workers in the male population 10 years of age and over in this area, and in the different states which comprise it, must be attributed mainly to the large proportion of ncgrocs in the male population. In 1910 the propor­tion of negroes was 33.1 per cent in the South Atlantic · division, 31 per cent in the East South Cenfral division, 21.9 per cent in the West South Central division, and 29.1 per cent in the entire area.

The high proportion of gainlul workers in the male population 10 years of age and over in Montana, Wyoming, and Nevada, as compared with the.propor­tion in the other states of the Mountain division, and with the proportion in the United States, is accounted for in part by the small proportion of boys 10 to 19

years of age in the male population in each of these three states. This proportion was exceptionally small in Nevada~10.4 per cent, as contrasted with 19.3 , per cent in the entire United States. In Wyoming the proportion of old men also was very small; and in Montana the proportion of foreign born in the male population 10 years of age and over was larger than in any other state in this division. In 1890, 1900, and 1910, the proportion of gainful workers in the male population 10 years of age and over was smaller in Utah than in any other state of the )fountain divi':lion. In 1900 and in.1910 boys 10 to 19 years of age formed a larger proportion of the male p-opulation in Utah than in any other state of this division; and, both in 1900 and in 1910, tho proportion of boys 10 to 19 yoars of age engaged in gainful occupations was smaller in Utah than in most of the other states of this division.

In each of the three states of the Pacific <livision­'iV ashington, Oregon, and California-more than four out of five of the males 10 years of age and over were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. This rather high proportion probably was due in part to the low proportion of boys 10 to 19 years of age in the male population.

Table 6 (p. 37) shows that in the United States in 1910, 23.4 per' cent of the fomales 10 years of age and over were engaged in gainful occupations, and that in the different geographic divisions of the United States this proportion varied from 16.1 per cent in the West North Central and Mountain divisions to 30.7 per cent in the East South Central and to 31 per cent in the South Atlantic division. In each geo­graphic division there was a marked increase in the proportion from 1900 to 1910, the increase being espe­cially great in the South Atlantic, the East South Central, and the West South Central divisions.

According to Table 6, there are two sections of the United States in which the proportion of females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 was large. The first includes the New England and }._fiddle Atlantic cllvisions. This is the chief manu­facturing and trailing section of the United States and its transportation business is large. These activities furnish suitable employment to females. The pro­portion of female workers in this section is increased, also, by the presence of large numbers of foreign-born white women, among whom the proportion of gainful workers is larger than among the native white women. Girls 10 to 14 years of age, among whom the propor­tion of gainful workers usually is small, constituted a smaller proportion of the fem!ile population in these two divisions than in any other geographic division except the Pacific. Furthermore, 11 far larger propor­tion of the population is urban than in any other section of the United States, and, as already stated, the pro­.portion of gainful workers, especially in the femrue sex, usually is larger in an urban than in a rural

population. Tho other section in whfrh there fa a large proportion of gainful workers in the fonrnle population 10 years of age and over includes the South Atlantic, the East South Central, and tho \Yest South Central divisions. This is the great agritultural (lis­trict of the South, the region of the cotton plaut11tion, and the homo of tho negro. Cotton manufaduring is also important here. The plnntations furnish em­ployment to the iwgro femules, among ·whom tho pro­portion of gainful work.en; is lurgcr than among white females; and large numbors of the white fomalcs ·work in the :Gelds and the faetol'ie,;;. \Yhile it is true that in this section in 1910 girfo 10 to J ,1 years of age formed a larger proportion of tho female population than in any other part of the Unifo(l States, it is nlso true that a much larger proportion of the girls 10 to 14 years of age were gainfully occupied than in any other section.

Tho low proportion of the females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 in Vermo~t and in Maino, as compared with the pro­portion in the other New England states, was due mainly to differences in industries, in the proportion of foreign born in the fomalc population, and in the proportion of the population living in udmn areas.

In the three Midclle Atlantic states the proportion of the females 10 years of age and over gainfully occupied in 1910 varied as did the importance of the industries of manufacture and trade, the proportion of foreign born in the female populntion, and the pro­portion of the population living in urban areas.

In the East North Central division tho two ex­tremes in the proportion of the fomales 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 are represented by Illinois and Indiana. The com­paratively large proportion in Illinois was due mainly to the presence of Chicago, with its important manu­facturing, trade, and transportation, und with a proportion of 33.4 per cent of foreign horn in the female population. In part, howffn~r, it \ms Jue to the proportion of the population living in urban nreas being larger than in any other state of the division. Tho comparatively smnll proportion in Indiana is accounted for in part by the low proportion of forPign born in the female population (4. 7 per cent) and in part by the low proportion of the population living in urban areas (42.4 per cent).

In the West North Central <1i"V"ision. the small proportion of gainful workers in the fomafo population 10 years of age and over in HllO is aceounte<l for by the fact that this is largely an agricultural nrNt, with a population which is 66. 7 per cent rum!, with a small proportion of negroes in the fomnlc populntion, and with only a small proportion of the white women at work on the farms. Th{\ low prnportion in Kan:cas, as contrasted with JJinrn'sota, is lnrg<'ly •·xplai!~<·d

.by the fact that, in 1010, in Kansa;; only :.?\.I.:.? 1w1· Ci'llt

of the population '':: ::; 1Tlmn and only 6. 7 per cent

32446°-14-H

33

of tlrn f t~mafo population was forPign horn, while in Minnesota "11 per Ct'nt of the population -.n1::; urban :<.Hl

:.?:3 per cent of the female popuhtion W<ts fon1ign hum. As previously stnte(l, in tlw South-comprising tlw

South Atlantic, the East South Central, anrl tlte \iT( :-oL South (\•ntral divisions-~tho la!'g1• proportion of the f1•mnks 10 y<>ars of nge :md on:r cngHgcrl in g.iiiiful occup:1t.ions in 1!H0 fa uccounfod. for nmi11ly hy the large prnportion of 1wgr<ws in tlw funrnlc:i population. And i11 thn djff,:n·llt Snuthtirn stafrs t111j variation iu tlrn prnportiou of 1wgr0Ps in tho frmnle populatioa ac.·.eounis mainly for th1.1 gr<•ut variation in the propor­tion of tho females 10 years uf nge and ffl'Pr engaged in gainful occupations. For (!XHmple, the proportion of negroes in the female population accounts mainly for the high proportion of the fomuks 10 y1•ars of nge and over gni.nfully occupbl in .Alabanm, Missis­sippi, and South Carolina, and for the comparntiwly low proportion in Kentucky, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and TennesseB. The comparatively lffw proportion in Ddaware aml Maryland fa aec·ounted for in pnrt hy the low proportion of nqp.·oe::; in the fomulc popula­tion and in part hy the industries in these two states 1wing somewhat cliifori.nt from those in the other sou them stn,te:;; while the high proportim1 in the Distriet of Columbia is nccuunted for mnh;lv 1JY the exteHsive employment of women in the dep~irt1;10nts of the Federal Government.

The proportion of gaidul workers in ilw fomale popullltion 10 years (if age ar:d over h1 l!JIO vnried in the different states of the ~fom'tail1 divi;;;ion from 12.S per cent in Idnho to owr 18 }le1' cent in Colorado and Nevada. In Idaho the propol'tiou is snrnllPr than in any other state in the Union, due in prirt, llO doubt, to the absence of large trading centers and important mfl,uufacturillg industries and in part, possilJly, to the economic well-being of the pPopfo. Th.ere was, too, in 1010 a rather high proportion of girls 10 to 1-l: ypa,rs of age in the female population of Idaho; uml the proportion of urban dwellers was less tlum half that for the lTDitHl States. In eitch of the stat1:s of this division except .Arizona there was an iacren::>e from 1900 to rn 10 in the proportion of gainful workers in the fr.male population 10 years of 11ge and over. I11 Arizomt the <locreusP from 18.3 per cent in 1900 tr; H\.8 pn cent in uno was largely in the proportion ('± Irnliun fomales reported m; gainful '\vorkPrs.

In the Pacifi0 division the proportion '1f gainfuJ ;vorkf'l"B in the femnle population 10 years of a,•;(' ai~d over li1 rn 10 was cousidera hly larger· in Califur.:.; b than in either '\Yushi11gton or Oregou. 'fhif'> probably was due in part to. the commen:inl, industrhd, u:~d ab:ri-icultnrul ttetivities of the people hei11g's01uewhat different. in Californitt ::md n.imishi1•g n1i1J'n :·.1i!t:;blo emplo,\-mcnt. to frnrnles1 aud in p1,rL tn fr .. :. ~'.1,:'t ~hci.t

in California tt larger proportion nf tlw l '''1 "d11tion iB urban than in either \Vushingtou or On:gP''.

Miiiiliii di ' 9

34 .POPULATION.

NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS COMPARED WITH THE TOTAL POPULATION, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1880-1910.

Table3 POPULATION: 1880 POPULATION: 1910 .11 POPUL!.'tION: 1900 I POPULATION: 1890 I I

Engaged i11_galnf1111

1

· 1

1

1 Engaged in_ gainful'. ----,,-E-· -ng_ag_ed_i_n_g_a_in-fu-1111----...,,.-E-· n_g_a_g-ed_1_· n-g-a-in-f-ul

Total. occupatlOllil. Total. occupations. I Total. occupations.• Total. occupations.

_____ , Number. I Peret. I Number.1 Peret.' Number. I Peret:\' Number. Peret.

DIVISION ANO STATE.

United States.............. 91,972,266 38,167,836 ~ --;;;;,;;; 29,073,233 ~I 62,622,250 23,318,1831 37.2 .'.--50-,-15-5-,7-8_3_11

--17-,-39_2_,_09_9_, __ 34-.7

GEOGRAPIIW DIVISIONS: I - i ===;i,====!11=====1=== New England................. 6,552,681 2,914,680 44.5 5,592,017 2,376,369 42.a I 4,700,745 2,007,278 42.7 4,010,529 1,572,131 39.2

MiclclleAlltmtic............... 19,315,892 8,208,885 42 . .5 15,454,578 0,202,822 40.1 i 12,700,800 4,979,&31 39.2 10,490,878 3,737,591 35.6

EastNorthCentraL........... 18,250,621 7,257,953 39.8 15,985,581 5,887,473 36.8113,471,840 4,752,414 35.3 11,206,668 3,615,994 32.3 West North Central........... 11,637, 921 4,449,043 38. 2 10,347, 423 3,693, 176 35. 7 : 8,890,439 3,062,995 34.5 6, 157,443 2,009, 129 32.6 SouthAtlantic................ 12,194,805 5,187,729 42.5 10,443,480 4,000,531 38.3 ! 8,857,920 3,273,8H 37.0 7,597,107 2,677,762 35.2

EastSouthCe.ntral............ 8,409,901 3,599,695 42.8 7,547,757 2,888,429 38.3 i 6,428,770 2,312,550 36.0 5,585,151 1,876,120 33.6

WestSonthContrnl........... 8,784,534 3,507,081 39.9 6,532,290 2,321,326 35.5 ! 4,544,123 1,587,898 34.9 I 3,334,220 1,146,053 34.4 Mountain..................... 2,633,517.

1 1,107,937 42.l 1,674,657 663,816 39.0

1

1 1,156,326 504,024 43.0 653,119 283,349 43.4

Pacific........................ 4,192,304 I l,93·l,333 46.1 2,116,692 1,039,291 43.0 1,8711 287 837,352 44.7 \ 11 114,578 473,970 42.5 NEW ENGLAND: 1---11·----11-----1--- -----11-----1---

Maine. ..... ................... 742,371 305,457 41.l 694,466 276,777 39.9 661,086 258,468 39.1 I New Hampshire............... 4311,572 191, 703 44. 5 411,588 178, 719 43.4 376,530 164, i03 43. 7

Vermont...................... 355,956 144,089 40.5 343,641 134,933 39.3 332,422 128,iil 38. 7 I

43.91 45.1

Massachusetts................. 3,366,.H6 1,531,068 45.5 2,805,346 1,2081 407 43.1 2,238,943 982,444 J{hodeisland................. 5·J2,610 2iil,001 46.4 428,ii.ilfi 191,923 44.8 345,506 155,878

Collllecticut ... :............... 11 114,756 400,462 44.0 908,42Q 385,010 42.4 746,258 317,014 42.5 ' MIDDLE ATLANTIC;

New York ..•...........•....•. New Jersey .................. .. Pennsylvania ............... ..

EAST NORTII CENTRAI.: Ohio ......................... . Indiana ...................... . Illinois .................. _ ..... . Michigan ..................... . "' isconsin .................... .

WEST NORTH CENTRAL: Minnesota .................... . Iowa ......................... . Missouri. ..................... . North Dakota .. __ ........•.•.. South Dakota ••....•.......•.. Nebraska ..................... .

Kansas ...................... . BoUTII A TJ,ANTrc:

Delaware •••..•••••••••.. -----. Maryland ................... ..

District of Columbia •....••....

Virginia ..................... .. West Virginia ............... .. North Carolina ............... . Soutll Carolina ............... . Georgia ..................... .. Florida ...................... ..

EAST Soum CENTRAL! Kentucky .................... . Tennessee. _ .................. . Alabama .................... ..

Mississippi. .................. . ·:,'EST SouTu CENTRAL:

Arkans:is .•••..........••...••.

Louisiana .................... .

9, 113, 614 2,537, 167

1, 665, 111

4, 767, 121 2, 700,StU

5,538, on1 2, 810, 173

2,333, 860

2,075, 708 2,224, 771

3,293, 335 577,056

583, 888 1, 192,214

1, 690, 949

202,322

1,295,3·16

331. 009 2, 061, 012

1,221, 119

2,206, 287 1,515,400 2,600, 121

752,619

2, 289,905

2,184, 789 2, 138,093

1, 797, ll·l

4,003, 844 1,0i4,360

3, 130, 681

1,919,055

1, 036, 710 2, 29G, 778 1, 112, 098

892, 412

835,452 826,313

1,288, 336 217,,418

219,077 441, lH

621, 333

43.9 42.3

40.8

40.3

38.4 40. 7 39.6

38.2

40.2 37.1

39.1 37.7

37.5 37.0 36, 7

85,863 42. 4 541, 164 41. 8 157, 905 47. 7

79li, .5tJS 38. 6

448, 490 36. 7 947.&l9 43.0 728, 627 48. 1

1, 160, 126 44. 5 322, 087 42. 8

866, 980 855, 546

997, 524 879, 645

37.9 39.2

46. 7

48.9

7,268,894 1,883, G69 6,302, 115

4, 157, 545

2,516, 462

4,821,550 2,420,982

2,069,042

1, 751,394

2, 231, 853 3, 106, 665

BW,140 401,570

1,066, 300 1,470,495

184, 735 I 1, 188, 044

278, 718

1, 85J, 184

958,800

1, 893, 810 l,340,316

2,2Hi,331

528,542

2, 147, 174

2,020,616 1, 828,697

I, 551 1 2i0

2,996,4i! 75i, ';50

2,448,589

1, 545, 952

898,953 l, 804,040

905,900 732,538

645, 874

780,·104 1, 121,392

117,640

137, 156 3i3,970 507, 740

41.2

40.2

38.9

3i.2

35. i 37.4

37.4

35.4

36.9 35.4 36.l

36.9 34.2

35.l 34.n

72,996 39.5

458, 738 as. 6

126, 941 45. 5

682, 415 35. 7

325,603 34.0

716, 742 37. 8 570, 91)5 42. 6

86-1,471 39.0

201,570 38.1

752, 531 727,.587 763, 188

645, 123

485, 79~ 536,003

35.0

36.0 41. 7

41. G

37.0

38.8

5,997,853 1,444,933 5,258,014

3,672,316 2,192,40l

3,826,3.'il 2,093,889

1,686,880

1,301,826

1,911,896 2, 679, 184

182, 719 328,808

1,058,910

1,427,096

168,493 1,042,390

230,392 ' 1, 655, 980

762, 794 1,617,947 1, 151, 149

1,837,353 391,422

1,858,635

1, 767,518 1, 513, 017

1,289,600

2,435, 725 570, 738

1,973,368

1,287,101 744,303

1,374, 104 764, 437

582,469

474,566

646,390 913, 793 68,027

115, 777 374,699 468, 843

40.6

39.5 37.5

35.0

33.9

35.9 36.5

a.t.5

36.5

33.8 34.l

37. 7 l 35.2 r 35.4 32.9

64,993 38. 6 395, 167 37. 9

101, 119 43. 9 570, 700 34. 5 235, 064 30. 8 586, 488 36. 2

462,4% 40.2

713, 671 38. 8 144,058 36.8

620, 737 33. 4

593, 420 33. 6 600, 275 39. 7 498, 118 38. 6

385, 319 34 .. 2 437, 782 39. 1

648,936

346,991

332,286 1, 783,085

276,531 622, 700

5,082,871 1, 131, 116

4, 282,891

3,198,062 1, 9i8,301

3,077,871 I 1,636, 937 1,315,497

780, 773 1, 624, 615

2,168,380

135,177

452,402 91!6,096

146,608

934,943

177, 624 1, 512, .565

618, 457 1,399, 750

995,577 1,542, 180

269,493

1, 648,690 1,542,359 1,262, ii05 1,131,597 I

802,525

989,946 I

231, 993 142,468

118,584 720, 774

116, 979 241,333

1,884,645

396, 879 1,436,067

994, 4i5

635,080 999, 780 569,204 417,455

255, 125

528,302 692, 959

57,844

152, 614

322,285

M,580 324,432

66, 624

494,240

176, 199

480, 187 392, 102 597,862

91, 536

35. 7 41.1

35. 7 40.4

42.3 38.8

37.1 35.1

34.0

31.l 32.l

32.5 34.8 31. 7

32.7 32.5

32.0

42.8

33. 7 32.4

37.2

34. 7 37.5

32. 7 28.5 34.3

39.4 38.8

34.0

519' 854, 31. 5 447, 970 29. 0

492, 790 39. 0

415, 506 36. 7

260, 692 32. 5 363, 228 38. 6

Oldahoma .................... .

1,57-1,449

1,656,388

1, 657, 15-0 3, 896, 542

672,4-03

679, 183 598, 629

42. 7 41.0

36.1 40.0

l,311,5M 1,331,625 3 790,391

3, 048, 71(} • 266, 405

1, 033, 033 33. 71 33.9

1, 128, 179

1, llS,587 61, 834

2,235,523

20, 900 33. 8 ................... 1 ............................. ..

Texas ....................... .. j{OUNTAIN:

Montana ..................... .

Idaho ........................ . \Yyoming .................... . Colorado .................... ..

Now Mexico .................. . Arizona ...................... . Utah •..••••.••.••.........••.. Nevada ..................... ..

PAClFIC! 'Vashington .................. . Oregon ....................... . Califomit1 ........... ~···--····

376, 053 32.5, 594 145, 96,)

799,024

327,301 204,354

373,351

81,875

1,141,99Q

672,765 2,377, 549

1,556, 86i\

178, 7'17

131, oss 73, 606

338, 724 121, 407

87, 825

131,540

44, 910

521, 501

305, 164 l, 107, 668

47.5

40.3

50.4

42.4

37.1

43.0 35.2 5.t.9

45.7

45.4 46.6

243, 329 161, 772

92,531 539, 700 195,310

122, 931 276, 749

42,335

518, 103

413,536

1,435,053 I

114, 799

62,683 44,268

218,263

66,020

53,370 84,604 19,809

225, 387

169, 637 tH4, 267

47.2

38. 7

I 47.8

40.4

33.8 I

I 43.4

30.6 46.8

43.5 41.0 43.4

I I I

132, 159

84,385 60, 705

412, 198 153,593

59,620 207,905

45, 761

349,300 313, i67

1,208, 130

743, 891 I a.1. s

72,300 35,436 30,823

192,438 54, 711

26, 718 68, 165

23,433

165,247 127,475

544,G:lO

54. 7 42.0

50.8 46. 7

35.6 44.8 32.S

51.2

47.3

4~.u \ 4,,_ 1 I

1,591, 749

39, 159 32,610

20,789 194,327

119, 565 40,440

143,963 62,266

75, 116 174, 768

86-1,694 ;

522, 133 32. 8

22,255 56.8

15, 578 47.8 8,884 42. 7

101, 251 52. l

40,822 34.1 22,271 55.1

40,055 27.8 32,233 51.S

30,122 40.1

67.343 38.5 376, 505 43. 5

1 Figures for rnno am exclusive of pcr.on9 in Indian Territ 0 ry and on Indian res~rvntlons, areas spe<'inll:v .. ~nnmcraterl at thnt cens~• hut :fa~ wh!ch _occupation .to.t.iot.i~, nm not availahlr.. 2 Uorrcetet! figure>: for e:xplnnatlon. see Occupation neport fot' HlOO. pp. \xvi-lxxn1. '· Tuc•lurJe, popubtionof lndmn 'lerntory.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 35

NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS COMPARED WITH THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, DY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1880-1910.

Tal1Io 4

DIYISIO!i .A!ill ST.A TE,

EAST SOUTH CE:NTR.AL: Kentucky ....................... i Tennessee ••..•.......••........ ·1 Alabama ....................... .

Mississippi.. .............. ' .... .. WEST Sounr CE!iTI\A.L:

Arkansas ....................... . Louisiana ....................... . Oklahoma ...................... . Texas .......................... .

MOUNTAIN: Montana ....................... .. Idaho ........................... . Wyoming ...................... . Colorado ........................ . NewMexico .................... . .Arizona ........................ .. Utah ........................... . Nevada ........................ ..

PACIFIC: Washington .................... .

1, 628,635 1, 760,286

2,594,600 424. i30 443,.166

924,032 1,321,562

163,080

1,023,950

279,088

I,53G,!.'fl7 003, 822

1,578,595

1,078,101

1,885,111 564, 722

1, 722, 644 1,621, 179

1,511,515

l,2'.l3,180

1, 134,0Si 1, 213,576 1, 197, 47il

2,848,904

303,551 249,018

117,585

640,846

240,900 157,6&9

274, 778 69,822

Oregon.......................... 555,f•ll

California ...... _ •...•• ~ .•.••• -- __ .1

2,flDi', L!JS

835,452 826,313

1,288, 33ll 217,4.18 219,077

441, 114 621,333

85,863

541,164 157,!JW

795,5fi8 448,4QO

9H,839

728,627

1,160, 126

322,087

866,980 855,546

997,524 879,645

672,403

6i9, 183 598,629

l,5W,8fJ6

li8, 747 131,0BS

73,006

338, i24 121, 497 87,825

131,540

44,910

fi21,5fJ1

305, If!!

1, 107,Ht~S

51.3

46.9 49. 7

51.2 49.4

47. 7 47.0

52.7 52.9

56.6

.51.8

49.6

f>O.O

67.6

61.5

57.0

i>0.3 52.8

ill. 7

68.0

59.3 56.0 50.0 54.6

58.9 52.6

62.6

52.9 50. 4 55. 7

47.9

G4.3

55.9

54.9 5l:i. 2

1,305,657

1, 711, 789 2,371,865

229, 161

294,304 799, iM I

1, 126,033 '

145,500 920, il5

231,837

1,364,Vll i 101,u4u I

l,3{6,73·1

942,402

l,57iJ334 385,490

1,589,685

l,4S0,948 1,:J(H, 703 I,<XIS,891

!!34,332 990,364

•561,379 2,163,913

191,596

119,837 72,062

425,424

141,2S2

94,147 196,769 34,959

408,437

328,700 1t22'~, 111

645,874 7g9,404

1,121,392

117,640 137, 156

373,970 507, 740

72,996 458, 738 126, 941 662,•!15 325,6()3

716, 742 570,995 864,471 201, 570

752,531 727,587 763, 188

645,123

485, 795 53-0,093

• 268,405

1,033,033

114,799 62,683

44,26~

218,2&3

68,020 53,370 84,604

19,809

225,387 169,f.17

6H,2r~7

49.5 46.1 47.3 51.3

40.6 46.8 45.1

50.2 49.8

54.8 48~5

4G.4

53.2 G0.6

ol.S 52.3

47.3

49.1

58.5 58. 7

fi2.0

54.1 47 .. 5

47. 7

il9.9

52.3 61. 4

51.3 4G.7

W.7

43.0 56. 7

5.5. 2 51.fi

52. 7

962,3;)0 1,441,3()8

l,995,6.'l8 12'J, 4-02

236,208

771,659

1,0MJ215

131, 967 798,005

188,567

1,211,934

549,5.38

l,1-li,440 8-02,406

1,302, 2()8 283,250

1,360,031 1,276,631

1,069,545

902,028

787, 113 794,083 44, 701

1,564, 755

107,811

62, 721 47, 755

327,800

112,GU

4tl,076

147,227

38,225

275,639 24-1,374

9Sil,800 !

474.566

646.300

913, i93

68, 927 115. 777 374,699 468.843

64,993 ~95,167

101, 119

5i0, 796

235,0!H 586,.188

462,485

713,671

144,058

620, 737 593, 420

600,275 498,118

385,310 437,782

20,906

743,891

72,300 35,436

30,8Zl 192,438

54, 711 26,i18 68,16.i

2.'l,433

lf'5,247

127,475

5!4,f:W

4;!.3

44.8

4ii.8

53.2 49.0

48.6

44.·1

49.2

49.5

5:~.G

47.1

42.S

51.1

57.f.t 54.S .$1].g

45.6

4-0.5 5-0.1

55.2

49.0

55.1 46.8 47.5

67.1

5!3.5 61.5

58. 7 4S.tl

58.0 46.3

61.3

00.0 52.2

55.(1

POPULATION 10 TEAI<S OF AGE AND OYEI<! 1880

I

519.61';9 j 2811,.188 264.052

1,432.183 i

!W,461 t

' 497,303 :

3, 981,428 i

86.'i,f/Jl .

3,203,215

2.3'J9,367 :

1.468.0'.!5: 2.269.315 I 1:236.C86 !

. 965, 712 •

559,977 1,181,Ml i 1,5$7,631

!l9, 849

318.Zil 704,2117

110,856

69.1,364 136,907

1,059,034

428,587 9.;9,951

6'i7,456 1,043,840

184,650

1,163,49B

1,002, 130

851,780

753,693

531,876 C.49,070

1,064,196

31,989

25,005

rn,479 I

158,220 i

87,0(tG 1

32,9z2 i

97,194 i 50 006 !

' 1

i ii.5,120 I

130,565 j

G81,0fi2 l

231,99.3 142,M>S ll8, 584

720t 714

Ifo, 979 241,333

1,884,M:i 396,1!79

1,456,007

994,4i5 6.35, 080 m. 780 569,204 417,455

255, 125 528.302 692,959

57,844

152,614 322,285

48.8

46.·I 43.4 45.-1 50. 'i' 4'J.O !Jl.O w.o [l!.fj

4-•• G

49.S 44.9 r.o.a W.l 4S.ii

47.3 4£,. 8 -11),['j

41.4

43.3

44.1 46.0

43.2

4'5.fj

44. 7 44.ii

57.9

54,580 40.2 Z24, 432 40. 7

66,624 48. j 494,240 46. 7

176,199 41. l 4~,187 50.IJ 392,102 58. 7 ti97,862 57. 3

91,.536 4iUl

519,8.54 44. 7

447,970 42.2 4rt2, 100 57. a 415,Wii 55.1

2tiil, 692 49. 0 3(.3, 228 56. 0

522, 133 49. 1

22,255 69.6

15,578 62. 3 8,881 53.11

101,251 M.O

40, S22 46.4

22,271 67.6 40,055 41.2 32, 233 63. 6

30,12"2 54.1 67, 3·13 51. 6

a;u, 505 55. 3

1 Figures for l 'l\JO are exclmive of pet"ons in Inrlian Ten:itory and on Ind_ian re.<erratiom, areas speci~lly e~:1meratod at that cen~no, bu~ !or whicl.1 oreupll_tion statistics are not available. t correcte<.l ligures; !or explanation, see Occupat1on Report for 1900, pp. lxn-lxxm. •Includes J>Opulauon of Indian T"rntory.

36 IJOPULATION.

NUMBER OF MALES ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS CO~IPARED WITH TIIE TOTAL MALE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY DIVISIO:XS A~D STATES: 1880-1910.

Titble 5 MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND . MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND II MALES 10 YE.lRS Ol" AGE AND i MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910 OVER: 1900 on:n: 1890 l 'I OVER: 1880

----.,,---~----- ----~;-----~-- ~ ---DIVISION AND STATE.

Total. ful occupatloll.'!, Total. ful occupations. Total. 1: ful occnpations.' f •rota!. ful o~cupations. 1 Engagod in gain- 'I Engaged in ~ain-1 /' Enga~od in gain- I I Engaged in gain.

I . -------________________ 1 _____ 11 __ N_u_m_be_r_._, Peret. ~rnber. Peret. ·-----11 Number. Pere~' Number'. .. Peret.

United States ................ 37,027,558 30,091,664 81.3 29,703,440 23,753,836 80.0 24.352,659 / 10,312,651 79.3 18,735,980 14,744,942 78.7 GEOGIIAPHIC DIVISIONS: = = =~-= ------- ~~~ ==-

1

------.• == c= New England ................... 2,619,897 2,139,529 80.7 2,228,5'10 1,790,163 80.3 1,8S9,:l07 1,528,018 80.9 i 1,559,5!!1 1,239,596 79.5 Mid<ho Atlantic .......•••.•..... East North Central. •...•.•...•.• West North CentraL •...•....... South Atlantic ................. . East South Central. ••..•.••..••. West South Central.. ...••••••••. Mountain •.......•..••.•.•...•••. Pacific .....•....•....••.•••••.••.

NE'V ENGLAND: Maine .......................... . New Hampshire ...••.•.••••.••.• Vermont .••..•..••..•••.•••••.•. Massachusetts •.•.....•••.••••••• Rhode Island ......•.••••.•••.•.. Connecticut •.......•••••.•••.••.

Mmm.F ATLANTIC: Now York ..•••...•.•••.•••..•.•. New Jersey ..................... . Pennsylvania .....•..•••.•••...•.

EAST NORTII CENTRAL: Ohio ••...•.••••.•.•••••.•••...... Indklna ....•....•....•..•••....•. Illinois •...•••••••..••••••....... Michigan .•••.•.•....••.•.•••.•.. 'Vlsconsln •••........•.........•.

WEST NORTH CENTRAL: Minnesota ••..........••......... Iowa .••..••••..•.•.•...•.•......

Missouri. •. ;·········· .•......••. Nortl1 Dakota ••...•.•........•. South Dakota •...•.......•.••••. Nebraska •••••••••••••....••.•... Kansas ...•.....•...•.•..........

SOUTI! ATLANTIC: Delaware .........•.•............ Maryland ....................... . District of Columbia ......•...... Virginia ........................ . West Virginia .................. . North Carolina .•................ South Carolimi .................. . Georgla .................•........ Florida .•••......................

EAST SouTir CENTRAL: Kentucky ••....•.........•...... 1.lennessee ..................... ; ..... . Alabama.: ..................... . Mississippi.. .................... .

WEST SOUT!l CENTRAL: Arkansas .......•...........•.... Louisiana ......... __ . __________ ._

~:~~:-'.~:::::::::::::::::::::::, MOUNTAIN: I

~~:~~~-~:::: :: : : :: :: : : : : :: ::: : :1 Wyoming ...................... .. Colorado ....................... .. New Uexico .................... .

·Arizona ......................... . Utah ........................... . Novad.a ......................... .

PACIFIC: IYashbtgton •..............•.•... Oregon ......................... .

7,863, 584

7,52\l, 768 4, 807, 164

4,528, 9-12 3, 116,2&6

3,334,078

l, 185,047

2,012, 792

-0,3so, ms 5, 9i5,31l3

3, 758,603

3, 797,257

2, 659,090

2, 7-00, 782

967,924

1, 652,818

81.1

79.4

78.2

83.8

85.3

82.8 81. 7

82.1

f>,IOS,ll53

6,387, 3()5

4,140t550

3, 798,278

2, 758, 148

2,418, 607

737, 787 1,126,112

4,9H,718 4,980,202

3, 202, 916

3,093,0'Jl

2,288,2.37

1,949,697

592,661

912,151

81.0

78.0

77.·:1 81. 4

83.0 80.6

80.3 81.0

5,0lU, 259 4,ml0,G72 81l. -I 1, 5,3U,OS8 4,10ii,G20 ...... •J' ''·d 3, 513, 995 2,695,442 76.; 3,178, 769 2,1i52,3\13 80.3

2,313, 978 1,862,630 80.5 ' 1,663,6:{6 1,320,925 79.41

518,001 462,050 84.3 i1

915,623 754,901 82.41:

3, 9tJi J fjlilj

4,302,5lliJ

2,3bl,WJ 2, 5S8, o;~;:;

1 :JOO 03~ I I I

542,286

3, IJ93, 4;;1

3,244,426

l,843,t.i07

2, 119, 4~2

l,li:J0,817

961,-142

270, 185

441, 926

78.0

75 . .\

77.4

81.9

80.5 82.2

S:l.2

81.5 1----1---r,-----'1----1--- I

224,847 78.6 271,7871

213,405 7it5 Ii

1, 169, 1!·71 324,638 _____ , __ _

307,375

178, 151

148, 686 1,340, 517

219,221

455, 947

3, 727,213

1,029,6-19

3, 106, n7

I, 970,027

1,108, 767 2,333,230

1,163,835

953,909

882,046

912,728

1,334,851

240,658

245,991 4QI,706

699,184

83, 787 507,421

131, 983

7i0,50·l

483,221

. 781,434 531,092

939, 791

299,109

242,175

142,363

115, 781 1,0S-0, 7£7

180,962

370,481

3,020,158

834, 795 2, 525,245

1, 572,343

880,9i9

1,865,422

926,815

729,804

689,847

69-1, 799

1,076, 772

188,372

190,363

877,811

540,639

68,317

410,884 105,0H

626, 868

394,390

674, 849

460, 791

807,185

248,926

78. 8 80.5

77.9

81.1

82.5

81.3

81.0

81.1

81.3

79. 8 70.5

80.0

79.ti

76.5

78. 2

76.1

S0.7

78. 3

77. 4 76.8

77. 3

81.5

81. 0 79. 6 81.4

81.6

86. 4 86. 7

85.9 83.2

286,114

168,483

H2,528

1,097, 581

168, 704

805, l:lO

2,877,822

1:m1224 21 rn1,ou1

1, OU3,il95

lt000:1 7.LJ5 1,922,803

083,089

Sll, 123

706, 401 81)3,912

1,2Zl, 108 131,8\J3

161, 746

·12~, ·1C5 59J, 905

74,395

455r285

103, 613

670, 440

31J7,9i3

6til, 731

465,022 782, 629

203, 190

136,91)1 81.3 155,928 127,815 82.U !! 112,181 78.7 137,899 108,804 78.9111 879,374. 80. 1 887,0G3 719,100 s1.1 i

1ao, 829 s2. 9 1as, 955 11a, rn4 83. 2 I 295,971 81. 3 300, 675 245,634 81. 7 11

11

2,324,42<J

no3,:J:J7 2,017,0.52

l,l!W,881 782,Zl7

1,50ll,394 772,299

616,391

548,946

082,521

006,&i!i

103,548 121,512

327,35! 452,169

(J(),024

359, i55

85, i80 536,883

294,502

.556,581

389,M5

80.8

81.fi

81.0

78.1

77. 7 i8.5

78.6 7G.O

77.7

W.4 79.0

78.5 75. l 76.2

76. l

80. 7

79.0 79.0

70.0 80.0 84.1

8!"1.8

645, 032 82. 5 ioa, gsn 80. 1 I

2,:i85,622

5G81 ;:J85

2,ma,052

1,442,~30

855,358 1, wr, 159

8i>l,Hi3

657,9&8

523,3·12

75.1,134

l,037,fl1l4

74,-142

133,252

426, 815

553,016

67,309 392,,lllii

88, 7U3 598,677

281,570

559, 7C! 395, -lf;j

647,fl.22

146,867

1,921, 785

45Y,4G7

1,649,420

1,102,924

f.!i9,401

l,173,794

668,489

501,012

408, 941

565,830 800,471 61,001

104, Hi7 331,920

423,082

54,565 310,415

68,992

463,158

213,040 I 460,7Dl

a21, 5;s j 541,016

115, 729

II 80.G ii 80.8 II w.o I iG.511 77.1 i

77.9

78.5 7D. l

78.1

74. 9 i 77.1 81.9

78.2 77.8

75.1

81. l 79.l

77.8 I 77.4 I 75. 1 f

&2.3' 82.1

83.5

78.8'

!} I I I. i

258,587 II

139,807 1·

132,036

681, 786 I 104, 986 I

1.:::::: I' 42G,4ol

1,591,();)G

1,209,4:35

7i:i2,·105 l, 178, 131

659, 101

5U3, 434

307,449

623,6•5 816, 962

64,343

181,022 388,148

56,003

341,621

fkl,429 516,395

217,liW

465,2GS

324,3!}4

509,830

93,475

198,465

112,310

102, 417

546,591

87,120 192, 6{)3

1,524,261

3:l0, 103 1,289,084

881,8.16

58.3,U58 893,679

514, 191 371,002

230,0·18 483,457

630,016

54, 9ll3

142, 159

302 934 , I 46,652

265,632

40,966 411,0W

164, 691

393,211

272,015 445,530

73, 752

I 8741 306 719,369 82.3 807,156 646,009 80.1 I 6891572 536,800 77.8 586,424 465,432

817,174 682,248 83.5 746,703 611,383 8.1.91' 640,677 508,378 79.4. 524,559 391,562 773,415 683,104 88.3 651,523 563,179 8U.4 li31,94l 454,923 85.5 j 414,00.51 368,734

651,301' 5741279 88.2 552,676 466,766 84.5

1

[ 451,788 362,529 80.21 375,Ml 305,089

ss8,1aa 510,410. 86.s 484,001 407,912, 81.2 ,I 412,227 330,403 80.2 ! 278,185 zio,mn

612,534 501,57·1 81.9 49G,8i9 405,182 81.511 304,815 322,019 81.!i i 322,004 268,litJ

76.7

80.4

77. 6

80.2

83.0

79.5

78.2 77.4

77. 9

72.9

77.G 75.9

78.0

73. 7

74.8

77.5 77.1

85.5

78.5

78.0

83'.3 77.8

74.0

79.6

75. 7 84.5

83.9 87.4

78.9

79.4

74.6

89.0 81.2 82.7

83.3

648,1161 52iJ,3i6 8H.3 3 307,228 '213,932 7U.4 ii 25,811 lU,8!9: 7<1.0 :1······------1---········· 1,485,205 1,2231 422 82.7 1,1~J,899 s:J2,041 1u.ol! s30,7f\3 GJR,r..01, 1s.1:

1 ;;r.g,n2i!i .103,100 81.4

I "' [1 'I Ill 100,263 159,896 8-l.O 123,724 i m1,9UO ..... 9 11 75,59fi 67,f,iJl: 8.9.5. jl 21,i,i;i~ ! 21,748 1-16,783 118,050 80.4 72,000 58,157 bll.8 i! ·lfJ,27H 33,5:2: 83.3 !1

1

17,\IW i 15,2!;7

77,260 67,593 81.5 47,731 4l,2t34 ""·5 ii 32,!l75 28,929 1 88.li 1 u,950 I 8,42()

35o,6si ?85,083 s1.3 237,665 rno,2!J7 so.1 Ii 202, 1rn m,~n 1 w . .s ! 110,s(}:; I' oo,472

131,828 106,418 80.7 7!!,819 59,110 77.7

1

11 61,885 50,777 i 82.1 i. 48,2ik1l 3S,51if1 94,812 77,236 81.5 57,027 46,584 81. 7 · 29,736 25,149 ! SUJ !! 21,267 21,i;i~J

147, oo~ 113, 113 76. 9 100, 999 73, s-10 73. I 79, 747 01,osa I 111. 6 11

50,580 37, ms 46,408 40,535 87.3 21,822 17,809 81.0 2.5,370 21,f,(~J i 8ii.2 /1 36,21111 30,•3fJ

-052,586 455,375 82.4 248,282 2114,fiOu 82.-i 17!!,!lf..'i 1.51,132 I il:i.G l,i :m,oy, 111 29,or,n

321,717 264,f.91 81.5 lD0,037 151,20() i9.0 Hfi,-100 l1G,t~~21 70,;:; 81,031!! M,501

88.6

85.4 70.5

87.0

79.9

89.8

73.5

84.9

80.5

68-,,~,,.3 I "31· ~'J 9 5s~1 .. 2ii2 ·HH,.o~;! __ r __ ,_j· __ ~ __ , -~zj. t7tt ~rn.:v:.:: California. ... , .................... 1 l,13-l,-489 032,7~2 82.1 " 55u, ", <-·-·-·-------~---- .

79. 7

81.9

1 Fignrc3 for 1800 nro exclusive or nmfos in Inrliun Territor;- uncl on Indian reservationH. fl.rt'JS tqw .. !ia1J:i;~ en1p1ner.1ted i-:.t :i!i:\t{'JL?~, 1.: 1~~t w~f1~1~~~~~ytufistics

a:ro not available. 2 Corrected figuroo; for explanation, see Occupation Report for 1900, pp. lxvi-1= u. nc u e:, POJ l un •

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 37

NUMBER OF FEMALES ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS cm.IPARED \YITII TIIE TOTAL FE:'ifALE POI'CLATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND 0\'.ER, BY DIVISIONS AN"D STATES: 1880-J\110.

Table6 -~M~;;:~ 10 ~~EARS OF AGE AND !.I ;,EMAL~~ 10 YE lR" OF ~G~,:~111 F~~:~LES 10 YK\ l<q OFc:c~~·A~~-1;~~7

~7

~7;:;·~~:;;~;.~;:~,;~"-~;;;" OYER: 1910 ·-··· ___ I_·---· on;i:: 1000 ..... _J un;.;i: I"~---· I o·•r:u: 18'>0

DIVISION AND STATE.

I

Enga'.(.iriinr•i:nru1' \ Engugorlil~µ.tlnful:, i; Eng:1zrrlingninful I j. F.nga1,,•olin,g:1i11f:il

Total. 1 oceupawm~. I T 1 I occupauom. \I To•"l. 11 Ot:cUJ.>atl"ll"·' ·1· 11 1K:cup~1twns. ota. 1 1

!;.('Ji. 1 ~~------- Total. 1' _________ _

_____________ 1 _____

1_Nnillher. \~erct, ____

1

: Xumber. 1Perct.i\. I Xum®._ l~E,1'~1-----l'_~~nhn. J~or~~'.

United states ................ 34,552,112 j, 8,075,7721 231 JI 2s,m,as4 I 5,319,397 i 1u II 2a,ooo,soo [: 4,005,5321 17.4: 18.025,627 \1 2,&47,157 J 14.7 GEOGRAPUJC DIVISIONS' =~·-1 === =-.=~~ . = ==1 == 2().Q

New England ................... 2,681,017 ! 775, llil 2>.U I 2,:.it~3.0G2 I ,5.l;!J,;/1)1)1 Middle Atlantic ................. 7, b82, 931 1,828,687 24.1 . 6,0iLl,;'")(Jfj I 1.258.lfH

18.21' I East North Central .............. 7, !139, 181 1, 282, ,;90 o!fJ.YJ, v:r; U()7,i71 I West North Central. ••••••••••.• 4,290,147 11 G00,440 !fl.! 3, ti98,IJH I 400. 2fj)

South Atlantic .................. 4,483, 884 i iJ:mo,472 ;n.o 3, 817,081 I 9U7,440 ! East South Central .............. 3, 062, 2'J2 ! 940,1)()5 ;~o. 7 i 2,716,079 i 600.192

!

I West South Central •••.•........ 3, 059, goo i 741),2'.l'J 24.4 2,231,:>Sl 3il,62'J

Mountain ........................ 869,202 I 140,0l:J 16.1 1, 538,289 71, 155 Pacific ........................... 1,484,<YJ3 i 281,515 19.0

! 833,235 I 127, 140 I i

NEW ENGLAND: 296,51811 !

II Maino ........................... 63,282 21.3 I 279,326 51, 930

I I New Hampshire ................. 175,967 48,340 27.5 lll'J,41? 41, 7,;g I Vermont ........................ 140,4112 28,308 20.2 136, 4Ja 22, 752

Ma.5Sl1Chusotts ................... 1,402,167 I 444,301 31.7 1, 169,4071 32'J,O.'l3 Rhode Island .................... 220,844 I 70, 939 32.1 176, 120 52,0'J4 Connecticut ..................... 445,070

I 119, 981 27.0 365,:l24 88,f,19

MIDDLE ATLANTIC: New York .......................

I 3,683,601 983,686 26. 7 2,923, 860 672,045

New Jersey ...................... 998,2117 239,565 24.0 Ul,2H 154,522

Pennsylvania .................... 2, 901,033 605,43(\ 20.9 2,394, 372 4:ll. ,5;J7 E4ST Nol\TH CENTRAL:

Ohio ••••••••••••••••••••• c •••••• 1,878, 720 346, 712 18.li 1,626, :~2G 246,071 Indiana ......................... 1,051,638 155, 731 14.8 961, 460 116, 716

Illinois .......................... 2, 160,fi04 431,356 20.0 1, 804, 942 2\J.1, 616

M'lchigan ........................ 1,072.417 186, 183 17.4 I 913, 106 133, 691

Wisconsin ....................... 875,902 162,608 18.6 7fill,033 116, 147

W'fIBT NORTH CENTRAL: Minnesota ....................... 746,589 145,605 19.5 009,256 96, 928 Iowa ............................ 847, 558 131,514 15.5 817, B77 106,!l.S:l

Missouri. ........................ 1,259. 749 211,564 16.8 1, 14!;,6\J7 154,fi26 North Dakota ................... 184,072 29,046 1'i.8 97 ~ 268 14.092

South Dakota ................... 197,475 28,714 1u II 132,.:>58 15.t'M Nebraska ••••••...••.•.•••.•••••• 432,326 63,303

14.611 370, 2'JO 46,616

Kansas ......................... 622,378 80,694 13.0 532,008 55,571

Soum ATLANTIC: Delaware ........................ 79,293 17,MG 22.1 71,105 12, 972

Maryland ........................ 516,529 130,280 25.2 465,430 98, 983 District of Columbia ............. 147,105 52,921 30.0 lZ'j,224 41,lf.1 Virginie ......................... 7fi5J i93 168,7110 22. 0 GS.5,0fil • 12",532 West Virginia •..••••••.•...•••..• 420,Gli! 51, 11.)3 l~. 9 333,lj/J 31, lfil North Carolina .................. 797, 101 272,0'J(} 3!.2 G85,00J, Hill, lGl

Sout:n Carolina .................. 546,469 267, 833 49. () 477,300 181,350

Georgia .......................... 945,320 352,911 37.3 794, 705 218,539

Florida .......................... 265,613 73, 161 27.5 182,3-00 37,581

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: Kentuck"Y ....................... 8·18,338 147,till 17. 4 782,529 105,622

Tennessee ....................... 804,005 173,298 21.61 734, 155 116,204

Alabama ........................ 768,160 314,330 4~.9 653, 180 I 200,009 Mississippi. ..................... 641, 7&;1 305,366 47. 6 5!6,215 178,357

WEST Soum CENTRAL: Arkan.ms ......................... M5,954 · m: wa 2'J. 7 449, 731 77,&)3

Louisiana ....................... 601,042 177,6il(l 2~.6 493,485 130, 911

Oklahoma ....................... 54913GO 78,25;~ J.l.2 3 254, lfJl 3 22,473

Texas ........................... 1,363,609 328,444 21.1 l,OS4,flH 140,392

OUNTA!N: Montana ........................ j ua,288 I' 18, 851 16.6 67, 872 9,809

:~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::! 102,235 11 13,038 12. 8 47, 837 4,.516

40,32511 6,013 14.9 24,311 3,001

Colorado ........................ ! 200,162 I 53,641 18.5 187, {;jlJ 27,9f,\J

NewMexico ..................... 109,162 I 15,079 13. 8 64,463 6,310

Arizona ••••••••••••••••..••.•••• 62,847 I 10,58'J 16.8 37}12J) G,786

Utah •••••••••••.••••••••••••.••. 127, 769 18,427 14.4 95, 770 10, 7fi4

Nevada .......................... 23,414 4,375 18. 7 13, 137 2,000 p ACil'IC:

Washington .....................

1

380,970 66,126 1:.41 i00,155 20, 781

Oregon .......................... 230,914

I 40,473 11.5 138, 7t:2 18, 437

California ........................ 872,209 174, 9lij 20.1 ! f>34,31S I 87,922

~.i.!; 1. ~tlO, 4'.!l i1 m.21JO! Ii

2'1.8 f),01~~3tl() 1: 949.1"9' Vi.0 'rr "·· 1· t}4G1 ';IJ-1 .[;~ ~"Ji t1J,,1 j J:l.ll 3.077,R:n

1: :31Jj,;j,J3

2:i.~ :cm.rn21: 7:.li..44'i ' . '

22. 1 2,2tl4:1 237 I 449, 020 I

!Yiit'J73 i 16.7 1,5:.!71 fH6 I

13. 211 342, 248 i 41,U74

15.3 1 594,286 I 82,461

18.6 i ! I

269,87::i 41i,06.1[ I

24.61 159,569 I 31.i,&r,s I I

16. 7 133,274 I 19, 9671 28.1 91>2,<M

I 26.1, 2i8

29.fl 14!.I, (1)4 42,714 24.3 3()\l,11h5 71,=ISQ i

! !

I i 23.0 2,436, 770 I 513,940 i 2(),8 I 574,538 I 111,211 I I

I 323, 9481 18.0 2,(1()'2,082 I

I i 15. l 1,416,2211 I 184, 177 i 12. l I 818,600 I 84, 002 I I

16.3 1.400,512 I 200,310 I 14.6 767,872 I 95,948 i

I 81, ""' I 15.5 600,42'2

6.'i,62.51 16.2 439,008 13. 1 686,174 I 80. 500 13.5 957,644 I 113,322

14.5 I 55,010 I 7.926

I 11.8 102.956 11, 58()

12. 6 344,SH

I 42, ';79

10.4 492, 199 45. 761

i 18.2 64,658 ! 10,42S

21.3 400,120 i 8!, 752 33. ! 99,8.54 i 32, 127

18. 3 613,2.'i7 lOi,e.:38 9.3 207,0(i~ 22,0lS

23. 4 I 587,082 12.5/i~H

38.0 11 406,940 137,807

21. r; I 654,286 172,655

20. G 11 136,383 28,329

13.5 I 670,459 83,937 15.8 635,954 85,0·12 30. 6 537,604 145,352

32. 7 450,240 I

135,589 i

I I

17. ~l 1; 374,886 54, 916 I

26.LJ 399,868 115, 763

8.8 18, 800 1,057 rn.o •733,972 95,237

14.5 32,215 4,636

9.4 2'l,H5 1,894

12.3 1.1,080 1,894

14.9 125, 177 19, 147

9.8 50,t.i.5G 3, 9:ll

18.3 16,340 l,5!l9

11.2 67,480 7,076 15.2 12,855 1,824

13.0 95,674 11,115

13.3 97,00S 10, 793

It1. 5 400,64! 60,543

21.3 'I

1_,,tf.\n,::.!, .. 2 1; 332. r~J.5

'i 18.9 4. o~~ •Jj~ \' 1;u,140 .I ·' 4.03G. \J•J'J I: 371. ijtj~ 12.9 !

11.9 11 2.(J41l.0i)7 !: lu:J. r.22

n.:i:i 2 .. &:i~. 611) ii &5S,270

19.6 ii 1,~)CJ.41~2 i~ :H~.:-\Ha

lUj' l,07G,(}2~ 1: lili, Gil 12.3 :, 175,<;<n ii 13, 164

13.9 I az1,001 I 32.044 . /,'

i1 ltl.7 !i

201, 062 'I 33,!J28

23.l ii 146.ast I 30, 128

15.0 'l 132,016 !1 1fJ,W7

27.61: 750.397 I 174, lS:l

29.31: 115.475 I 2'.!.&%1

23.l ii 254,911. 48.600

21.1 j 2,031.3fJJ : 300,381

19.4) 439.140•1: 66. 776 1,612,159 1

1 216,9&1 lG.2 11 I

rn.o Ii 1,189,932 . 112,o:m

IM Ii 715.f)OO ! .f.il~42'2

14.3 ii 1,091,184 1(16,101 I: 12.5 ,, 577. f,8,5 5."i.Ola •'

4G.3~a 13.6 ii 462~ 278 11 i•

14.9 I' 252. 528 2;j,0'i7

11. 7 ii 557.!lW : 44.S4~

11.S j) 740,PJJ9 ' f~2. 943

H.4 ! } i 35,WG i 2,8.H

11.2 :: .1

12,4 '1i 137, 249 i! rn,455

9.3 ii ... ,., !I lil,351

1j

rn.1 ii 54,&53 i 'i,fr2S

20.9 35.3, 713 ! :..s,soo 32.2 ii 73,478 i! l\l,l\5S

17.ll i 542,1>)9 ll 8.3, W7 s. 2 ii 210,937 )J 11,;,og

21. 4 ' ' 491,{;').3 ii 311, 970

33.9: 343,0<r~ !I 120,087

26. 4 : 534,IJ!O !1 1:;2,332

20.s: 01, irn [1 17, ';84

' !I

12.5: 577,074 ii 54,422

13.4 537,571 11 00,408

27.0 437,68511 124, 0!''6 110, 417 30.1 378, 132 1[

Ii

14.6 253,f\91 Ii 30,016 29.0 32'7,0tlll Ii 95,052

5.6 ..................... 1 .......................

13.0 495,268 11 .-s8,94a 'I 11

11. 4 7,431 ii 5H7 8.4 7,095 i 2'Jl

12.6 4,520 !i 464

15.3 47,au /j 4:r779 7.8 3~,iOO ll 2,262

9.6 8,f<i5 Ii 471

10.5 46,IJ14 1 2,887 14.2 u 455 I 1,50.; , I 11.6 19,635 I 1,003 11.() ! 49j534 Ji 2,7';9

lS.l 2>5, 892 ' 2SJ202 "

...

10.8 9.2

s.1 20. 7 17. 9

17. 2 7.5 9.9

12.S 20.6

12.2 23.2 2'i.9

l!J.1

9.5 7.2

9. i 9.5

l(l.0

9.9 ;,.o

8.5

;.a

fU

n.s lG. 0 20~8

l~.3

L.5 17.6 33.0 28.5 IG.5

9.4 lll.5 28.3

29.2

12.1 2\l.1

11.9

C.8

4.1

10. 2 lll. l

5. 7 5. 4 6.2

10.4

5. 4 5.u

11.0

1 Figures for lROO are exclusive of females in Indian Territorv aml on Indian re<;ervation~, areas specially enumerated at that cen.~us, hnt_fnr which. O<'C1Ip!ll!on statistics are not availsble. •Corrected figures; !or explanation., see Occupatlou Report for 1900, pp. hcv!-l.xxUI. 'Includes populatwn o! Iudmn Temtory.

38 POPULATION.

PROPORTION OF POPULATION 10 'YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS FOR BOTII SEXES IN 1010 .A.ND moo, AND FOR EACH SEX IN 1910, BY STATES. .

MISSISSIPPI

SOUTH CAROLINA

Al.ASAMA

NEVADA

WVOMINO

GEORGIA

NORTH CAROLINA

ARKANSAS

MONT AHA

RHODE lSLANO

0 20

BOTH SEXES PEfl CENT

40

DIST, OF COLUMBIA ~:=i=lii=:=~:=~: LOUISIANA ~ ; H/ /

WASHINGTON

MASSACHUSETTS

ARIZONA

CALIFORNIA

OREGON

TEXAS

CONNECTICUT

NEW HAMPSHIRE

NEW YORK

NEW JERSEY

COLORADO

MARYLAND

TENNESSEE

DELJliWAA£.

JOAHO

PENNSYLVANIA

VlRGINiA

MINNESOTA

NOR1"H 0.AKOTA

ILLINOIS

MAINE

NEW MEXICO

KENTUCKY

OKLAHOMA

OHIO

VERMONT

MICHIGAN

MISSOURI

WEST VJRGINIA

SOUTH OAllCOT'A

WISC:ONS!N

INOtANA

UTAH

NEBRASKA

KANSAS

IOWA

,.·,.,·,··

'

I.·

"" .~-'.,.-· ' /' '/<' /:

f/ .,,,

'

I

r'//

I

eo

-1910 ~1900

ALABAMA

MISSISSIPPI

WYOMING

NEVADA

ARKANSAS

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

GEORGIA

MONTANA

TfNNESSEE

FLORIDA

T£XAS

RHODE ISLAND

WASHINGTON

KENTUCKY

CALIFORNIA

LOUISIANA

WEST VIRGINIA

DEL.AWARE

OREGON

ARIZONA

VIRGINIA

COLORADO

PENNSYLVANIA

CONNECTICUT

NEW JERSEY

MASSACHUSETTS

NEW YORK

MARYLAND

NEW ~EXICO

MISSOURf

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

IOAHO

OKLAHOMA

IL.LINO!$

OHIO

MICHIGAN

Q 20

MALES AND FEMALES PER CENT

40 60 BO

DIST~ OF COLUMBIA illlllil!li!llll!llllllllllllli.l!lllilli!lllllllllll!l!lillll)illlill'lllllllill!illllillllllillllilllllllliRllllllll

fNOIANA

MAINE.

NORTH OAK OT A

MINNESOTA

VERMONT

SOUTH OAK OT A

KANSAS

UTAH

NEBRASKA

I WISCONSIN

JOWA

I -MALES ~FEMALES

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 39

Outlying territories.-Table 7 shows for Alaska and Hawaii in 1910 and 19001 and for Porto Rico in 1910 and 1899/ the number of persons of each sex 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations and, in each oase, the proportion which such persons formed of the total population and of the population 10 years of age and over.

Table 7

Al\EA, BEX, AND CE1'SUS YEAR.

B OTll SEXES.

Total popnla­

t1on.

llllO......................... 191,909 1900. -- - .... - • - - . - • - •• - • - - - • . 11>4, 001

1---·---MALE. I 1910......................... 12:1,099

1900 ..................... ···-1 100,369

1910 •••••• :~.i.:::i:~: ........ ..! 68,fHO I 1900 ......................... j 47,632 ._

PORTO RICO. I I IlOTEI SEXES.

1910 ......................... , 1,118,<>12 1899•••••••••••••·••••••••···' 953,243 I

MALE. 1910......................... 557,301 386.516 1899......................... 472,261 322,567

FEMALE. 1910........ ...... •••• •• ••••. 560, 711 I 395,084 1899......................... 480,9~2 i 336,727

PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVElt E!iGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS.

72.9 59.S

This table shows that in Alaska the proportion both of the total population and of the population 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 was much higher than in the United States.2

The high proportion of gainiul workers in Alaska came from the very high proportion for the male sex, since the proportion for the fem8.le sex: was but slightly over one-half as high as in the United States. The -very high proportion of the males of Alaska engaged in gainful occupations resulted largely from the very low pro portion of boys 1:rn for 2 0 years < ,f age-18 per cent us compared with a, proportion of 41.1 per cent in the United States. There ·was a large inerense

l A census of Porto Rico was tak('n uncler the direction of the War Department of the United Smtr·s in 18fi9. Oue of the subjects covered bv thfa censn.s wast.he occnpatfons of tlie people. A total of 1 670 cllildren under 10 ye.ars of age were foclu<led in the 316,365 per~ons reported as engag<'d in gainful oecufations .. The proper declnctions have been made for the purpose o companson with the Thirteenth Cen3118 occupation statistics, which are confined to gainfully occupied persons 10 years of age and over.

2 See Table 2, p. 30.

in Alaska from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion both of the total population and of the population 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations. This increase, however, was confined entirely to the male sex, where it was especially marked. In striking contrast to the great increase in the proportion of the males gainfully occupied was the large decrease in the proportion of the females gainfully occupied-a de­crease from 20.5 per cent in HlOO to 9.3 per cent in 1910 for all females, and from 25.9 per cent in HlOO to 12.4 per cent in 1910 for the females 10 years of age and onr. This extraordinary decrease resulted largely from the fact that the proportion which Indian females constituted of all females 10 years of age and over decreased from 80.9 per cent in 1900 to 63.1 per cent in 1910, together with the fact that the propor­tion of the occupied Indian females decreased from 28.2 per cent in 1900 to 8.7 per cent in 1910. Exclusive of the Indian element, the proportion of the females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations increased from 16 per cent in 1900 to 18.9 per cent in 1910.

In Hawaii in 1910 the proportion both of the total population and of the population 10 years of age an~ over engaged in gainful occupations was much higher than in the United States.2 This difference is ac­counted for partly by the great preponderance of males in the population of Hawaii and partly by the fact that a much larger proportion of the males in Hawaii are in the age period 21 to 44 than is the case in the United States. While in the United States in 1910 there were 106 males to each 100 females, in Hawaii there were 178.9 males to each 100 females. Among the Chinese of Hawaii there were 378.9 males to each 100 females, and among the Japanese there were 220.1 males to each 100 females. Since both in the United States and in Hawaii a much larger pro­portion of the males than of the females were gainfully occupied in 1910, this great excess of males in the popu­lation of Hawaii accounts in part for the higher pro­portion of gainful workers in the population. In 1910, 37.5 per cent of the males of the United States were in the age period 21to44 years/while 52.5 per cent of the males of Hawaii were in this age period. Since both in the United States and in Hawaii the proportion of gainful workers was highest in the age period 21 to 44, "the larger proportion of the males in this age period in }fawaii accounts in part for the higher proportion of gainful workers in the population. This also accounts largely for the proportion of gainful workers being so much higher for the males of Hawaii than for the males of the United States. In Hawaii in 1910 the proportion of gainful workers was smaller in the total female population but larger in the f emnle popu­lation 10 years of age and over than in the United States. From 1900 to 1910 there was a. decrease in

3 Includes persons of unkno'\\'D. age.

40 POPULATION.

the proportion that persons engaged in gainful occu­pations formed both of the total population of Hawaii and of the population IO years of age and over. This decrease was duo in part to the fact that the number of rnales to each 100 females in the Hawaiian popula­tion decreased from 223.3 in 1900 to 178.9 in 1910, and in part to the fact that the proportion of the males under 15 years of age increased from 16.8 per cent in 1900 to 23.5 per cent in 1910. The decrease in the proportion of the population gainfully occupied was confined entirely to the male sex, since from 1900 to 1910 there was a marked increase in foe proportion both of the total female population and of the female population 10 years of age and over engaged in gain­ful occupations.

In Porto Rico in 1910 a smaller proportion both of the total population and of the population 10 years of age and over was engaged in gainful occupations than was the case in the United States.1 In the total male population, also, the proportion of gainful workers was smaller in Porto Rico than in the United States, due

1 See Table 2, p. 30.

largely to tlw fact that in Porto Ril'o 4,1 per cont uf the males were under 15 years CJf ago, ns agrdnst on1v 31.5 per cent in the United States. But in the mai~ population 10 years of age and over the proportion of gainful workers was larger in Porto Rico than in the United States. The proportion of gainful workers both in the total female population and in the female popu­Jation 10 years of age and over was smaller in Porto Rico in 1910 than in the United States. The fact that in J.910 in Porto Rico 41.9 per cent, while in the United States only 32.7 per cent of the females were under 15 years of age accounts partially for the lower proportion of gainful workers in the female population of Porto Rico. In Porto Rico from 1899 to 1910 there was an increase in the proportion of gainful workers, both in the total population and in the population 10 years of age and over. There was a slight increase in the pro­portion of all males, but a slight decrease in the pro­portion of the males 10 years of age and over gainfully occupied. The proportion of all females and of the females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations was larger in 1910 than in 1899.

" NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF PERSONS IN THE GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS.

United States.-Table 8 shows, for both sexes and for each sex: separately, the gainful workers in 1910 distributed by general divisions of occupations. Since, iri grouping occupations for presentation in the con­densed tables of this report, each occupation was clas­sified in that part of the industrial :field in which it is most commonly pursued, this table does not represent the total number of persons occupied in the different industries or service groups of each respective general division pf occupations, but rather the number of persons pursuing the occupations which are most common to each respective general division of occu­pations. Clerical occupations, which are not peculiar to any one of the eight general divisions, are reported here as a separate class.

According to Table 8, practically one-third (33.2 per cent) of all gainful workers in the United States in 1910 were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry; and considerably more than one­fourth (27.9 per cent) were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries. Thus, over three-filths of all gainful workers were occupied in these two general divisions of occupations. The remaining two-filths of the workers were distributed among the other seven large classes of occupations, no class furnishing employment to as many as 10 per cent of all gainful workers. For the males, as for both sexes combined, agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry gave em­ployment to the largest proportion of the gainful workers, 36.1 per cent, and manufacturing and me­chanical industries ranked second, with 29.4 per cent.

Table 8 SEX AND GE~llAL DIVISION OF OCCUPATIONS.

Number: I Per cent 1910 ~u~I.;1~.

DOTTI SEXES. All occupations................................... 38,167,336 100.0

\----1---Agrlculture, forestry, and animal h~bandry............. 12, 059, 203 33. 2 Extraction of minerals................................... 96·1,824 2. 5 Manufacturing and mechanical industries.... . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 658, 881 27. 9 Trans})Ortation.. ••..... ... . ... .................. .. ... .... 2,637, 671 6.9 Trade ............................. :...................... 3,614,670 9.5 Public sen·ice (uot elsewhere classified).................. 459,291 1. 2 Professional service....................................... 1,603,569 4.4 Dome.stic and personal service............................ 3, 772,174 9. 9 Clcricaloccupations •.••.................................. · 1,737,053 J.6

f====l'=== MALE.

All occupations................................... 30,0911 564 100.0 1----1---

Agrlculture, forestry, and animal husbandry............. 10,8511702 36.1 Extraction of minerals................................... 963, 730 3.2 Mauufacturing and mecbanical industries................ 8,837, 901 29. 4 Transportation .. ,........................................ 2,531,075 8. 4 Trade.................................................... 311461582 10.5 Pub1ic servfoe (not elsewhere classified).................. 445, 733 !. 5 Professionalservice....................................... 929,684 3.1 Domestic and per,sonal service............................ 1,241,328 4.1 Clerical occupations...................................... 1,143,829 3.8

l====I=== FEMALE.

All occupations.................................. 81 075,772 100.0 1----\---

Agriculture; forestry, an(! animal husbandr)".. . . . . . . . . . . . l, 807, 501 22.4 Elctractionofminerals................................... 1,094 (1) Manufacturing and mechanical industries................ 1,820,980 22.5

~~~~~~'.~~:~~:::::::::: ::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~;g~~ ~:~ Public service (not elsewhereclassifiecl)... ............... 13,558 0.2 Professional service....................................... 733,885 9.1 Domestic and personal sen,ice ............... _........ .. . . 2,530,846 31. 3 Clerical occupations...................................... 593,224 7. 3

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

Domestic and personal service was the principal field of employment for female workers in 1910, 31.3 per cent of them being engaged in this branch of occu­pations, as compared with 22.4 per cent in agriculture, forestry, and aninrnl husbandry, and 22 .. 5 per cent in manufacturing and mechanical industries.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 41

Because of the changes made in the classifimttion of occupations at the Thirteenth Census, it is impossible to classify the occupations for preceding censuses according to the scheme followed at the Thirteenth Census. It is possible, however, to classify the Thir-

teen th Census occupations according to the scheme fol­lowed at preceding censuses. In the following table, for purposes of comparison, the Thirteenth Census occupations are armnged according to the five general divisions of occupations followed at preceding censuses:

SEX AND GENE!tAI, DIVISION OF OCCUPATION.

_____ 1_91_0, ___ j11

1 ____ 1_000--,--___ IJ ___ ~~~-----_· _11

_____ 1sso ___ _

1 l'i;r cent I' I Per c~nt I I P•'reent I I Per cent

Table9

distrihu· Number. distrilm- i' Xum))(!r. ! di.s!ri!Ju- i Numb.'r. distribu· -----------------l-----l---ti_o1_1._ 1 t1on. i I t1un. 1 _____ 1 tion.

Number.

BOTH SEXES, All occupations .•••.•... _ ........ _ ..... _ ......... . 38, 167,336

' 100. o I 29,0'13,233-1 100.01

1

23,318,183 i 100.0 II 17.392,099 i--1-00-.0

Agricultural p~its. .. • . .•.•.....•.• .. ... .. .. . . ..... .. .. 12,51J7, 925 32. 9 10,~~1, ?95 35. 7 I Professionalserv1ce ......•.•..........................•... I l,b25,127 4.8 l,.:>H,<>dS 4.3 /

9,14S,4.4S J 3~.:l ,j 7,71:J,87o uu,:rn 4.0 1 GD3,202

4,220,1>1~ I 1s.1 1

1 :i,41s,1a:i

4-l.4 3.5

19. 7 10. 8 21.8

Domesticandpersona\service............................ .5,361,0:J:l 14.0 5,"50,Gr>i 10.2, Trade and transportation ...................... .,......... 7,005, 7;;u 19. 9 4,71'.i,9"4 16.4 1

1

3,32ti,l2~ 14.'.J ' 1,871,W'J Manufacturing and mechanical punmits.... .. •• ... ... . . .. 10,807,521 28.:J 7,0llii,309 24. 4 ,

:MALE. l=====\c==='il=====l,===1, 5,U7b,4tJ:S 24.411 a,7~·1, 7~ri

1&,a12,e51 / ioo.o 11==1=4=,7=44=,9=42=1',= ==10=0=.o All occupations ....••..... ___ .... _ .. _ ........•.... 1

__ ao_, 09_1_,_564_, ___ 1_00_. 0_11

___ 23_, 7_sa_,_sa_s_ ~'. o

8,:J78,l)():J 1~4': 7,ll(l,31i5 48.3 Agriculturalpursuits..................................... I0,7G0,875 35.8 I>rofessional service. -.. - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . • . . .. . . •. . . 1, 151, 70'J 3. 8 Domestic and personal sen·ice .... _.. ... .. . .. . . . ... . .. .. .. 2, 740, 17ii 9.1 'rrade and tranBPortation .......... __ ... ___ .... ___ ..... _ _ _ ti, 403, 378 21. 3 Mauufaeturing and mechanical puro'llils...... ............ Y,005,420 30.0

FEMALE.

All occupations .•••....... ----····- ____ .··---··--- 8, 075, 772 100. 0

iro~i~r:/~~~~: :: : : ::: : :: :: :::::::::: :: :::::::::::: Domestic and personal service ......•.............. _ ..•... Trade and transportation •......... ___ . ___ .... _ .•.•..... _. Manufaeturing and mechanical pursuits •....•.......... __

1,807 t 050_, ___ 2'J-. 4-'1 (j73,4lll 8.31

21 G20,xt;7 32.5 1,20'l,a52 14.9 1, 772,(}f.J!j 21. 9

The decrease from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of males engaged in domestic and personal service, as shown by Table 9, was due nrninly to the great de­crease in the number of "laborers (not speci:fied)"-u decrease from 2,505,287 to 1,297,408.1 In only one other occupation in domestic and personal service­"sextons "-was there a decrease during this period in the number of male workers. The marked increase from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of females engaged in agricultural pursui4; was discussed in a previous section (p. 27). The decrease in the proportion of females engaged in domestic and i)ersonal service is accounted for in part by a decrease in the number of female "laborers (not specified)" from l:l3,975 in 1900 to 19,99S in 1910,1 and in part by the great increase in the proportion engaged in agricultural pursuits and in trade and transportation. The great increase in the proportion engaged in agricultural pursuits and in trade and transportation also accounts mainly for the decrease in the proportion engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Divisions and states.-The distribution of persons engaged in gainful occupations in 1910, according to general divisions of occupations, is shown for each geographic division and for each state in Table 10 (p. 44). The proportion in each general division of occupations in 1910 is shown graphically for each state in the diagram on page 43.

This table shows that, while in the United States as a whole practically one-third of the gainful work-

1 See Table 15, p. 54.

~,404,-429 827,941

a,41Jii,2-0ii 4,203, U.17 5,i72,&U

39.6 3.5

14. 7 17.9 24.3

U:l2,l»t.i 3.3 42T>,9!7 2.9 2,5s:j,J(j} 13.2 I 2,237,493 15.2 3,097,7111 i rn.o ! 1,MS,4;c, 12.a 4,G50,540 i 21.1 I 3, 1as, mr::i 21,4

i i'i I s,319, _a9_7 ., __ 1_00_:_0 1,, __ 4,_oo_s • .,5_s_2 __ [ __ 100~-~) 2. 647, 157 _,I ___ 10_0._o

977,:!3ti 18.4 lij. 7t;(l,S!51 rn.2 11 s~,?~Q

430,W7 8.1, 31l,t\~7 7.S ! 1.,,2a.> 2,095,+19 39.4 I 1,u67,051 41.0 I r,181,aoo

Wl,3H 9.511 2'2~,421 5.7 1 !l3,0'•~ 1,312,ti!>S 24.7 Ji 1,Cl.l7,fr28 j 25.7 ! 031,034

22 • .5 (i.7

+1.6 2.4

23.8

ers in 1910 were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, this proportion varied from one-tenth in the New England and Middle .Atlantic divisions to over six-tenths in the East South Central and West South Central divisions. Only in six states-Pennsylvania, Weat Virginia, Montana, Wyo­ming, Arizona, and Nevada-did the extraction of minerals furnish employment for ai:; many as one­tenth of the gainful workers in 1910. Manufacturing and mechanical industries gave employment to almost one-half of the gainful workers in New England, to over two-fifths of those in the :Middle Atlantic di.vi- · sion, but to only about one-eighth of those in the East South Central and We:>t South Central divisions. The proportion of the gainful 'Yorkers engaged in transportation varied from 4 per cent in the East South Central to 10.3 Iler cent in the Mountain arnl Pacific divisions, while the proportion engaged in trade -varied from 5.3 per cent in the East South Central to 12.6 per cent in the Pacific division, and was much higher in the geographic divisions of the North and in the Pacific division than in the geo­graphic divisions of the South and in the Mountain division. The proportion engaged in professional service zaried from 2.G per cent in the East South Central to 6 per cent in the Pacific div'ision, and was considerably lower in each of the agricultural divi­sions of the South than in the other geographic divi­sions. The proportion engaged in domestic and per­sonal service zaried from 8.1 per cent in the \\~est South Central to 11.8 per cent in the Middle .Atlantic division; and the proportion engaged in clericill occu-

42 . 'POPULATION.

pations varied from 1.7 per cent in the East South Central to 7.1 per cent in the :Middle Atlantic division.

In the New England division almost one-half (49.1 per cent) of the gainful workers in 1910 were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries; and in each state of this division except Vermont, a larger propor­tion of the gainful workers were engaged in tills than in any other branch of occupations. Will.le only 10.4 per cent of the gainfully occupied persons in New England were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, the proportion was 26.9 per cent l.n Maine, 19.1 per cent in New Hampshire, and 34.4 per cent in Vermont.

In the Middle Atlantic division 40.6 per cent of the gainful workers in 1910 were engaged in.' manufacturing and mechanical industries, and in the state of New Jer­sey the proportion in this class of occupations was 45.8 per cent. Trade gave employment to 12 per cent of the gainful workers, domestic and personal service to 11.8 per cent, and agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry to 10 per cent. In Pennsylvania, 10.5 per cent of the gainful workers were engaged in the ex­traction of minerals.

In the East North Central division the most im­portant class of occupations in 1910 was manufactur­ing and mechanical industries, which gave employment to almost one-third (33.2 per cent) of the gainful workers. Next in importance was agriculture, for­estry, and animalhusbandry1 in which over one-fourth (25.6 per cent) of the gainful workers were employed.

In the West North Central division nver two-filths (41.2 per cent) of the gainful workers of the division were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal hus­bandry, the proportion ranging from 34.4 per cent in 1'1innesota.to 60.2 percent in North Dakota. While 20 per cent of the workers in this division were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries, the proportion varied in the states from 9.8 per cent in North Dakota to 23.6 per cent in Missouri.

More than one-half (51.4 per cent) of the gainful workers in the South Atlantic division in 1910 were engaged in agricuJture1 forestry, and animal husbandry. In Delaware and in Maryland manufacturing and me­chanical industries! and in the District of Columbia domestic and personal service, gave employment to the largest proportion of the gainful workers; but in each of the remaining states agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry was far the most important class of occupations. In West Virginia the proportion of the workers engaged in the extraction of minerals (14.4 per cent) was larger than in any of the other states except Arizona and Nevada; and, because of the loca­tion o.f the numerous Federal bureaus in the District of Columbia, the proportion of the gainful workers en­gaged in clerical occupations there (15.3 per cent) was much larger than in any state.

In the East South Central division 63.2 per cent, and in the West South Central division 60.1 per cent of the

gainfully occupied persons in 1910 were engaged in agriculture, forestry1 and animal husbandry; and in each of the states in these two geographic divisions over one-half of the gainful workers were engaged in this branch of occupations, the proportion rising to 70.4 per cent in Arkansas and to 77.2 per cent in Mis­sissippi. Only one-eighth of the gainful workers in these two divisions were occupied in manufacturing and mechanical industries in 1910.

In the Mountain division almost one-third (32.4 per cent) of the persons engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 were employed in agriculture, forestry, and animal hlLsbandry; but in the states the proportion ranged from less than one-fifth (19.5 per cent) in N eV'acla to over one-half (55.1 per cent) in New Mexico. While the proportion of the workers engaged in the extraction of minerals in 1910 was largest in the Moun­tain division, less than one-tenth (9.4 per cent) of the workers of this divi'lion were engaged in this branch of occupations. B'.owever, the proportion was 17.7 per cent in Arizona and 21.9 per cent in Nevada.

In the Pacific division in 1910, 27.2 per cent of the gainful workers were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries, and 22.6 per cent in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, thus showing that practically one-half of the gainful workers were in these two general divisions of occupations. Trade gave employment to 12.6 per cent of the gainful workers, domestic and personal service to 11.3 per cent, and transportation to 10.3 per cent.

The males engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 are distributed by general divisions of occupations for each geographic division and for each state, in Table 11 (p. 46).

Since, in the United States in 1910, males consti­tuted 85. 7 per cent of the persons engaged in agri­culture, forestry, and animal husbandry, 99.9 per cent of the persons engaged in the extraction of min­erals, 82.9 per cent of the persons engaged in manu­facturing and mechanical industries, 96 per cent of ' the persons engaged in transportation, 87,.1 per cent of the persons engaged in trade, and 97 per cent of the persons engaged in public service, the proportion of the male gainful workers engaged in each of these six general divisions of occupations conforms very closely to that for hi:>th sexes, discussed in the preceding paragraphs. Practically the only difference is that a somewhat larg~r proportion of the males than of both sexes was engaged in each of these six general divi­sions of occupations. This close similarity between all gainful workers and the male gainful workers in the proportion engaged in each of these six general divi­sions of occupations holds not only for the entire United States but for each geographic clivision and for each state. The proportion of the male workers engaged in professional service, in domestic and per­sonal service, and in clerical occupations, however, was considerably smaller than the proportion f nr ho th sexes.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 43

PROPORTION OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN EACH GENERAL lJIVISION OF OCC:FPATIOX:-::. BY STATES: 1910.

PER CENT

0 ·10 20 30 40 60 60 70 BO MISSISSIPPI

SOUTH CAROLINA

ARKANSAS

ALABAMA

NORTH CAROLINA

GEORGIA

NORTH DAKOTA

TEXAS

OKLAHOMA

SOUTH DAKOTA

NEW MEXICO

TENNESSEE

KENTUCKY

LOUISIANA

NEBRASKA

VIRGINIA

IDAHO

KANSAS

FLORIDA

IOWA

WEST VIRGINIA

MISSOURI

VERMONT

MINNESOTA

WISCONSIN

WYOMING

IN DIANA

MONTANA

MICHIGAN

OREGON

UTAH

DELAWARE

MAINE

ARIZONA

COLORADO

WASHINGTON

OHIO

MARYLAND

CALIFORNIA

ILLINOIS

NEVADA

NEW HAMPSHIRE

PENNSYLVANIA

CONNECTICUT

NEW YORK

NEW JERSEY

RHODE JSLANO

MASSACHUSETTS

DIST. OF COLUMBIA

~AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - EXTRACTION OF MINERALS

~ PllANUl=ACTURINQ AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES OJ] TRANSPORTATION

~TRADE c::::J PUBLIC SERVICE (NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED)

~PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ~CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS

ll'2J DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE

44 POPULATION.

DISTRIBUTION BY GENERAL DIVISIONS OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND

Table IO

DIVISION AND STATE.

1 United States ............................... . GEOGRAPHIC DITIS!ONS;

2 New England .................................. . 3 Middle Atlantic •••... __ .. -- __ .................. . 4 East North Central.. ........................... -

5 West Norlh Central. ... ·-·-··--·······-········-0 South Atlantic ................................. . 7 East South Central. ............................ . 8 '\Vest South Centi-al. ........................... . O Mountain ....................................... .

10 Pacific ••••••••••.......••.•••.•••....•..•..•....

11 12 13

14 15

16

NEW ENGLAND:

Maine •••••...••••.•.•..•••••.•..•••.•••.••••.•..

_New IIampshir!'l································· Vermont ....................................... . Massachusetts .................................. . Rhode Island .................................. . Connecticut .................................... .

MIDDLE ATLA1'TIC:

17 New York ...................................... . 18 New Jersey ..................................... . 19 Pennsylvania .................................. .

EAST NonTR CENTBAL:

20 Ohio ........................................... . 21 Indiana ••••....••••.........•••••.....•..•..•••. 22 Illinois ••.••..••••.•••.•.•..•.•...•..•...•.•.••.• 23 Michigan ....................................... . 24 Wisconsin ...................................... .

WEST NonTII CENTRAL:

25 Minnesota ...................................... . 26 IowB ••••.•.•..•••.••••..•..••.•.•..••••...••••.. 27 Miss our 1. .•••••••••••.••.••.••••..•...••••••...•. 28 North Dakota ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•..••• 29 South Dakota •.••••••...••••••.•.•..•.•..•..•••• 30 Nebraska ...................................... .. 31 Kansas .......................................... .

SOUTII ATLANTIC:

32 Dolawure •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33 Maryland ...................................... . 34 DlstrictofColumbia •........•..••.•.....•....••• 35 Virginia ........................................ . 36 West Virginia •.•...•....•....••................. 37 North Carolina ................................. . 38 South Carolina ................................. . 39 Georgia ........................................ . 4.(} Florida •...•••..•••..... __ ...................... .

EAST SoUTII CENTRAL:

41 :Kentucky ...................................... . 42 Tennessee ...................................... . 43 Alabama ....................................... . 4 4 M:isslssippt ..................................... .

WEST SOUTll CENTRAL:

45 Arkansas ••••••..••••.........••...•••.••..••.••. 46 Louisiana ••••••••.•.••.•••......•...••..•.....•. 47 Oklahoma •••.•.•••.•..•.••••••.•.••..••••••••••• 48 Texas .......................................... .

MOUNTAIN! 49 :Montana ••.••••...••.•.... -....•....•.•.. -..... . 50 Idaho .......................................... . 51 Wyoming ..•.•......•..••...••.•......•.•.•..... 52 Colorado ....................................... . 53 New Mex.loo .................................... . 54 Arizona ........................................ . 55 Utah ........................................... . 56 Nevada ......................................... .

PACIFIC! 57 Washington •••...•••••.•.••.•....•.........•.... 58 Oregon ......................................... . 59 Califomill ••••••••••••.••..•••••...••.••••.......

Total persons forestry, and Extraction occupied. animal hus· of minerals.

bandry.

NUMBER.

Manufacturing I and mechan- 'l'ransport.ation.

ical industries. II Agriculture I ~

38, 167, 336 ·1--12-.-6-59-,-20_3_1. __ 9_6_4_, 8_2_4_[]--1-0,-6-58-,-88_1_, 2,637,671

2, 914, 680 8,208,885 7,257,953

4.,449,043

5, 187, 7.W

3,599,605

3,507,081 1, 107, 937

1,934,333

305,457

191, 700

144,089

1,531,068 251, 901 490,462

4, 003, 844 1,074,360 a, 1ao,681

1,919,055

1,036, 710 2,296, 778 l, 112, 1198

892,412

835, 452 826, 313

1,288, 336

217, 418

219, 077 441, 114

621, 333

85,863 541, 164 157, 965

795, 568

448,490 947,839

728,627 1,160,126

322,087

866,1180 855,546

997,524

879,645

672,403 679, 183

598,629

1,556,866

178, 747

131,088

73,606 338, 724 121, 407

87,825 131, 540

44,1110

521,501 305,164

1,107,668

303, 083

820,935 1,856,935

1,832, 128

2, 668, 762

2,273,458

2,100,330 359,515

438,057

82,247 36,591

49, 599 74,GGG 12,566

47,414

378,657

80, 155 362,123

419,423

344,434

451, 2811

335,825

305, 944

287,210

354,499 457, 68.5 130,919

124,951 202,618

274,246

23,279

117, 100

1,261 3511, 420 168,257 612, 266 513, 021 734,3!\6

139, 782

455,07{) 4691 722 669, 607 679,059

473,168

348,NS 350,274

934,140

55,017

58, 118

25,186

&5, 704 66,887 22,416

37,417

8, 770

124,872 88, 114

225,071

9,078

346, 123

189, 167

81, 102

95, 2ll3 67,670 2fi,263

103, 76G 46,372

1,5'.>6 574

2,514

2,681 439

1,314

12,265 6,188

327, 670

54,WS

24,300 07, 773 W,fi02

5,994

19, 168 15, 728 26, i8S

506 4,2'>()

664 13, 998

327

7,368

77 13,218 64,496

2,102

686 3,492 3,517

21, 100 17, 580

28,906 84

4,892 1, 320

11, 775 8,276

19, 402

6, 725 ,, 713

28, 376 6, 129

Ir.,.">6S 10,019

9,8.'H

11, 4!l3

3.671 31,298

1,430,053

3, 335. 218 2, 40iJ, 647.

8&9, 521

964, 021

445,335

442, 804 216,433

625, 849

115, ;94

94, i63

44,094 774,398

141,920 2.'l.l,084

1,591, 529 492,115

1, 251, 574

702,882

310,402 754,430

362, 414 279,519

190, 927 158,107

a-03, 869 21,33'.i

25,250

751076

114,953

29,908 172,155

38,804 161,!l&'i

93, 186 158,412

93,678

142,2114 I 73,699 !

147,0021 123, 754 107, 8.54 65, 765

60,861 117,330

74,217

184.396

33,596 23,187

11,329

15. 6'l3 IS. 2'J4 31, J.t3

';, 62'.?

lliOJ 175 82,0'J~

29:4~576

188, 988

052, 862 wl,8SO

347, 913 256, 840

143,100

181, 850

114,309 19'J.il39

20,670 11, 100

8,470 105, 521

14,352

28, 770

320,48/l 93,r.At

2.38,841

1"2,!J'J9

75, ill 194,Zl6 70, 48!1 58, 454

76,230 I

65,JZ:l lll,313

13,813

12,292

36,008 53,13!

6,013

42,776

12,441

49,033 32,531

29, fiOl 17,402 46,002 20.951

42, 116 43,659

3.3, 749 23,6&'1

24,624 40, 7[t4 32,629

83.&!3

23. 9;3 U,!<l:l

IOSr.l :i2,1p.,~

9.41'.J

12.32"2 ;;, J;l~

fJ0.521 3;j,0'21

104, 2'J3

3, 614, 670

310.187

982, 270

768,797 460, 740

317, 895

190, 624 244, 748

96, 493

242,007

26,275 14,583

10,837 183, 519 27, 238

47, 735

54.5,359 12'J, 549 307, 371

201, 441

99, 676 284,r>OO 104,41-1 78, 697

86, 761

Bii,087 143, 608 17, 910

19,22.'i 46,869 61,280

7,444

61,fl.!6

20,552

52,324 27,555

39,028

25,, 710 61,430

22.206 I

00,281 59, 189 42, 743 28,411

31,372 47,896 49, 754

115, 726

13,280

1(),f'86

3,027

39,139

tJ.!.157 6.ZlO

12,979 3,395

56,923 34,3S6

151,SYS

Public serv­ice (not

elsewhere classified).

459, 291

48, 568

118, 821

781152 50,370 53, 997 22,089 28, ()06

18, 755

39,f>33

4,994 2,021 1, 945

26,888

7,157 5,563

G7, 436 15,4ii7 35,928

20, 755

10. 3&8

28,055 11, 636

7,338

9,843

7,061 14, 600 1,597 2,224

5,051 9,994

1,496 8,954 7,482

10,876

2, 797

4,839 4.228 9,710 3,615

6,1188 6,5l0 4,954 3,637

3, 748

6,311 5,420

13,427

2,692 1,223 4,527 4,349 1,248 1, 5.i"Jli 2,02".J

641

11,3!13 3,7U4

24.476

' .

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 45

OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910.

NUMBER-continued. PER CENT Dl~Tll.!BUTION.

Professional sen'ice.

Domestic and personal service. pations. and animal of minera.k mechanical tation. Tri»le. "°;'·J,;ewhere ~~~~!. personal tions. •

Clerical OCCll· forestry, Extraction turing an;l Transpor- <,·n .. r,·1~e (not I and occupa

husbandry. imlustries. . du:>0illc,l). service. ----II' Agriculture, Manufac I I ... I p blic l Profes- Domestic Clerical

1-----1----·-----1-----1 ____ , _____ ,______ -----1-----1 l l===l,=6=G3='=56=9=!===3='=77=2=,1=7=4,l===1=,7=3=7,=0=53=ll 33.2 Z.5 27.9 6.9 i---9-.5-f l.21===4=·=4=J====9=.=9=j====4=.6

6.5 lO.!l 1.71 2

3 4 5 6 7 8

9 0

11 12

13 14 15 16

17 8

19

20 21

22

23 24

25 26

27 28 29 o

31

32 3

34 35

36

37 38 39

40

41 42

43 44

45

46 47 48

49 50 51

52 53

54

55 56

57

58 5\)

141, 082

400,2·13 350, 995 232, 501 153, 923 94,287

116,967 57,384

116, 187

312, 163

965,573 66-l, 224

380,324 543, 629 300,993

284, 837 101,236 219, 195

171, 478 10. 4 586, 831 10. 0 388, 156 25. 6

174, 444 41. 2 133, 379 51. 4

62,049 63. 2 74,376 60.l

106,:m 22.6 40, 046 I 32. 4

1------1------1------1 15, 123

8,356 7,334

i7, 829 10,327 22,113

221, 168

48,039 131,036

93,185 48, 777

115, 184 51,564 42,285

42,637

49,807 60,488

9,851 10,835 25,469 33,414

3,447

23,474 12,605

25,552

17,443

20,336 13,221

27,658 10, 187

30, 119 27,042

20, 512 16,614

17,348

18, 094 25,883 55,642

7,807 6, 732 2,892

21,097 4,675 3,818 7,882 2,481

29,364

17,370 69,453

28,694

17.944 15,235

176,329

24,076 49,885

535,894 123, 206 306,473

174,059 84,452

232,814 91,689 81,210

82,510 64,842

125, 760 17,318

16,029 32,939 40,926

10,032 78,820

40,542 102,841

32,315

70, 676 53, 746

113,886 40, i71

81,264 88,621 76,054 55,054

·42, 173

80, 173

36,883 125, 608

17, 395

9,3!4 5,596

35, 5ll8 8,458

8,330 10,850 5,695

51, 736 27,307

140, 152

10, 095

5,675 4,061

109,237 13,826 28,584

331,056 86, 110

169,665

!i9, 713

38,570 168,428

48,474 32, 971

40, 166 26,059 64, 225 4, 165 4,021

16,420 19,388

3,917 28,871 24,201

• 20,419 9, !IOO

10, 579 6,935

21, 198

7,359

22,080 19, 469

13, 145 7,355

8,217 18, 557

11, 794 35,808

I a,580 I 3,340 i 1,597

16,824 2,047 2,915

6,408 1,334

I

25, 110 I 13, 433 67, 751

26. 9 19.1

34. 4 4.9 5.0 9. 7

9.5 7.5

11.6

21.9

33.2

:::1 34.4 42.9

35.5 60.2

57.0 45.9 44.1

27.l

21.6 0.8

45.2 37.5 64.6

70.4 63.3 43.4

52.5

&4.9

67.1 77.2

70.4 51.3 58.5 60.0

30.8 44.3 34.2 25.3

55.l 25.5

28.4 19.5

23.9 28.9

20.3

(1)

(!)

O.:l

4.2

2.6

1.8 1.8 1.9

0.7 9.4

2. 4

0.5 0.3

1. 7 0.2 0.2 0.3

0.3

0.6 10.5

2.8 2.3 3.0 3.3 0.7

2.3 1.9 2.1

0.2 1.9 0.2 2.3

0.4 1.4

l. 7 14.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.1

2.4 2.1 2.9

0.7 0.2 2.0 0.5

10.9 5.1

10.5 8.4 5.0

17. 7 7.6

21.9

2.2

1.2 2.8

4U.1

40.6 a:i.2 20.0 18. ti 12.4

12.6 19.5

27.2

37.9 49.4 30.6

50.6 56.3 52.8

39.8

45.8 40.0

36.6 29.9 32.8

32.6

31.3

22.9

19.1 23.6

9.8 11.5

17.0 18.5

34.8 31.8

24.6 20.3 20.8

16. 7 12 9 12.3 22.9

17.1 14.5 10.8 7.5

9.9 17.3 12.4 11.8

18.8 17. 7 15.4

22.3

12.9

20.8 23. 7 17.0

28.8

26.9 26.5

8.0 12.0 1.4 7.6

•. 8 5.0 4.0 5.2

10.3 10.3

6.8 5.8 5.9 6.9 5. 7 5.9

s.o 8. 7 7.6

8.0

7.3 8.5 6.3 6.6

9.1

7.9 7.1 6.4 5.6 8.2 8.6

7.0 7.9 7.9 6.2 7,3 3.1

2.4 4.0 6.5

4.9 5.1 3.4 2. 7

3.7 6.0 5.5 5.4

13.4 9.0

14. 7 9.5

7.7 9.9 9.4

11.4

11.6 11.5

9 .. q

10.6 10. 4 6.1 5.3 7.0 !>.7

12.6

8.6 7.6

12.0 10.8 9.7

13.6 12. l 9.8

1().5

9.6 12. 4

9.4 8.8

10.4 10.3 11.1 8.2 8.8

10.6 ll.9

8.7 11.4 13.0 6.6 6.1 4.1 3.5

5.3 6.9

7.0

6.9 4.3

3.2

4. 7

7.1

s.a l 7.4

7.4 8.1 5.3

11.6 5. 7 7.1

9.9 7.6

10.11 11.3 .13.7

1.1

1.1 1.0 0.6 0.8

1. 7 l 2.0

1.6 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.8 1.1

1. 7 1.4 1.1

1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8

1. 2

0.9 1.1 0.7 1. 0 1.1

1.6

1. 7 1. 7 4.7 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1

0.8 0.8 0.5

0.4

0.6 0.11 0.9 0.11

1.5

0.9

6.2 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.4

2..2

1.2 2.2

• Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

4.8 4.9 4.8

5.2

3.0 2.6

3.3 5.2

6.0

,5.0

4A 5.1

5.1 4.1 4.5

5.5 4.5 4.2

4.9

4.7 5.0 4.6 4. 7

5.1

6.0 4.7 4. 5

4.9 5.8

5.4

4.0 4.3 8.0 3.2 3.9 2.1 1.8

2.4

3.2

3.5

3.2 2.1 1.9

2.6

2.7 4.3

3.6

4.4

5.1 3.9

6.2 3.S 4.3 6.0 5.5

5.6

5.7 6.3

10.7 11.8

9.2

8.5 10.5 8.4 8.1 9.1

11.3

9.4

9.4 10.6 11.5

- 9.6 10.2

13.4 11.5 9.8

9.1 8.1

10.1 8.2

9.1

9.9 7.8 9.8 8. 0 7.3 7.5 6.6

11.7 14. 6 25. 7 12.9 7.2

7.5 7.4 9.8

12.7

9.4 10.4 7.6 6.3

6.3

11.8 6.2 8.1

9.7 7.1

7.6 10.5 7.o 9.5 8.2

12.7

9.9 8.9

12.7

5.9 7.1

5.<I 3.9

2.6 1.7 2.1

3.6 5.5

3.3 3.0 2.8 7.1 5.5 5.8

8.B 8.0 5.4

5.2 3.7

7.3 4.4 3.7

4.8 3.2 5.0 1.9 1.8 3. 7 3.1

4.6 5.3

15.3 2.6 2.2 1.1 1.0 1.8

2.3

2.5 2.3 1.3

0.8

1.2 2.7 2.0 2.3

3.1 2.5 2.2

5.0 1. 7 3.3 4.lt 3.0

4.8 4..4 ~.1

46

2

3 4

5 0

7

8 0

10

11

12 13

14

15

16

17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24

25 20 '}.7

28 20 30 31

32

33

34

35 36

37 38 30 40

41

42

·13

H

45 46 47

48

49 50

51 52

53

54

55 56

POPULATION.

DISTRIBUTION BY GENERAL DIVISIONS OF MALES 10 YEARS OF .AGE AND

Table 11

DIVISION AND ST.A.TE. Total males

oooupied.

NUMBER.

animal nus- of mlncral~. and mechan- Transportation. '.l'ra1.Je. I PulJiic serv· I ice (not ' elsewhere

classified). I fo~i~r~:~~~i I Extraction I Manufacturing I I

bandry. 1

ical indu~tries. I UnttedStates ................................

1!---30-,0-9-1,-5-64-1

1 10,8~~) 963,730) ll,837,901 2,531,0751--3-,-14-6.-5-82-I

GEOGRAPIDC DIVISIONS: I ,1·· 219?., 5"" ' 9, O"i 1 I 1, 0"18, "11'' l"", '"l New:Engl:md ................................... ; 2,1391529 _,,,, , """" 2Gu,104

445, 733

47,483 Middle Atlantic ................................. ' 6, 380, 198 790,.192 315 ,7ti6 2, 678, 4w 626, 706 840, 341 EastNorthCentraL. ............................ 1 5,9i5,363 1,790,508 188,&H 2,068,128 523,851 fi.54,405 WestNorthCentral. ............................ 1 3,758,603 1, 7i1,155 80,998 i65,2'<l8 33!1 fi09 ·106,871

SouthAtlantic .................................. 1 3,797,257 2,025,972 95,1/G 790,0H 250,155 283,2-19 EastSouthCeutral.. ............................ · 2,559,000 1,714,621 67,621 381,059 138,482 li2,002

West South Central.............................. 2, 766, 782 1,689,898 26,225 401,5i4 175, 620 222,691 Mountain........................................ 967,924 346,000 ) 103,694 HH,'.lfiO ll11 2U8 85,917 Pacific._......................................... 1,552,818 424,531 46,315 479,745 192,787 214,942

NEW EINGLAND;

Jifolne .......................................... . New Hampshire ................................ . Vermont ...................................... .. Massachusetts .................................. . Rhode Island ................................... ·\ Connecticut. .................................. _ •

1 MIDDLE .ATLANTIC: I

~:: ~%!~::::: :: : : : : : : ._ ._ ._._ :::: :: :: :: ::: ::-. : : : ._ :\ Penruyh·ania .................................... /

EAST N DRTII CENTRAL: i Ohlo ............................. -............... 1

~::~~·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::! Michigan ........................................ ! 'Visconsin ...................................... .

'WEST NORTH CENTRAL:

Minnesota .......... _ ........................... . Iowa .•• - ...................................... .. Missouri. ....................................... . North Dakota .................................. . South Dakota .................................. . Nebraska ...................................... .. Kansas ......................................... .

SOUTH ATLANTIC:

Delaware ....................................... . Maryland ............................. : ......... . District of Columbia ........................... .. Virginia ............... - ........................ . We.st Virginia .................................. . North Carolina ........ _ ....................... .. South Carolina ................................ .. Georgia ••••.•.•.•••.•.•..••.•.••••...•••......... FIO'fida ......................................... .

EAST SbUTH CENTR.A.L:

Kentucky ...................................... .

rl'onnessee . ..... ,. ............ --- .............. -~ -- ·-· -··. -- . - .. . Alabama ....................................... . :Mississippi.. .................................... .

\VEST SOUTH CENTRAL;

Arkansas ....................................... . Louisiana ...........•...•........•..•.......•.•.• Oklahoma ...................................... . Tc.xas .......................................... .

MOUNT.A.IN:

Montana ....................................... . Idaho ........................................... .

~~:;:;·_······························· I Utah .......... - ............................... .. Nevada ......................................... .

1'.!.CIFIC:

Washington .................................... . Oregon ......................................... . California ........................................ i

I

242, li5 143,363

115, 781 1, 080, 767

186, 902

370,481

3,020, 158 834, 7!J;j

2,-525,215 j

1,572,3-13 i S81i,9i9

l, 85<', 422 92tl,ll15

729,804

689, S.17 G94, 799

1, 076, 772

188, 312

190,363 377,811 540,&3\l

68,317

410,&84 105,(!J4

62!i, SGS 301,3110

674,8491 466, 704 807, 1&5

248,92-011

710,36911 682,248

683, 104 I 574,279 I 510,410

501,574 1i20, 370

1,228, 422

159, 896 118,050

67,593 285; 033 106, 418

77, 236 113, 113

40,535

465,375

26·1, 691

932, 752

79,619 35,105

481 105 71, 873 12,0il 45,662

3115, fJ.)2

76,8171 3·18,0J3

40fi,5.J2

335, G09

4:!8, 995 325,356 2<.J0,006

2i·J,539

344, 9-12

441, 431 120,054

119, 701

19'-, 096 267,302

22, 191 111, G86

1,217

323,052

15(),154 Hf),361

321, 771 523, 471 lH,059

424,357

4M, 792 4,JO, 820

437,&!3

358, i97 262, 141 319,139

749,821

53,2·10 56,479

24,filfi

81,554

63, 457

21,fllO

36,500 8,5t14

121,311 85, 472

217, 748

1,55G 574

2,514

2,679 438

1,310

12, 133 fi, 179

3271 454:

.H,·!92 /

21,293 6i, 708 3U13S2

5,9S9 I

19, 162 15, 715

26, 752 506

4,228 663

13,972

327

7,3021

<7 I 13,211

64, 436

2,087

G81

3,489 3,506

21,091

17,572 28,874

8-l

4,8S9

1,317 11, 764

8,2.~

19,300

6, 721

7,109 28,352

6, 123 15,558

10,014 9,827

11,394

3, fk}i 1 31, 254

9-3,343

ro,arn 37,153

571,&J3

102,346

203, 727

1, 242,506

400,,ll2

1, ()3;3, 497

5091 UGO 2;-1, 315

uH,396

313,403

239,054

Hi.5,068 133, 641 257_, 407 18, 979 22,353 !lii, 450

102,310

2.'i,.523 13.3,062

31, '.i56 135,988 84, 722

123, 454

12, 770 117,530

65,Z:l9 \

120,822 106,250

94, 742

59,215

61; 1aa 104, 749 68,370 i

16'>, 722 \ I

31, 7,<;1)

21,&91 10,'.i.58 68,1\lil

12,450 15,056

~.783 ';J237

i 140,8931

75_,372 2.i3, 4ffi

19, !J37 10, 777 8,03~

100, 486 13, 156

27,001

305,877 9fJ,fJfi9

230,lGO

U5,300

71,810 183, 927 66,485

56,2.39

'i3,383 61,!128 86,623 13,304

ll, 776 34,132

li0,463

5,8i(i 41,655 11, 784 47,{}/0 31,5~1

28,912 l~,9.51

44,828

20,505

40,307 42, 1;2

:32J9'i6 23,027

23,8:39 :{0,822

31,334

80,031

23,596 11, 482

lfl, 'i32 30, 719

9,253 8,5'67

11,828 5,031

58, 706 31,029

100,052

22,9.59

12,860 ll,Mll

156,039

23, 430 41,167

469,476

113, 123 257, 742

170,947 87,043

241,319

89,241

65,915

75,498

74, 983

126, 943 16,535

17,364 41,612

53, 936

6,099 52,311

17,28-1 47,410 24,662 35, 792 23,402

56,082

20,267

.52, 776 54,228 39, 074 25,924

2.~,678

42,863

45, 4()1

1%, 749

11;8.59 9,572

3,572

34,553

tl,417

5,729

11,087 3,128

50,863

30,416 133, 663

lW,853

75,974 48,036 52, 184

21,085 27,672 17,809

38,637

4,767

1,910

1,845 26,417

7, 104 5,440

GG,502 15,249

35, 102

20,222 10,028

27,402 11,292

7,038

9,503

6,579 H, 158

1, 417 2,037

4, 735 9,607

1,474

8,773 7,192

10,580

2,636

4,565

4,087

9,425 3,452

6,667

6,328

4, 731

3,3&9

3,531 6,099

u,llU 12,\132

2,559

1,052 4,455 4.,lOl

1,173 l,507 2,370

592

11,l!l? 3,587

23, 923

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 47 OVER ENGAGED IN. GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY DIVISIONS A:N'D STATES: 1910. ==;=================================~-"""==""~=-~--=-~-~=c-======~==-==~===============~====~-~-,:======-======'-=~~-~-=-·-~--~---===

NUMBER-rontinue<l. I PER CEST n1>rr1unur1os.

2

3 4

5

6

7

8 9

10

~----,.--==----,-.---==-l-====--.----·-:-==-==-;-----.---·==-----~==---cc--==--

1 I' Agrleulture, ( I Manufac- ! ' ( Public : l'ror~.··- Domestic 1

1

--1.1, 1 .. 1 Professional Domo>lic an<l Clerical occu- forestry, I Extra~tlon turing awl I Transpor- I 1 scrvi<c rnot '"' and ·er"" service. ~~~~~:.1 patious. and animal of mineral,;. 'i mecl1ani..al 1 tation. '·i. 'frade. I elsewhere I .siur!al personal 11<'!'11P3·

, husbandry. industries. i da;oifie<IJ. , sen-ic-e. . service. tions.

___ 929,61!4 ·-1,-2-41-,s-za-1

·--1.-1-43-,s-2_9, lj as.1 I u I tt.4j ___ s_,.4_1 ____ 10-.-&1-- u ,---a.~(~-! --;~

==71=.=54=3~l====,=95"',9=2=2I 97,512 13.7 0.41- 50.41 - 8.4!===12=.=41=·=" 2.2 ,= 3.31= 4.5=·==~ 4.:

232,216 351,534 39!,825 12.4 5.4 42.0 1 9.8! 13:2 l.l!\ 193, 836 230, 085 243, l.i52 30. 1 3. 2 34. 6 8. 8 11. 0 1. 3 l 113,344 130,301 111,081 47.l 2.2 20.4 8.8 10.8 l.3i 87,246 115,654 97,577 53.4 2.5 20.8 6.u 7.5 1.4 i 56,101 62,957 45,162 61.5 2.5 14.3 5.2 6.5 0.8 i 71, 248 88, 087 57' 761 61. 2 o. 9 14. 5 6. 4 i 8.1 1. 0 1

3.6 3.2 3.0 2. 3

:l.1 2.6 3.6 4.2

5. 6 3.9 3.5 3.0 2.4 3.2 4.7

7.1

G.2 4.1 3.0 2.6

1. 7 2.1 2.Y

4.2 34, 815 45, 879 27, 042 3i:i.7 HJ.7 ~l.1 11. 51 8. 9 I 1. 8 i 69,335 117,009 G8,G17 2.'i.7 2.8 2"J.O 11.7 13.0 2.3)

11 i----n-.-71-4-i----7-,83-. _1_, ____ 5,-4-49-;111-==--3-2.-9-:----0-.-6 1 ____ 3_8_. s .. ,:-==--s.-2_, ____ 9.-s \,---2-.0-,:-==-2-. s-:1----a-.-2·!---2-. 3

12 a,&;s 4,m 3,1a1 i 21.5 o.4 49.o 1.5 9.o I 1.a 2.1 l a.3 2.~

13 a,:m 2,884 2,240 I 41.6 2.2 a2.1 6.9 s.a 1.6 2.s 2.s i.9 14 40,500 55,749 61,131 ! 6.6 0.2 52.6 9.2 14.4 2.4 3.7 ~.1 5.6 15 5,541 8,370 7,9061 6.7 0.2 56.6 1.6 12.9 3.9 3.1 ·l.6 4.~ 16 11,576 lG,343 17,655 12.3 0.4 55.0 7.5 11.1 1.5 3.1 ~.t ~-8

17 18

19

20 21 22 23

24

15 26 27 28 29 30 31

32 33

34

35 36

37 38

39 40

41

42 43

44

45 46 47 48

49

50 51 52

53 54

55 56

57 58

59

128,217 28, 118

75,881

54,208

28,855

65, 152 25,845 19, 7i6

19,458

20,943 34,972 4,564

5,047

11, 725 16,635

l,913 13, 700 8,0ifi 13,~51

10,070

10, 728

6,868 15,409

6,231

18,587 16,291

12,ZSS 8,935

11,193 10,332 16,183 33,540

4,567 4,253 1, 751

12,221

2, 86li 2,610 4, 783 1,765

17,933 10,264 41, 138

212,925 45,089

96,520'

57~274

28,355 89,499

2'.l, 731 25,226

27,867 20,811 45,419

4,247

5,494

12,059 14,404

2,245

20,846

ll,900 20,2so 9,026

12,009

9,052

20,503

9,793

19,000

19,403 13,411

10,243

11,523 lS,923

15,116 4'2,52.5

B,950 4,496

2,813 H,403 3,154 4,28!)

4,353 3,424

26,357 13,490 78,002

I 2rn,s10 I 59,109 I

ns,846 I I

G3,308 II 23,671

107,024 29,080 20,569

25,369

15,257

43,067

2,766

2,363 10,339

11,920

2,600 21, 489 15, 758

1.1,016 7,2f'){}

<,941

5,212 16,448

5,784

14,8!12 14,212

10,269 5,819

6,227

18,328

7,959

28,247

3,9461 21301 .i 1,197 I

10,987

1,526 2,323

4,395

967

16, 791 j 8,394

43,432

12.1 9.2

13.8

25.11 38. l

23.5

35.1

39. 7

39.8

49.6

41.0 66.9 62.9 52.2 49.5

32.5 27.2

1.2

51.5 i 40.4 I

66.6

69.8

6-1.9 45.8

59.0

59.5

65.4 76.2

70.3 52.3 61.3

61.0

33.3 47.8

36.4

28.6

59.0 28.0

32.3 21.1

26.6

32.3 23.3

(1)

0.4

o. 7 13.0

3.5 2. 8 3.6 3.11, 0.8

2.8 2.3 2.5 0.3 2.2

0.2 2.6

0.5

1. 8

0.1 2. 1

16.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 1. 4

2.9

2.6 4.2

1.0 0.3 2.3 0.7

12.1 5. 7

11.4

9.9

5.8 20.1 8.9

24.2

2.5 1.4 3.4

41.1 48.0

41.0

38. 2 30.8 M.5

33.S 32.8

23.9 19.2 23.9 10.1 11. 7 17.3 18.9

37.4 32.4 30.2

21. 7 21.5 ls: a 15.8 14.6

26.2

16. 8 15.6 13.9 10.3

12.l 20.9 13.1 13.6

19.9

18.4

15.9 i 23.91 11. 7 19.5

24.6

17.9 \ I

30.9 J

28.5 I

2S.2 ! I

10.1 10.9 9.1

9.2 8.2 9.9 7.2 7. 7

10.6 8-9 s.o 7.1 6.2 9.0 9.3

8.6 10.1 11.2

7.7 8.0 4.3

3.7 5.6

8. 3

5.6

6.2 4.8 4.0

4. 7

1-9 6.0 6.6

14.8

9. 7 15.9 10.s 8. 7

11.l 10.5 12.4

12.9 12.9 10. 7

t Less than one-tenth of 1 per cant.

15.5 13.6

10.2

10.9

9.9 12.9 9.6 9.0

10.9 10.8

ll.8 8..8

9.1 11.0 10.0

8.9 12.7 16.5 7.6 6.2 5.3 5.1 6.9

8.1

7.3 7.9

5. 7 4.5

5.6 8.5 8. 7 8.6

7.4 &.1 li.3

12.1 6.0 7.4 9.8 7.7

11.2. 11.5 14.3

2.2 LS 1.4

1.3 1.1

1~5

1.2

1.0

1.4

0.9 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.S

2.2 2.1 6.8

1.7 0.7 o. 7 0.9 1.2 1.4

0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6

0.7 ·1.ll 1.0 J.1

1.6 0.9

6.6 1.4 1.1 2.0 2.1 1.5

2,4

1. 4 2.6

4.2 3.4

3.0

3.4 3.3 3.5 2.8 2. 7

2.8 3.0 3.2 2.4 2. 7 3.1 3.1

2.S 3.3 7. 7 2.1 2.8 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.5

2.6 2.4 1. g

1. 6

2.2 2.1 3.1

2.7

2.9 3.6 2.6 4.3 2. 7

3A

4.2 t.4

3.11 3.9 4.4

7.1 5., 3.S

3.6 3.2 4.8 3.2

3.5

l.O 3.0 {.2

2.3 2.11

3.2 2~ 7

3.3 5.1

11.3 3.2 2.3.

1.8 2.0 2.5 3.9

2.8 u 2.0 1.8

2.3 l!.S

2.9 3.5

5.6 3.8

4.2 5.1 3.0 5.5 3.8 8.4

5.8 5.1 8.4

7.2

7.1 4.7

4.0 2. 7 5,7 3. l

2.3

3.7 2.2 4.0

1.5 1.:1

').. 7 2.2

3.9 5.2

15.0 2.4 1.8 1. 2 1.1 2.0 2.3

2.1 2.1 L5 1.0

1. 2

3.1 1.5

2.3

2.5 l.9 1.8 3.ll

1.4 3.0 3.8 2.4

3.7 3.2 4.7

48

2

3 4 5 !l 7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19

20 21

22

23 :24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40

41 42 43

44

45 46 47 48

49 50

51 52 53 54 55 58

57 58 59

POPULATION.

DISTRIBUTION BY GENERAL DIVISIONS OF FEM.ALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND

Table 12

DIVISIOJ;' AND STATE. Total females

oecu]Jied.

Agriculture, forestry,

and animal husbandry.

NUMBEI\,

•rradc. Puhlic serv•

ice (not elsewhere clnssiJlecl).

Extraction 11!~~u~=g !Transportation. of minerals. ical industries.

~~~~~~~~1~~~~~-11~~~~~-1-~~~~, --~~~~-1-~~~~

United States................................ 8,075,772 1,807,501 1,09<1. 1,820,980 I 106,596 468,088 13,5G8 GEOGRAPHIC DIVJ.SIO:Ns: l======ll:======l~=====l======oi======I'== -

New England .................................. . Middle Atlai1lic •...........•..................•.

East North Central. ............................ . West North Central.. .......................... . South Atlantic ................................ _. East South Central ............................. . West South Central. ............................ . Mountain .••••....•.•.•..••.••••..•.•.....•.••••• Pacilio •.•....•................••.......•.........

NEW ENGLANll:

Maine .......................................... . New Ham]Jshim ................................ . Vermont. ...................................... . Jlfassachusetts .................................. . Rhode Island .............................. _ .... . Connecticut .................................... .

MIDDLE ATLANTIC:

NewYork ...................................... . New Jersey .................................... .. Pennsylvania ................................... .

EAST NoRTI! CENTRAI.!

Ohio ............................................ . Indiana ........................................ .. Illinois ........................................ .. Michigan ...................................... ..

Wi5consin ..................................... .. WEST NORT!! C!lNTllAL:

M!Imesota ...................................... . Iowa ........................................... .

. Missouri. ....................................... . North Dakot:> .................................. . South Dakota ....•.••...........•.•..•.....•.•.• Nebraska ....................................... . Kansas ......................................... .

SOUTH ATLANTIC:

Delaware ....................................... . Maryland •...•.... _ ............................ .. District or Columbia ............................ . Virginia ........................................ . West Virginia .................................. . North Carolina .......... _ ...................... . South Carolina ................................. . GeorgiJl ......................................... .

Florida ......................................... . EAST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Kentucky ...................................... . Tennessee ...................................... . AID.bama ....................................... . Mississi]JJl i ...................................... .

WEST SOUTif CENTRAL:

Arkansas ...................................... .. Louisiana .......... _ ........................... ·. Oklahoma ..................................... .. Ta.xas .......................................... .

MOUNTAm':

Montana ........................... __ ........... . Idaho ........................................... . '\"'yomit1g .. ________ ., _____ ------------------ .. , _. _ Colorado ........................................ . New M11.""<icO ................................... .. Arizona ....................................... .. Uta.h .......................................... .. Nevada •.........................................

PACIFIC:

Washington ..................................... . Oregon ......................................... . California .. __ .................. - ............... • ·

775, 151 1,828,687 1,2821 UDO

G00,440 1,390,472

940,605 746,299

140, 013 281,515

63,282

48,340 28,308

444,301 70,939

119,981

983,686 239, 565 605, 4.'!6

346, 712 155, 731 481,356

186,183

182,608

145,605

131, 514 f ·

211,564

29,046

28, 714 63,303

B0,694

17,546 lB0,280

52,921 168, 700 54,100

272,990

267, 833 352, 941 73, 161

147,611 173,298 314,330 305,360

161,993

177,609 78,253

328,·144

18,851 13,038 6,013

53, 641 15,079

10,589

18,427 4,375

66, 126 40,473

1?4, 916

10,558. 30, 443 60, 427 60, 973

642, 790 558,837

416,432

13,515

13,526

2,628

1,396 1,434 2, 793

495

1,812

13,055 3,308

14,080

12,881

S,845 12,294

10,469 15, ll38

12,671 9,557

16,254

4,865

5,250 5,522 6,854

1,088 5,414

44 36,358

9,113

162,005 191,250

210,895

25, 723

30, 713 63, 930

222, 778 241,416

114,371

88,607 31, 135

184,311)

1, 777 1,639

580 4,150 3,430

816 917 200

S,561 2,642

7,323

7 357 303

104

107 49

38

72 57

2 l 4

132 g

216

106 7

65

120 5

6 13

36

22

1 26

6

7 60

15

5 3

11

9 8

32

3

3 11· 21

12

4 4

24

6 10 5 7

9 4

.14

351, 335 &>6, 753 341, 519 124, 313

173, 97i

64,276

41.,230

21,473

46, 104

22, 4(il

24,447 6, 941

202,065 39,574 55,357

34.8, g73 91, 703

216,0i?

102,922

39,087 110,034

49,011 40,465

25,859

24,466 46,462

2,380 2, Sll7 ll,626

12,643

4, 381i 39,093 7,048

25,SW 8,464

34,958 :20, 908 24, 764

8,460

27,140

17,004 13,112

6,520

5,128 12,681

5,847 17, 674

1,807

1,493

571 7,386 3,233 3,238 3,300

385

9,282 6, 726

30,096

8,337

26,156

28,029 lG,304 6, 1)85

4,708

6,224

3,101

7,052

742 419

436 5,035

596 1, 109

14, 603 2,872

8,681

7,009 3, 901

10, l!OO 3,995 2,215

2,847 3,195 4,600

509 516

1,876 2,871

137 1,121

857 1,063

ll47

68\l 451

1,264 356

1,809 1,487

773 639

185 1132

l,2!l5 3,212

as2· a<il 107

1,3611 160 131 4114 107

1.819 !f.!'J

4,241

44, 083 141, 938

114,332

53, 869 34, 646 18,622

22,057 10,576

27,965

3,316

1, 723 1, 188

27,480

3,808 6,568

75,883

16,426

49,629

30,494 12,633 43,2ro 15, 173

12,782

11,263 10,104 16,665

1,376

1,861

5,257

7,344

1,345 9,335 3,268

4, 914. 2,953

3,236

2,308 5,848 1, Q3{I

7,505 4,961 3,600 2,487

2,694

5,033 4,353 9,977

1,421 l,\)U,.

355 4,SS<I

MO fiOl

1,892 267

6,000 I 3.970

17,93.> t

1,085 1, 968 2, 178 2,331 1, 813 1,004

1,234

946 096

m 111 100 471

53 123

934 208 826

533 340

603 344 308

34.0 482 442 180

187 316

387

22

181 200 296 161 274 141

285 163

321 182 223 278

217 212 310 495

133 171

72 248 75

48 150 49

268 177 ;:;53

OCCUPATION STATISTICS.

OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. =:===========cc===-=====-··-=·"'-'··-=-==···=-··===-=··=-·==--=··=·==· ·=· =··=cc.c·c.~=--

! NUMBEil--<Jontinued.

1~~~~~--,,--~~~~--,--~~--1~~~~-,-~---,-~~~--,~-~~-,-~~----,-------c---~---~~~-,-~--

Professional service. Personal ·· Tr lp "Irr•· l an or-t·11p·1·

Dome~tic and I . i Agricult.ure, I · I Man11f11l•- I I I I'nl•li•• ser-1 1 1·. Domestic I Cl"r.l""l Clerical occu· 1 forestry, Extraction turin~ :lll'l I 'l'r:n1·;r,,,r- ., i o 1'not '_rofes- d ' cu

service. pations. andanim.al 1 orn1incra.l~ .. Jnpr·h::.rnic·~1l \1 tu1iuu. a'.,. Pl t'i\lhl1re · 1 •• ·'. • perronnl ·r ~·

husbandry. 1

industri1:.1. . I 1

1l1 sjfir• 1 ). St't\ tt·c. ! servke. t1 JD.::..

1 733,885 2,530,8~8 I 593,2241---2-2.-:1--(-,)--1· 22.51 ·--~I ···-;:; - ~ 1---~ 31.31--~

2 !====69=,=53=9=!====2=16=.=24=1=:====7=3=,9=,,,=, 1 1.41= -~;-=:.~::1=- :~1-=-=- "·. 0.1 ==--:~:1 ;.~-·-~: 3 168,027 Gll,039 192,000 1.7 I ('J 35.9 1.4 7.S 0.1 9.2 I &1.4 J[).5 4 157, 159 434,139 144,504 4. 7 (1) 21;.ll 2. 2 8.9 0.2 12.3 33.8 11. :; 5 119,157 250,023 63,3l>3 8.8 (I) lR.O 2.4 7.S 0.3 17.3 36.2 t'2 6 oo, 677 421, 975 35, so2 40. 2 I <' i 12." o . .'i 2. 5 o. i 4. s 30. s 2. 6 7 38,186 238,036 16,887 59.4 (.') 0.8 0.5 2.0 0.1 4.1 25.3 1.8 s 45, 719 196, 750 16, 615 55. 8 (') 5. 5 o. 8 3. o o. 2 6.1 I 2().. 4 2. 2 9 22,569 55,357 12,404 9.7 0.1 15.:l 2.2 7.G I O.i 16.1 i 39.5 ~-9

10 46,852 101,286 37,!iii 4.8 (') Hi.4 2.ti ~.9 I 0.4 16.6 i 3fl.O i:!.4

11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19

20 21

22 23 u

25 26 27 28

29 30 31

32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39

40

41

42 43

44

45 46

47 48

49

50 51 52

53 54

55

56

57

58 59

8,409 4,501 4,037

37,269 4, 786

10,537

92,951 19,921

55,155

38,977 19,922 60,032

25, 719 22,509

23,179 28,864 25,516

5,287 5,788

13, 744 16, 779

1,534

9, 774 4,529

12,201 6,473

9,608

6,353 12,249

3,956

11,5.12 10, 751

8,224

7,679

6,155 7,762

9,700 22,102

3,240

2,479 1,141 8,876

1,810 1,208

3,099 716

11,431

7,106

28,315

20,8i.i3

13, 1!)9

12,351 120,580 15, 706 33,542

322,969 78, 117

209,953

116, 785

56,097 143,315

61,958 55,984

54,643

44,031 80,341

13,071 10,535 20,880 ~,522

7, 787 57, 974 28,642

82, 501 23,289

58,6ti7 44, 694 93,383

30,978

61,364 69,218

62,643

44,811

30,650

61,250

21,767

83,083

8,445 4,848

2, 783 21,165

5,304

4,044

6,497 2,271

25,379

13, 817

62,090

32446°-14.-4

4,646 2,544 1,821

48, lOG

5,920 10,929

114, 186 27,001 50,819

36, 405 14, 899 61,4Q-I

19,394

12, 402

14, 797 10,802 21, 158 1,399

1,658

6,081 7,468

1,248

7,382 8,443

5,40.1 2,6·!0

2,m~

1, 723

4, 750 1,575

7,218 5,257 2,876 1,536

I 1,990 I a,229 I a,835 I 7,5!11 i

i 1,634 I 1,039 i

400 I 5,837 !

521 I 593 !I

2,0131 3(17 i

I 8,3191' 5,039

24,319 ·i

4.2 , ••••••...•••. 2.9 ,. •.••••••.•••

5.1 ••••••.....•. 0.6 0. 7 1.5

1.3 1.4 2.3

3. 7

5. 7 2.9 5.6

9.s I

8.7 7.3 7. 7

(l)

(l)

(')

(l) (I)

(1)

(I)

(l) (I)

(1) (I)

(1)

0.1

16. 7 ............. . 18.3 8.i 8.5

(1)

(I)

0.1

6.2 ............ . 4.2 (1)

0.1 ··-·········· 21.G

IG.S

•i. 4 I 59.S

35.2

20.8 36.U

70.9 79.1

70.6

48.8 39.8 56.1

9.4 12. t}

9.6

i. 7 22.7 7.; 5.0 4. 7

5.4 ti.5

4.2

(I)

(')

(') (')

(') (I)

(') (I)

(l)

0.1

0.1

0.1 (I)

(1)

0.1 (1)

0.2

35.5

50.6 2·1.5

45.6

55.8 46.l

35.5 38.3 35. 7

2<J. 7

25. l

25 . .5

2G.3 2!.9

17.8 18. 6

22.0

8.1 10.1 15. 2 15. 7

25.0

30.0 13.3 15.4 15.6 12.S

7.8 7.0

11.6

18. 4

10. l

4.2

2.1

3.2 7.1

7.5 5.4

9.6 11.5

9.5 13.8

21.4 30.li

18.2 8.8

14.0

16. 6

17.'2

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

I r.21 0.9, 1.5 1.1

0.8 0.9

1. 5

1. 2 1.4

2.2

2.5 2.4 2.1 1. 4

2.0 2.4

2. 2

1.8 1.8 3.0 3.3

0.8 0.9

1.2 0.6 ..

1.8 0.3 0.2

0.4 0.5

1. 2

0.9 0.2 0.2

0.5 0.5 1. 7 1.0

2.Q

2.7

1.8

2.6

1.1

l.2 2. 7 2.4

5.2 \ 0.4' 13.3 i 33.0'

3.6 0.2 9.3 4.2

6.2 5.4 5.5

7. 7 6.9 8.2

8.8 8.1

10.0 8.1 7.9

7./ 7. 7 7.9 4. (

0.5 8.3

9.1

7. 7 7.2 6.2

2.11

5.5 1.2 0.9 1.5 2. 7

s.1 2..9 1.2 o.s

1. 7 2.8 5.6 3.0

7.5 7.8 5.9 8. 5 3.G

~- 7 10.3 6.1

9.2 9. s

10.3

0.4

0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1

0.1 0.1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2

0.2 0.4 0.2 O.f> o. 7 0.5 0.5

0.1 0.1

0. 5 0.2 0.3 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.2

0.2 0.1 0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.4 0.2

0. 7 1.3 1.2

0.5 0.5 0. 5 o.s 1.1

0. 4 0.4 0.3

14.3 8.4 6.7 8.8

9.4 8.3

9.1

11.2

12.8

11.6 13.8

13.8

15.9 21.9

12.1 18.2 20.2

21. 7

20.8

8. 7

8.6 7.2

12.0

3.U 2.4

3.5 5.4

7.8 0.2 2. 6 2.5

3.8 4. 4

12.4

6. 7

17.2 19.0

19.0 10.5 12.0 11.4 lii.8 l(j..j

17.:l 17. f; IG.2

27.3 43.6

27.1 22.1 28.0

32.8

32.6 34.7

33.7 36.0 33.2 33.3 34.4

37.5 33.5

38.0 45.0

36.7 33.0

32.9

44.4

44.5

54.1 48. 9 43.0

21.5 16.7 26.5 42.3

41.6

3ll.9

19.9 14. 7

18.9 3'1.5

27.8 ~i.3

44.8

37.2 46.3

39. 5

35.2 38.2

35.3 51.9

38.4 31.l 35.5

7.3 li.3 6.4

lll. 8

8.3 9.1

11. 6 11.3

8. 4

10.5 9.6

1-!.2

10.4 7 .. 0

10. 2 8. 2

lll.O 4. 8

5. 8 9.6 9.3

7.1 3, 7

16.0 3.2 4.9 1.0 o.u I.3

2.2

4.9

3.0 (I.ii O.fl

1.2

l.S

4.Y ~.3

a. 7

8.0

G. 7 10.9

3.5

5.6 10.!l 8.4

12.(J

12.5 13. 9

50 POPULATION.

In 1910, 3.1 per cent of the males engaged in gainful occupations in the United States were in professional serYice, as contrasted with a proportion of 4.4 per cent for all gainful workers. Likewise, in each geo­graphic division and in each state, a smaller propor­tion of the male workers than of all workers wns engaged in professional service. While 9.9 per cent of all gainful workers in 1910 were engaged in domestic and personal service, only 4.1 per cent of the male gainful workers were so occupied. In each geographic division, also, and in each state, a smaller per cent of the male workers than of all gainful workers were engaged in domestic and personal service. In 1910, 3.8 per cent of all gainfully occupied males were en­gaged in clerical occupations, the proportion ranging from 1. 7 per cent in the East South Central to' 6.2 per centin the MiddleAtlanticdivision, andfrom 1 percent in Mississippi to 15 per cent in the District of Columbia. The large proportion in the District of Columbia is accounted for by the location there of the de~art­ments of the Federal Government.

The females engaged_ in gainful occupations in 1910 are distributed by general divisions of occupations, for each geographic division and for each state, in Table 12 (p. 48).

This table shows that in the United States in rn10 22.4 per cent of the gainfully occupied females were en­gaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, the proportion varying from 1.4 por cent in New Eng­land to 59 .4 per cent in the East Sou th Central division. The very high proportion in the agricultural divisions of the South is accounted for by the large proportion of negroes in the female population. Manufacturing and mechanical industries gave employment to 22.5 per cent of the gainfully occupied females, but this proportion varied from 5.5 per cent in the West South Central and G.8 per cent in the E::i"st South Central divisions to 45.3 per cent in New England. The proportion engi~ged in transportation vm·ied from :five-tenths of 1 per cent in the South AtJ.antic and East South Centrr:l divisions to 2.5 per cent in the Pacific division; and the proportion engaged in trade varied from 2 per cent in the East South Central to 9.9 per cent in the Pacific division. The Mountain division had the highest proportion en­gaged in public service, seven-tenths of 1 per cent. The proportion engaged in professional service ranged from 4.1 per cent in the East South Central to 17.3 per cent in the West North Oentr::i1 division. Domestic and personal service furnished employment to a larg~ proportion of the gainful+y occupied females in 1910 than did any other general division of occupations, 31.3 per cent. The proportion was lowest in the East South Central division, 25.3 per cent, and highest in the Mountain division, 39.5 per cent. Clerical occupations were followed by 7.3 per cent· of the female gainful workers in 1010, the proportion varying from 1.8 per cent in the East Souili Central to 13.4 per cent in the Pacific division.

In New England over 7 out of 10 of the gainfully occupied females in 1910 were engaged in two larg" liranches of occupations -manufacturing and mochan·· ic:1I industries, which gave employment to 45.3 per cont, and domes.tic and personal service, which gave employment to 27.!J per cent.

In the !-fiddle Atlantic states 35.9 per cent of the gainfully occupied females in HJIO were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries and 33.4 per cont were engaged in domestic and personal service, these two branches of occupations together giving em-· ployment to almost seven-tenths (69.3 per cent) of the female ·workers in theso states.

In the East North Central division in 1910 over one­fourth (26.6 per cont) of the gainfully occupied females were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical indus­tries and over one-third (33.8 per cent) were engaged in domestic and personal service, more than three­filtbs (60.4 per cent) thus being engaged in these two divisions of occupations.

In the West North Central division only 8.8 per cent of the gainfully occupied females in 1010 were engaged in agi:iculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, but the proportion rose to 16.7 per cent in North Dakota and to 18.3 per cent in South Dnkota. The proportion en~ gaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries was 18 per cent for the division, hut varied in the states from 8.1 per cent in North Dakota to 22 per cent in :Missouri. The proportion engaged in professional service was higher than in any other geographic divi­sion, 17.3 per cent, as compared with 9.1 percent in the entire United States. Likewise, in each state in this division the proportion engaged in professional service was far higher than in the United States; and in Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas over one-filth of the gainfulfemales in 1910were engaged in professional service. The proportion engaged in domestic and per­sonal service varied from 32.9 per cent in Kansas to 45 per cent in North Dakob.

In the South Atlantic division 46.2 per cent of tho gainfully occupied females in 1910 were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry. Ex­clucling the District of Columbia, this proportion was 4.2 per cent in Maryland, 6.2 per cent in Delaware, and in the other states of the division varied from 16.8 per cent in West Virginia to 71.4 per cent in South Caro­lina. These great variations were due mainly to dif­ferences in the proportion of negroes in the female population. .Alter agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, domestic and personal service was the most important branch of occupations for the gain­fully occupied females of the South Atlantic division, giving employment to 30.8 per cent of them. Manu­facturing and mechanical industries gave employment to 12 .5 per cent, the proportion varying in the states (exclucling the District of Columbia) from 7 per cent in Georgia al1d 7 .8 per cent in South Carolina to 25 1Jer cent in Delaware and to 30 per cent in Mary-

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 51

land. The high proportion of females engaged in professional service in West Virginia, 12 per cent, as contrasted with 4.8 per cent for the entire geographic division, is accounted for mainly by the krw proportion of negroes in the female population of West Virginia, 4.8 per cent, as contrasted with 34.4 per cent in the entire geographic division. And the high proportion of the gainfully occupied females engaged u1 clerical occupations u1 the District of Columbia, 16 per cent, as contrasted ·with 2.6 per cent for the entire geo­graphic division, and with 7 .:3 per cent for the entire United States, i-; accounted fur by the large number of female clerffi.i in the :Federal departments.

In the East South Central division in 1910 almost three-filths (59.4 per cent) of the gainfully occupied females were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, the proportion varying from a little more than one-filth (20.8 per cent) in Kentucky to nMrly four-fifths (79.1 per cent) in Mississippi. The greater relative importance of agriculture arid the larger proportion of negroes in the female popula­tion explain the high proportion in Alabama (70.9 per cent) and :Mississippi (79.l per cent), as compared with the proportion u1 Kentucky (20.8 per cent) and Tennessee (36.9 per cent). Domestic and personal service gave employment to 25.3 per cent of the gaill­fully occupied females of this division in 1910, the proportion varyil1g from 14.7 per cent in 1fi:;sissippi to 41.6 per cent in Kentucky.

In the West South Central division more than eight­tenths (82.2 per cerit) of the gainfully occupied female;; in 1910 were engaged in two general divisions of occu­pations-agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry which gave employment to 55.8 per cent, and domestic and personal service which gave employment to 26.4 per cent. In Oklahoma the low proportion of negroes in the female populntiou, 8.5 per cent, as contrasted with 23.4 per cent for the entire geographic division, accounts mainly for the low proportion of females en­gaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry-39.8 per cent, as compared ·with 55.8 per cent for the entire geographic division-and also for the high proportion engaged in professional service--12.4 per cent, as contrasted with 6.1 per cent for the division.

In the Mountain division in 1910 agriculture, for­estry, and animal husbandry was an important field of occupations for females in but two states, Idaho and New Mexico. In Idaho 12.6 per cent, and in New Mexico 22.7 per cent of the gainfully occupied females were engaged in this branch of occupations. :Manu­facturing and mechanical industries gave employment to 15.3 per cent of the gainfully occupied females in the division, the proportion varying from 8.8 per cent in Nevada to 30.6 per cent in Arizona, where the large number of Indian female weavers mainly accounts for the large proportion. The proportion of the gainfully occupied females engaged in professional service in this division, and in each of the states whi.ch comprise

it, wus con.siderably larger than the proportion for the entire United States; and the proportion engaged in domestic and personal service, 39.5 per cent, was higher than in any other geographic dhision.

Of the gainfully occupied fmnule:::: in the Pacific d.i­vi:>ion in 1910, 36 per cent were engaged in domestic anrl personal service, 16.6 per cent in pro:fossional service, 16..1 per cent in manufacturing i:md mechani­cal industries, and l~L4 per cent in clerical occupations. 1110 proportion engaged in clerical occupations was lurger than in any other geographic divi;;;ion, and the proportion engaged in professional service was larger than in any other geographic division except the W c,-st North Central.

Outlying territories.-The following table shows, for .Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Hico~ t11e gainful work­ers of each sex in 1910 di-;tributed h}· general <livisions of occupations.

=-·-·-··===,~=·-===~;--~=~=--~1 ···~--"=

Table 13 .1

1 .. u..A.SKA. I; HAWAII. PORTO ru.co. •' '----' ____ , j I : _,~ +·"·-·--·---~--

Per 1 ' Per ' Per

SEX AND GENERAL DIYL'llON 0.1' !\um- cent ' Num- j rent / :!'>um. cent o<:cUPATIONS. her: dis- JI her: d!E- I ber: dis-

1910 trlbu-,, 1910 1 tt!bU· 11110 tribu·

------ ----___ t1on.11 __ ! t1on. , __ tlon.

BOTH SEXES. I 1·1 ,. 1·

All occupations ..... ·-----: 4.0,0'/3 100.0 I 101,19' 100.0 394,141 100.0

A1?ricultu0re,, forestry, and animal 1:--:---11----=-.

1

-9---­

husbanlr} •.......••...•..•..••.

1

4,.,,,g 11.4 I 56,329 "''· 7 A0,845 61.l Extractiono!minerals ....•...••.• 11,372 28.4 282 0.3 115 (l) Manufa.cturlug and mec·hanical in· I

dustries......................... 9,1M 22.fi JI 15,345 15.2 53,075 13.5 Transportation.................... 3,487 8.7 6, 723 6.6 9,fi89 2.3 Trade •......••..••..........•....• 11,452 3.6 5,831 5.S 25,579 6.5 I'u!Jlic service (not elsewhere <:las- j J

sified)...... ..•• .••••• .••••• .• .•• 1,470 3. 7 2,842 2.8 3,585 0.9 Professionalservice................ 1,1281 2.8 2,601 2.6 4,275 1.1 Domestic and persorui.lservic-e.. •.. 6, 732 lt>.8 9,434 9.3 54,960 13.9 Clericaloccupations............... 710 1.8 1,807 1.8 2,624 0.7

All occu:::ns ............ 38,350 l100.o I ~.m l100.o 1== Agriculture, forestry, and animal I I I

husbandry...................... 4,529 11.8 51,Wt 57.3 230,066 72.5 Extraction ofminerals .....•..•... 1 11,360 21!.6 282 0.3 116 (')

dustries.. .. .•. ••.••..••• ........ 8,541 22.3 14,304 15.9 34,881· 11.0 1fanufa.cturiognnd me!'hankalin· 1 I Transportation.................... 3,4fi~ 9.0 6,684 7.4 8,9&! 2.8 Trade............................. l,3S4 3.6 5,379 6.0 2-l,667 7.8 Public service (not ekewl1ere clas-

sified).. .• .•. . .••.•..••••.••..•.. 1,466 3.8 Professional service................ 806 2. 3 Domestic and personal service..... 6,068 15. 8 Cleric-al occupations............... 643 I. 7

FEILl.LE.

All occupatiollS ........... . 1,723 100.0

2,832 3.1 l,6c8 1.8 li,660 6.3 1,623 1.8

11,271 100.0 1---r--·11--- -

Ai[~=J~ ~~~':':~~~-~~-;'.'?~!. Extraction of mineral3. ..•.......• :Mnnufacturing and mechanical in-

dustries ..•••••••••••••••••••••••

~~~~~:~~:::::::::::::::::::: I'ublic service (not elsewhere clas-, sified} •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1

I rofess10nahervrne ............••.. , Domesticaml T"1TSOnalservke .•.•. I Clerical occupations •••••..•.•..•.• 1

I

29 12

623 24 68

4 232 664 67

1.1 0.7

4,828 ...............

311.2 1,041 1.4 3\> 3.9 452

0.2 10 13.a 943 38.5 3.9

3,,774 184

' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

42.8 ------

9.2 0.3 4.0

0.1 8.4

33.5 1.6

3,538 2~778 9,811 2,43./i

76,892 ---10, '179

............... 18,m

912

47 1,497

45,149 lS!l

1.1 0.9 3.1 0.8

100.0 -14.0 ........ 23.7 0.2 1.2

0.1 1.9

58.7 0.2

In .Alaska, as shown by Table 13, 28.4 per cent of the gainful workers in 1910 were engaged in the extraction of minerals and 22.9 per cent in manufac­turing and JJ1echanical industries. These two general divisions of occupations together thus gave employ­ment to more than one-half (51.3 per cent} of the

52 POPULATION.

gainful workers. Agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry gave employment to 11.4 per cent of the gainful workers, and domestic and personal service to Hi.8 per cent. As compared with the United States/ a far larger proportion of: the workers in Alaska vrnre engaged in the extraction of minerals and in domestic and personal service, and a somewhat larger proportion in transportation and in public service, but the proportion engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry was much smaller. The proportions for the males differed little from the proportions for both sexes. Of the gainfully occupied females, 36.2 per cent were engaged in manufacturing and mechani­cal industries, 13.5 per cent in professional service, and 38.5 per cent in domestic and personal service. These three genei;al divisions of occupations gave employment to 88.2 per cent of all gainfully occupied females. The principal manufacturing occupations followed by the females of Alaska were :fish curing and packing) basket making, dressmaking, and sewing. As compared with the United States,1 a much smaller proportion of the females in Alaska were engaged in agriculture, forestry, andanimalhusban<lry, and a much larger proportion were engaged in professional service.

In Hawaii considerably more than one-half (55.7 per cent) of the gainful workers in 1910 were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry. :Manu­facturing and mechanical industries gave employment to 15.2 per cent of the gainful workers, transportation to 6.6 per cent, trade to 5.8 per cent, and domestic and personal service to 9.3 per cent. The proportion engaged in agriculture, forestry, and aniinal lrns­ban<lry was much larger, and the proportion engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries was much smaller than was the case in the United States.1 The proportions for the males did not 'Vary materially from the proportions for both sexes. Of the gainfully occupied females, 42.8 per cent were engaged in agri­culture, forestry, and animal husbandry, and 33.5 per cent in domestic and personal service. These two general divisions of occupati.ons together gave em­ployment to over three-fourths (76.3 per cent) of the

1 See Tables IO, 11, and 12, pp. 44 to •19.

gainfully occupied females. The proportion engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry was much larger, and the proportion engaged in manu­facturing and mechanical i:ridustries and in clerical oc­cupations was much smaller than was the case in the United States.1

In Porto Rico agl'iculture, forestry, and animal husbamky was by far the most important branch of occupations, giving employment to more than three­filths (61.1 per cent) of the gainful workers i:r1 1910. :Manufacturing and mechanical industries gave em­ployment to 13.5 per cent of the gainful workers and domestic and personal service to 13.9 per cent. As compared with the United States,1 a much larger proportion of the gai:r1ful workers ip. Porto Rico was engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal hus­bandry, a somewhat larger proportion in domestic and personal service, but a smaller proportion in each of the other general divisions of occupations. Of the gainfully occupied males of Porto Rico in 1910, 72.5 per cent were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, 11 per cent in manufacturing and mechanical industries, and 7 .8 per cent in trade. 'rhese three general divisions of occupations combined thus gave employment to more than nine-tenths (91.3 pel' cent) of thegainfullyoccupiedmalesof Porto Rico. The proportion engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry was a little more than double the propor­tion in the United States;1 hut the proportion in each of the other general divisions of occupations was higher in t}le United States than in Porto Rico. Of the gain­fully occupied females of Porto Rico in 1910, 14 per cent were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, 23.7 per cent in manufacturing and meclumical industries, and 58.7 per cent in domestic and personal service. The proportion engaged in agri­culture, forestry, and animal husbandry was much smaller than in the United States 1 or in Hawaii; the proportion engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries was slightly higher than in the United States and much higher than in Hawaii; and the proportion engaged in domestic and personal service was much higher than in the United States or in Hawaii.

NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF PERSONS IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS.

Principal occupations in 1910.-Table I (p. 91) shows, for the Unit.ed States, the number and sex of the persons 10 years of age and over engaged in 1910 in each of 428 specified occupations and occupation groups. Table 14 shows the number of males and of female:,; engaged in ead1 of 116 principal occupations pursued in the United Stittcs in 1910. In only 17 of these occupations did the number of females exceed the number of males.

Comparison with previous censuses.-The new classi­fication of occupations followed at the Thirteenth Cen­sus shows occupations in so much greater cletnil than they were shown at preceding censuses that it was im-

possible to rearrange the occupations of preceding cen­suses according to the Thirteenth Census classification. But comparison with preceding censuses is of such great importance that the Thirteenth Census occupa­tions have been rearranged according to the occupa­tion classification of the Twelfth Census, notwithstand­ing the fact that this classification was in many re­spects unsatisfactory. The results of this reclassifica­tion are given in Table 15 (p. 54), which shows, for both sexes ancl for each sex separately, the number of per­sons engaged in the different occupation groups of the 1900 classification at each of the censuses 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 53

In order to rearrange the Thirteenth Census oc{'ll­pat.ivm; according to the Twelfth Census c1a.;;sifimLtion, it was nece;1sary in a few cases to ·combine two or more of the 1.'welfth Census occupation group;;. Likewise, some·elumges were made in the assignment of tie<'.upn-

tion <le;:;ignatinn;; under the cla.ss heads for the cen­suse.> uf 1.SSO and 1800, in or11er thnt the c1a.-;s totals rnight correspond with those for moo; consequently, the totals as pres(•nted in Table 15 differ from those in the printe<l report:; f"!' t !:e-;e two een.-mse;.

NUMBE!{ OP PERSONS l'l YEAHS OF' AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN PilINClPAL CH)CUPATI0:\8, CLASSIFIED HY SEX: 1910.

=====~---·---·----·--·---·

Table 1·1 occm>.\nm;. 'l'otuJ. Ji Mal<'~--1-:··rmalr. 'f iJLTH'-171•"'· T<ltcil.

All ~ccupatlo::~--~-~-- .. ~~~~:~.=~\;-:~~7,l;6 )f~,091,5~4-is.,o;::,77~ (I . Tra~sporta~/o;":-:;;C?~1i1;nr~: , ,

1

i Agriculture, forestry, and animal bus- 1--- ------r-~-- _;;_I ~·--~ ~- i\ t~i~~~~~~~ ~~.~~d0~~~1'l1!~~-r~:~t ·1~~h~jfii~:~ 'tb·.;j r;.j,~;ifir!i;~1 ~ ~~~: ~[~ l i~(1: ~i~

bandry ........................................ ~12.G59,203 ll1 10,851,70~ 1~~)07~5.Gl I Loc{~I!.lfJt~·._~e_n;~!i•.!•:er:..:............................. 'JU,2'20 ! tHJ,~:..>:1

1 ____

1

\ Lueomotn f::: firt:n ... '_·n.. . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7~, :J?! I! ~~r' ~.·. ·1_:~ Dairyfarmers ....•.•. ·......•.•.................... IH,S.11; .~m,.:uo :!,.:71J Long.~horen1eno.rnlt;t~n:duri.:.~..................... G .. ,Y.a.a _._ ...

~~~re~·~ '.~ 1:~:~'.~:::::::: :::: :: : : :: : :: : : : : : : : : : : "· ,:{~: gtit i o,•i~g~~ ~;,u:r.~ I ~i~:~~~~~:~:·::::. :::: :::::::: :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~~::;(,~ :I }~:, Farrn laborer;;........................................ fil ~~·.j, t::i7 : ·1i4ti1~ 1 1~::4 1, ;i1.1 1 ·1.2'.1

11 S·,riH·hmen, fiagrnen, uw1 ~· ~r•1mn1. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . SC, 141 ii .s,1.1h5

Fishennenuwl OYStl'TllH:ll.... .. . • .. ............... G~,27,::i : iii'' 7( () 470 ' rrelcgmph opern.t11rs.. ... . . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . ..... .. . G'.J,'J""13 I 1.a. 7~H "Ganfoners, 11ori~ts, frUiL grnwer.;, un<l nurseryrn': ll. rm, ?55 ,: 13ll 4~1 7, .~:;4 j 'l'ell1phonc npt'nitGn ............................... ' Ll7, ;.,:<J3 IJ.f.i31 Garden, greenhuuse, orchurd~ awl nursery lahorn:1. i:r~, !J~7 I i2r;, 4:::1 7 ,4';"4 i All others h1 this divbion ••.....••.•..••.......... ' [1)1,187 11

1 4£~;1, lJ.11 Lun1iJerm.t!11, raftsn1en, and woodchoppers........ 1Gl,2Gi:i ! lfJl, 11Jl 77 ' ! 1

\ Fc1rule.

3,453

44 1,011

Stock herders, drovers, and feeders •.•.• _ .. - •• . . • . . . G2, 97LJ ! 6~, OCO SS;j I 'l Stock raise.rs ... _ ... ,.,._............................ 52,521 I li0,847 l,1'74 'I'rade.................................. ··'.· 3,!114,610 3,14~,582 l 468,088 All others m tlu.; dn·1s10n......................... 1()!, O'.t2 [ 92, 4:.i:l 11. 500 ; . '

. ~an~ers, trok:rs. anr1moner1ender:i ............ ., 1~.<;IJj 1 n:~, ;rn I 2.m1

I ClerJ;sinstore..................................... 3 .• ,lll3 t 21",.,_.~ 111;D91 Extraction of minerals....................... 964,824 963, no 1,094 CommerrL~l travelers .............................. : lffl, 62!! :

1 1~1,()27 2, 1Y~ 1-----, Delivcry1nc:u ........................................ _.~----·---' 2!:JJH9 !. 229,4139 ...,.,,

Coalmine<;iperati~es ....... ,...................... G!~·G2·~ i 6!~,01Q 405 Insurance agents and ollicials.. ................... 07,\!&l d 9o,3-02 2,r~,'~ Gold and sll\·er m1ne operat1w·s.... ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . •1.•J~4.,h I a.i, 311 :10 l1~ron~r~ in ~·11~~~n1~1lt1mt~er ~,~~d~ ~. ·;~~·huus~~, tw .. , ~l, .;¥a

1

1

/ ~~' !i·? "' v Othcrmineoperutives..................................... l~IJ!lj,j 13fi,Dl\-1 141 1.~ .... )ort.rs,purt_.s,a .. ,dhe,pc .. -,111 .. tu.e.,............... 10'2, ..... :ry. 'I .. _.,1!..f 24 1 ~~ Quarrj' oper:.t.tiYes ............... -·. ... . . . . . .. . .. . . . b0,840 ~lJ, 7;:~ 4!j Ht?al estate agc-nts aud oilida!s .............. ,........... l'.J:j, b&t i lZ'J,1.4:~ r""~' Allothersinthisdivi>iun......................... 78,49'J. 18,03" -JG4 Hetail.dealers ..................................... 1,l!lO,(f.!'.I !·.11,127,~:!U I ~~'!03

Sale:;men and sal(:;swomen .................................. ' Q2I, 130 [ f.at:J3, 4JO 2.)1, V~

I \Vholesa!~ ~eci1~~s, !nn1.orters, and exporter;;._...... ~~· ?'~~ : ::,.,'· ~!?3 :Manufacturing and mechanlcallndustries ... 10, 658,881

1 8, 837, 901 111820, 980 All others m thLs d1ns1on.. .. . . . ... .. ... . . . . ... . .. . L.,, ·''"' , 13.,012 14, G13

ABpp;:re~.t.ic_e_.s_··.·.·.· ..... •.••• ..... · .. ·.·· .. -.... ·.·.·.• .. ·.·.·.·.··.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·. !18,0M I W3,Hi:(I Vj,T.(•5 1

' •1 ,.5 , 73• 13, .. 8 akc - b9,531 I !-14,752 4,779 Public service (notelsewhereclassUied). .. 459,291; n 0 ""

~~Jsa~~~~Q~':;~~~~t! .1~~:i:~~l~:~~~:~.-- ·. ·.:::::: ii8: ~t,g it~:~~~ :i~ Guartls, wutrhmcn, nnd door'keeprr5 ......... - .... ·--.. ,.-.~> .. ·.--:!~ :,: i--7~-.-1-t.S-. -1\---1-(i:J Buildersaw.l buil!liJ1gc011tractur::;.................. 174,422 I 113,573 S49 La1j{)rcrs (publicservi£•e}............................... ii~:;::'\ fifj_jJ.j 'i'~·J Carpenter-3 ......................... ~---~·····-········ ~17,l:!O i Sl7,0.~.'.! :1x U!Ii(·h.t1sundin:-ip~l"l(JfS~r·ityarnlt·rn 1 !d: 1.......... ;;2;~~t ! -l~f~Gfi.~ 2,5NJ Compositors, Uno1,'JH:rs, an<! t't,·1wse1ter;; .............. 1 l')-, ri.01 I 113 r.1~ 14.0:'il OffieiJ.lS ruHl iu.,;;J}C<!tors (iitt1te uwl l:1Jitrrl Ht.a.Le~;. fJ:.!,~*2(j !I 4;1,:hH. \ l•,ri~37

, , ,f-:f,·~~4'i~ I ,..,._' I Dn~smakHsanU Sf'amstrcsses (not in factor~·) ...... I 11:~,·.-,·,·.~.'iri ,

1

l'll.~ 1 51~~ 447, i'CO PoliL'('IflflJL .................................... - .- . .' ~!· ~f~H . ~!· H~l 1 ................. ..

Elec}rician."l an;~ rlcctr.1.·cal engint:er.-; ................. -1 . . 1 • , H2 8.oltlicrs, ::-:.u.H<Jr::;, a.ud mririm.::-i .......................... ' H, L.J n "· b~ ! .............. . Enguwi·rs (statJOlllll'Y)............................ ~'ll,OH ~:n; lt~l lfl All others in this division ......................... , tei,473 '•.I' f;b.~70 I 6<13 I<'irer.1t n (exeer•t locomotirn and fire dcparlm«lll J. 111, 2·18 1~ ! , ;!-!~ . [ Foremen and overseer.; (manufacturin)!).......... 175,ftJS, 1.,;,,.J;,8 ""ii1;74o ' Laborers (u. o. s.l ): [ Professional service............... 1, 663,569 •1 929,684 ! 733, 886

CF'la00yJg1_'nl~1ss,15·, 1ar~~'..!.s.to .. n.e_m_· .. d.w_s_t_r_J_es •. ·.·· .. ·.·.·:.· .. ··.· .. ·· .• ·.-.I 154tS26 1,:;2 1 43~ ~1:.~~~ ----1-----:---

Genera1'"am1;;o"tspecifled Iuhorers ............ J s~~:~+~ ! sh:;:~~~ i~'.7n9 :t~t~~:SCU""1j;t~f$:U1irteUti1Cr»·,:r·ui~t:::::::::::::: ~:i~I. 'I I~;itf~ If ~A;~~1 Hel~rs:inlJuH.linl"andllandtr:.Hl•i.-; ......... ..I t.ki,431 flJ,3t2 ;g Ch-ilundmmh1gcng:ineersnrnlsur~·e • .-u~ . .; ....... ~- ;;,,n~:;l i.J .... 9~~ 5

MLumbcr antl ~umiturc imlustri~S- ......•...•..•

1

1 317 ,244 311), 22S 4, 010 C]~~e1 r ... ~:1~,~c'nJ.l·J,:l··.;e'..;,·0,·l·l,·l·J:.,·l·.,,·, 1• ·,· .:.·.·.··.·.·.·.·. •• •• ·• •• • •• · ••• ..... •• • •• • 1111,, ~}·1> ·1 1111<1 ,;;:;31";~ 11 ~:~

etal ind.ustne-s.................................. LJ27,714 iilh,V:35 S,770 -- J''"'..., , . ·~ L ,,i , o ,'.);~~ 'l'extile industries ............................. ; .~i, 140 71, 107 16,0'.l9 Musiti!!IlS awl te:irhers o! nm;i1!................... 13\•;3Jfl . .J4,is:i2 'I l'.4,4>8 All other inrlustrir3 .......................... ,i 3i;,;,s:;2 350, 917 34,l<35 Ph~·sicians and surgeons.......................... J',J, 1:!2 'I ll~.117 fl,017,

MachinisU, millwrights, awl toolmakers ......... ·\ 4;.s,04, 4Si,9T.6 93 'l'eacherol.......................................... .S!l'),Zli ii 121.21Q I 478,027 Milllag(lrs and superintenfknts (manufactui'iu~·} ·-- 11H.:2Hl 102. i'-1.~ l,-t62 '!'rained nurse&; .... _ ....................... ~.......... ~ ~~'~;z ! ""> <l,~!9 I ;,~,:,(~S Manufacturersuwlo111r.hl1.s ............ - .............. i 27ii 1 fi~-11 ~Fjlr8H2 4.1199 .Allothcrsinthisdivkiion............................. 3 ... ,i4,, ·, . ._so!2.-,9

1 .::u,158

MillinL•rsand1nillineryde~~h:rs ....................... ! t27,f1(~ !j,4~~ 122,-147 1 1 Molders, f0unrlrrs, awl cn>trrs (met31) ............ 1 ~~~·!"!~ I 12fl.ih1 117 'I ' Painters, glaziers, varnbhers, ernuneler:.i, etc ...... ·I ,,,, ,:L~

1 a:J4,~\l4 2,541 Domestic and personal service ..... _. : 3,7'n,174 : 1,24l,32S ·,2,530,846

Plumbers :;nu ga5 awl steam fitters ...............

1

US, 304

1

HS, 304 -----1 , Semiskilled operativr-s (n. o. s.1 ): Iln.rl)er~, lmirdrcssers, and manicurfat:~ ........ ··--.' 1~• .. :r. :!75 : 172, ~77 ·; 2:J, ?JS

CigaramltolJaccofact?ries .• , ................. 1

151,519 79,!}.17 71.572 Bartenrlcrs........................................ 11\1.Zll ' 100,fr>~ I 2.'l(J CCial y, i:J::s3,dand ~tone mduotn. :; ...............

1 S8,6~8 7~,~fiI 4~.,,·t_.~~ Boarding aml Iodi:leing house keeper<............... l~i·{Jr z.q·~~ 1~5;t:,~

othing in ustnes.... .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 144. G07 9o, I Jo co_ Charwomen und c aners. .• ........ .• . .. . . . ....... ' . • ' ~·

FL· ouomdbi.:1rd.!1-n;tdnf·eusnu .. _.tur" •6.m: .d. ;;:t·r·

1,,._; ••••.••••.•.•.•.••..••.•••• _ 11 1 ~2,". 4Ki('~ 1 ;,;;, '3U :ia, ~J2 Ifot-011'cq1.ers and managers........................ tH; 501 'I rn, 21;9 1!, 43,. ~3; , " ~· " ~ " 1 F-l ~:'? l'.J,198 Hnusekeepersandstcwarw ....................... · J.>11,273 'I ~f,'~i/! ""'

Metalindmtries .............................. I 4~\0IJ3 i 3tl~:i75 4~,1:ss Junitor3andsextnns .............................. i 113,0St ii , 21,4c2 I'rintingandpublishing ...................... : 67,4f.O I 32,ffiS 3-1,finl Laborers (domesti08lldprofessionalsen·kc) .•.... ' 53,450: m,200 3,215 Shoe factories................................. lSl,010 121,744 59. ~G6 Lam1d~rors and laundresses (not in launciryJ ...... : i3.3,697 1 13,6!i3 S:?il.001 Textlleindustrfr"l............................. D50,2CO ~DS,221 :l.52,r.39 L~1m1}rroperath'es .......... _. .................... I lll,Si9: 35,S'.!9 I •5,%0

sewtr~~<le~e~'rnU:\;;ibiiii1c·;,pe-ra"tora·un.;ici,:,:i::. ~~i;~ .I 2~:~ MU~ ~!~~;~~(~;~~fliiS:o~~~:.~~:::::::::::::::::1 1~:~M i §~:~ 117· 1~

~f!~a~Jig~~~:t:~t:~:~~~~7L::::::: iH~ !I it!:~ 40'~~ ,f~.-i~itt:frf.:.~.~-·-.~-~.·~.'~_ .. _·~-~---~--~~-·:.~.~-~-~-·r.:~.~-·~.:7.:~~~~~~~~~H 1'f~·.:~ [, ~:.~~i l,~:~~ All others in this dnision......................... G19,u!O i; G!l8,7G6 10,5H " c" . .

1 · "

,, , All others in thi.< divii;ion ......................... ; HJ3, 529 \: 97,233 6,Z-Jf>

2,637,671 I: 2,531,075 106,59~ II t ii I ----, Clericaloooupatlons ........................ ! 1,737,05:_

1: 1,143,ll2!_ 593,224

nrakemen... ............ ......................... 92,572 \1; 92,572 •·•••·••• 1 1 It Conductors (steam raHro1ill,1 ..••. ··----· ....... -··-· 65,f-Oi 65,COi --···· ·-· .Agents, can"Va.ssers,and f-'olle-rtors .•.. -·- ~· ......... : 1~1-\ !~7 ~ ~fi.~j~ .~· ::,,(~ Conductors(streetrailroadJ....................... 50,932 11 ofi,932 ......... 1 Dookl;eeper;;,casbiers, :Jil<la~countanB ........... ; 48li,.l~ Ill 2'.f;!. 0~ 1~··~"~ Drarmen, teamsters, and exprcssmrn............. 403,469 1 403,395 73 Clerks (except elrr1's in stores! .................... i 7:.l0,-10" Y.li,S:i3 l.!2, ti(,,, Foremen ~fill overseers (railroad).................. W. 93.1 11 6'!, fi93 2i0 Messenger, bundle, Blld oflire br·:·s ................ ! 108,m.; I!"· 7~8 ~l, 2'17 Hostlers and stable hands......................... 63; 3S8 \\ 63,382 6 I Stenographers and typewriters .................... \ 316, 6'J3 I, ~3,3.J! 2tl3,315

'I'ransportatlon ......... .

1 Not otherwise specified.

54 POPULATION.

NUMBER OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED I~ SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONR ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF 1900, FOR 130'1'H SEXES AND FO!t EACH SEX SEPARATELY: 1880-l!JlO.

Tablo 15 HOTH SEXI,S, --------[l-·--------·---~----·----1==-·= mrALE. -----

moo / 18l!O • 1880 urn 1000 / 1800 • lSSO I rn10 I moo I 1890 • 1sso

------------l---i--,--1--11 ,------,--,--,--:---·--

OCCUPATION. 1910

All occupa.tions ...................... 38, 167,336129, 073, 233 23, 31s, 133,17, 392,on,,~a, on, 561

123, 753, s~a 1 rn, i12, s;1H,7H, J~2,s, 075, 772 5, 319, an 4, 005, 532 2, 647, 157

=1== r·---.----------·--'----.1----Agrloultu•a.l pursuits ................... 12,567, 92510,381, 765 ~4~,4481 7, 713,875.110, 760, 8751 9,404,42aj8,3is,G03IWD,365il,807,o5oj" 977, 336 769,845 594,510

Agriculturallabo~ors ........ '................... 6, OS~, 414 4, 410, 877 3,586, ~8 3,Q:i8,5J812,m~o7G l,'°522:1;3/fj;j;~-21JU u3S, o~; 531, 900 ------

! -:;--;;;-::2;;-;,13 ~4~ 1···~1 Da1rymenanddal.l"J'IVOmen .................... 3o,OU 10,8i5 17,80 16,101 8,2'.J.3 2,ii7 H.l!2 l,7il4 710 Farmers, plunt~rs, and overseers._ .. __ ......... 5, 981,522 5, 674, 875 25,2.'H,55 25, 055, no 4, 172, ow 271. llU 307, 706 2 22H, ·127 .57,002

3 3,32JtS7tj 5 8, rJJS -' 0a~; zft '' 9; 9~;3 7 4,229, 0.51 5, 7101 -lOH 0,3Vi- I6CJ

Gardcr!~rs, fi~r1~ts, rn.~rserymen1 etc............. 143, 4132 fil, 788 2 72, 60 2 ~1} 1 ~.~u\ ?4, 4~3 7, .s~ol 2, 8GO 2 ~1 41~ 11 .539 Lumb,1men and raftsmen..... ... . . . .. ......... 127,154 72, 020 65,86 fo,8.lSI 3U,6ol ,1 IOU 2:> ........ .

Stock raisers, herders, nnd drovers.............. ' 122, 180 84, 988 70, 729 70, 047, 43, 859 • 2, 5S51

1, 932 682 216

1 56, 032 135, urn 58, 92-; 6 30,651 127, 113 71, 92U

44,075 a 119, 004 8:l,05G Woodchoppers.................................. 27,567 36,075 33,69 33,61J5f 12,731 40

1 ll:J 32 ........ .

Turpentine farmers and laborers............... 28, 007 24, 735} 19, 520 } 19 058 f 7 325 320

1

281 I 462 { 125 7 12, 731 27,.527 35, 962

{ 71 450 28,6·17 24, 454 UllJ,•r agricmltural pUl'sUits.. ... ... .. .. .. . . .. ... 313, 636 5,532 ' . ll 1:0431 3 222 243 f 18

A:;::e:~i~~~;·s·:~i~:~~::::::::::::::::::: 1,82::::: 1,26::::: 9~:::: 63:::, 425,::! 673,:~:l 430,5::1311,6:: 177,2::

1,061 a rn, 414 5,2.IS9, 1,016 2,020 1,2'1ll

603, 202 1, 151, 709 827, 9411

Ac~rJn, professional showmen, etc............... 69, 730 34, 700 27, 783 2:l, 200

1

1 5, 4lill 1.i, ;;;Gf 0, 857

1

1 ·1, 5~ --;:-003 .l.<:L0r.>................. •• •• • • ...... .... • •• .. 28, 297 141 708 9, 728 5, 779 ~' 992 11, [11)2

1 0, 374 3, 9W 1, 820

Arci!ile~t.s, designers, draftsmen, etc............ 63, 098 29,524 17, 461 17, 134 6, 122, 3, 130 1, 041 327 73 Arcfl!tects.................................. 16,613 10,581 8,070 8,0181 3,35'< 1 3021 100 22 17

7, 410 53,934 27,9{);J! 4,812 10,305 8,3341

6, 195 59,968 28, 4831 3,375 10,311 10, 481

l>e.;igners, draftsmen, and inventors ...... ,. 46, 4&5 181 943 9, 391 9,086 2, 70411

2, 52.SI' 941 305 56

Artists and teachers of art...................... 34,104 24,873 22,496 11,6!31 7,043. 15,429 11,021 10,815 2,061 CD!eenrgtym1_s« e_n __ •.•.•.•.• .. ··.·.·.·.•.·.·.• .• ·•.• .. ·•·.•• .. •· .. •· .. ·· •• --.· .• •.·.•· •• ·.··. 133,988 111,638 88,203 87,060i 64,5331! 9,fi74J 3,373 1,143 165

2,820 43,657 18,0021

9,104 18,G75 13, 852 64, 698 124, 414 108, 205

'" 39,997 29,665 17,498 17,16!1 12,~3, 1,2§! 80! 337 61 Elect.Ticians,eugineers(civll,ete.)andsurveyors 2iH,875 93,050 43,239 43,1101 8,21•1' u, 49;3 121 ........ .

12,314 38, 743 28, 858 8,.261 204, 778 g;l, 463

Journalists..................................... 34,382 30,038 21,849 20,9611 12,020

1

1 ·1,lSli 2,193 888 288

J,awyers........................................ 122,149 114,460 89,630 89,4221 94,002, l,343· 1,010 208 75

I

12,308 30,201 27,845

64, 137 120,800 113,450\ Literaryandscientifioperscms .................. 39,617 18,8.U 11,217 8,453' •2,732 13,521 1j 5,9.'Jl 2,ifi.J 4 368

Chemists, assayers, and metallurgi~t~....... 16,273 8,847 4,503 ~,494/ !,92!1 , 5~9 248 39 48 l\fusiclans anil teachers o! muslc.... •. . ... ...... 13Q,310 92, 174 62, 155 21, f>l6

1

11,2%1 84,418

1

52,35lll 34,510 13, 182

4 3, 100 26,096 12,SOOi 1, 969 15,694 8,5991

30, 477 54, 832 39, 815 Oilicials (government) ..................... , .... •134,370 86,007 82,59-0 'ii',715 67,509. •14,544 S,119j 4,875 2,172

Physicians and surgeons........................ 157,905 132,002 104,805 100,2481

83,239! 13,687/ 7,387/ 4,5il7 2,432

69,681 • 119,826 78,4881 85,671 144,2';9/ 124, 615

Teachers and professors in college, etc........... Bl9, 285 446, 133 347,344 101,278 'i3, 3351

484, 11;; 327, 614 246 1!66 • 154, 375 Other professional servlce ....... : ............... • 32,256 13,854 8,003 7,5S2( • 2, 130 • 12,269, 2,3391 '481 (•)

'227, 710 135, 170 118, 519

• 2, 1301 • 19, 987 11, 5251 Veterinary surgeons........................ 11,652 8,163 6,494 6,492' 2,rnu: ......... I H 2 ........ .

Domestic and personal senice.: ........ 5,361, 033 6, 580, 657 4, 220, 812 2, 553, 161! 2,237,49312, 620,857

1

12,095,449\1, 667, 6511, 181, 300

2,130 11, 652 8, 149

3,418, 793 2, 740,176 3,485,208.

:Barbers and hairdressers........................ 190, 010 131, 110 84, 982 82, 1571~1· 17, 064 5, 5741 2, 825 ~ :Boarding and lodging house keepers............ 165, 452 71, 281 44, 349 11, 7W 6, 74~ 142, 4()(!. 5~·iii?l 3~,5~3 12,313 llotollceepers.................................. 6<,504 54,70i 44,076 38.'~/ 3(),311 14,~1 ~,5331 a,216 2,136

J!IIlitors and sextons............................ 113, 081 56,577 20, 538 2~, ~~o, ~.4~9 1 21,ta~i ~,033 2, So8 713

44, 8511 172,946 12.'i,5421 10,058, 23,052 11, 821.l 32, 4531 50,269 46, 264

9,2121 91,629 48,544 Janitors.................................... 108,955 51,191 21,556 1~,116 6,0iH 21,~l•: 1,942 2,780 099 Sextons.................................... 4,126 5,386 4,982 4,95·1 2,435' 2351 91\ 28 14

6,7631 87, i38 43,249

Laborers (not specified) ........................ '11317,406 2,629,202 1,913,373 1,858,558 1,7fl6,.575\ •10,~98\I 121,975I 54,815 62,648 Launderers and Jaundresse.~.... .... . .. ......... 6DJ, 384 385, 965 248, 462 31, S:Jl I:l, 7HI 59'1, 8tll 3:35, 282 216, 631 108, 198 Nurses and midwives.......................... 215, 370 120, 950 47, 586 6, 190 1, lo!ii 1~3. 02.51 108, 69li 41, 396 14, 412

2,4491 3,891 5,205

1,859,223 •1,297,408 2,50.>,287 121, 942 ()6,553 50, 683

15,001 21, 745 12,265 Iie>taurantkeepers............................. 60,832 33,BH 19,283 16,8671} .{ 10,5101 4,845t 2,,110!} Saloonkeepers ................................. 84,976 83,7·16 71,385 G9,110: 80,SSO 2,309( 2,086\ 2,275 2,198 llartendors....... .............................. 1011 224 88,817 55,806 55,GGO~ , 2501 440I 146 .

Sen·ants and waiters........................... 1,86i, 448 1, 500, 721 1, 45·1, 701 z.is, 152!.} 185 0, 81{1,422,uo

11,2s3, 763

11, 216, 039} 970 273

} S.1,078 { .50, 310 28,999

82,6671 ~i·~~~! 100,984

I{ 445,332

'1 II

Housekeepers and stewards..................... 18,J, 27d 155, 153 92, 03b 5, 9.Ji' ' ' ' 17J, JSl I Hll, 92U1

8u, OSU ' Soldiers, sailors, and marines (U.S.}........... 77, 153 43, 195 27, 919 } 2

867, 9

4!9

1 . 2

4!· !~_01; 1---··· 4-8-.~ • 00 ·--8-~1 ;, 1 1····:·~4-2· "'·

5

•

5••

5•0•7•

Watchmen, poltcemen, firemen, etc............. 192, 125 130, 590} go 22-0 0

• 0

.,.,., u "I ., n

Other domestic and personal service............ • 58, 785 34, 637 ' ' · " · ' I l 3 6, 2421 6, 904.f "" '

. }1, 155,351 27t1,058 15, 940 8,224

24,161 77, 153 43, 195

• 53,863 { 191,639 129, 711' :J 52,543 27,673

Trade and transportation .............. 7,605,730 4,766,964 3,326,122 3,097,701 1,808,445,1,202,3521 503,3471 228,421 63,05&

Ag-~nts.......................................... 378,296 2.U,162 174,582 169,707 :J:J,&53.1 19,1.112\i 10.,5561: 4,875 ~ 1,871,503 6,403,378 4,263,617

33, mmj Bankers and brokers........................... s 71, 191 73, 277 35, 068 35, 458j' 19,24fJ1 '1,246 293 510 133 lJoatmen and sailors............................ 77, 715 78, 400 76, 874 76, 823 &~,.17s 60 153, 51 59 i 1ookkeepers and accountant.>................... 482, 814 254, 880 159, 374 Ial, 602,} !{ IS!, 9~9, 7-l, 15:ll 27, 7721}

359, 194 Zl0,606 19,373 3 69, 9451 72, 984 88,537 77, 655 78,253

} • 504, ,1,54 {

297,815 180, 727 C!or!G and copyists ............................. 1,183,801 -030, 127 557, 358 493, 139j 6474, no: 2:l2,0U! &'i,246 1 04,21~ a 30, 344

Stenographers and typewriters................. 316,693 112,364 33,418 !2,1~8) _ i 2t'i.1,3!.5!j &J,11.<;\ 21,~iO 1}51, 790 544,881

26,246 Commercial travelers........................... 163,tl20 92,919 58,691 ~·~1 ~~·~"6' 2,.59l 946<1 6\1 272 JJraymen, hackmen, team.~tero, cic.. ... .... . .. . 736, 085 D.'l8, 933 368, 490 39~, 265 lu,DSU:

3 9 ?~lf 90!1 ~~~ ........ .

Foremenandoverseers ......................... •lDl,053 55,-J,10 36,08·1 3J,IO'J .......... j .,,.ll2. 1,411': 910 ....... ..

,I:!J3tlers ........................................ •63,462 64,929! 54,036 54,0H :n,6971 •G: 79J 2l ........ .

u,wkstcrs and peddlers......................... 80,415 76,649 59,0113 &'l, ~241 50,!Jfl!l, 3,7851 2,9151 2,259 2,492

53,378 28,158 161,027 Dl,97d

1?7,580 7"35, 791 S:~S, 02U

.... 3i;iJ!i7 3 lQIJ, 721 li·i.0'~2 • 63,456 u4,&5o

Li\·ery stable keepers........................... • 34, 705 33, 656 26, 757 ,w, 710 14, NJ1

3 !S:i, 101; 47 33 .Merchantsanddcalers(exc~ptwhole<ale)........ D39,98i 790,880 600,239 liH,S84Jl. '11).J 6"" .i 61,14••; 34,fl.'41 2.,,.l;n} 14,752

5.3,4!ll 76,630 73, 734 1.1,213 3 34,612 33,4fill

} 479,430 { 1378,241 756,802

.Merchants and dealers (wholesulc) .............. 1

fl4, IGO 42,326 31,080 30,Sf~l.J '. ''.i l l,?'!':!i ~6}; 100 Me3Sengersanderrandandofficebo~·s .......... 117,187 71,622 51,355 ~S,4~~1 l~,.,~.,

1 1~,3~"\ G,:Jl 2,9:J9 400

6'.J,157 42,0651 13, 985 105,822 64, 959

Olllofalsofbanksanrlcompanics ............... "143,602· 74,072 139,900 7 3~,osal •Ja,.;,,3 •.,,n"9.I !·-~.1.1 7 217 ....... .. Packers and shippers........................... • 95, 767 59,545 24, !J-16 ~~.,l~6 s, :!'I\ 34~,U!~i n, ~~~ f\,5W 532 Porters nnd helpers (in storus, etc.)............. 135,272 54, 191 24, 356 --1,00'2 34,.,A ~. J,.,1 ''"" · 3'14 2,4fi0 Salesmen and saleswomen•..................... 875, 180 611, 130 204, 394 205, fl4~ 24, mal 2r.n. 4ilSi 14~, 230i 0

1° .. ~?_!, 7, 47!~, Steam railroad employel'.L ...................... 1,08-1,544 li82,I50 462,213 236,0 460, 771 23:i,Gll' 4,w.s I,f.SS •• •

a 15, 553 a 139, 6-13 72,S!ll !J,342 • 40, 718 39,51Ji"

~~·~!i 127,097 ll3,fi2-t'J ... , .. 624, 742 4Cil,W1 ) 58 1 070 8&l 55(J 4fl.:2

1 Corrected ftgures; for oxphnation, see Occupation Report for 1900, Pf.· Ixvi-lxxiii. • Fruit growers (except grnpe growers) included Jn 1890 with farmers p anters, anti overseers; clas.•ifie,J i:l Dt 11 am! 1900 wllh prdeuero, Jlori;t;;, and nurserymen, etc. a Fi1511res fur 1910 approximate ouly. ' 1 SCientifio persons combined in 1880 with teachers. • Other professional service (except veterinary surgeons) com'oined in 1880 with" Other domestic an.I i•erson.:LI se<Vice." ' Partly estimated. . 1 Includes olilcials of mhl!ng and q1iarryiug companies (numlier not stated) classified In 1!110 and 1900 with manufacturers am! oJfiebls under "~unufacturin:,: and

mechanical pursuits" (miscellaneous industries). •Salesmen an1 saleswomen me often returned as "Clerks in store11.''

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 55

NUMBER OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF 1900, FOR BOTH SEXES AXD .FOR EAUII 8EX SEPAHATELY: 1880-1910--Continued.

=-·~====-=·--=-=--=-=··-=·--=====i="=========·-=====oe=-==··==-=-=-=··-=====--=-=--=-=--··-==-===-='---=c==

Table 15-<'ontlnued. ____ ____:::~ ____ II ______ ~~ ____ !_ _________ F~~~L~. _

Of'CL'PATIO~<. 1910 1900 1800 I I lSSO I 1910 I 1000 i 1890 l I 1880 j 1910 1900 11890 I 1880

Trade and transportation-Continued. -------- -------- -----1----l ·---,----i------i-------Street rnilwoy employres. .. . .. .. . . . ... .. ... . . . . lj3,fi97 6~,919 ~7.434 •ll,f~7 153,14n 6'',"'73 3i,4?ll 211,683 557 46 11 •4 'fele~aph and telephone linemi:n ...•.... _...... 3S. 380 14, 757 z 11, l.~4 . _ .• _ .....

1

37, ;.·:-.\ 14, 757\ :::; l 1J, ~0 1 ........ _.... 6::!'2·.......... z 6(]9 ..... ~ ...... . 'l'elr!(raphand telephone operators............. 1G7,845 74,0~2 52,~14 ·~:J,1•'6 '71.:l.'1"

1

52,4~6 4".740[ •21,Bql 00,4~lj 2'2,;,;,1;

1

s 4'i41 '1,r.5 Undertakers •.• ·---··---·---·······---···--·-·- 20,734 16,189 9,S91 5,1131 19,921 .15,sw: 9,800

1

. 5,0&bl Sl3j 323 '~3 1, 55

Other persons in trade and transportation...... • 16,428 53,434 16,23r. • 56, rna1 • 70, ~74, 49, 7341 15,34ll • 54, 5491 • 5,554 a,;oo 895 • l, 620 Auctioneers.................................... 3,900 2,808 3,205 2,3~1: l)~,9~i 2,~~· ~,~ll3 2,~;~1. .,_5 3 ... 21 .... 3

fv~~-w:g:~~~~~;.~:;t:~:s~~i;:::::::::: ig:~~~ ~::I ~:: ~:~;ri1: i~;u7i' g:4#.1

a:ill1i b~il :::J

1

, i?i i~1! i~ Jtlanufacturlng and mechanical pur- I

sults .••••.••••••...••.....•••.......... 10,807,521 7,085,309 5,678,468 3,784,7261 9,035,426/ 5,772,6411 i,650,5401

3,153,69211,'172,095

11,312,1168!1,027,mi 631,0M

Carpenters and j:~:::~-~~~~~:~--- ···-- -·- ---· --· 830,322 600,2521 • 618, 242 • 3fl0, 59) 830,2J 599,707! • 618,044 •190,09.'il 59 5451 • 19J ....... . Masons(hrickandstone)....................... ?04,~i4 l~J.~0.5 1 160,)>4~ 11!f,473; 204,1.'ill lG~.~3~ 160,8™ 71!f2.473

1

23 !~'i 4lf-··-··-. Painters,!(laziers,andYarnishers ............... 340,.i13 2 .. ,d11 2'22,~33 •L.IJ,319

1. 33S,~92

1 27a,,8. 220,!JOC\ 111!',993 2,~ 1,,.,9 1,273

1

7326 Paperhangers--···----·----·-·-··---·-·---··-·· 26,384 21,990

1

. 712,369 15,013

1

. 25,561 21,;49, 112,31;; '4,859 """ 241 TM 7104

Plasterers.---····----···---····---····---·----- 50,533 35,694 739,002 122,083 50,52.'i/ 35,649 138,987 122,0'l3 8 4.5 •15 ••••••••• Plumhersandgasandsteamfitter3............. 16i,849 9i,785 61,231 •19,383i 167,841 W,659 61,185 '}9,383 8 126 461 ....... .. Roo!ersandslaters •••..•.........•............. 1.5,111 9,067 17,043 74,026, 15,1081 9,065 77,001 •4,026 3 2 13; ••••••••• Mechanics(nototherwisespecified) ••.....•.•... 26,208 9,378 15,485 7,858, 26,1891 9,351 15,472 7,853 1 Zl ll!J' 5

Chemical and allied produw.

Oilwellandoilworksemployees............... qµ,4.'!2 24,626 14,771 11,269, •48,3241 24,573 14,724 11,237 <158 53 t7 32 OilwellempJoyees......................... •32,r:J4 18,011 9,14i 7,34Gl •32,620

1

18,001 9,l:r.I 7,340 •14 10 l , ••••••••• Oilworksemployees........................ rn,848 ·6,615 5,624 3,9:29' 15,704 6,572 5 5ifi 3,Sll; 144

1

1 43 ail l!2

Otherchemicalworkers .. ----···-···-··-·---·-· 66,434 1~,743 11,700 10,0451 5.5,384 15,324 o'.581 9,200 11,or.o 3,419 2,125! &19

~~~i;;~~a!;~~~;Fct~~0=~5::::::::::::::: 4~:: 1~:ii N~L ... '.'.::~ 3~;~~~i 8:~i 6'~1----·~'.::~ V~ Ufi l,~' •••••• '.~ Saltworksemployees•..................... 4,263 1,775 1,765 1,431/ 3,989

1

: l,Ga 1,662

1

1,39(! 214 1U4 1031' 41

Clau, gla.u, and stO'fle products. I Brlckandtilemakrrs,etc...................... 93,3~1 49,933 60,214 36,052! 92,0371 49,4"5 oo,rr.o

1

35,~ 1,324· 4i8 1441 68 Glassworkers ..................... H ....... ~--······ 79,13..'i 49,998 34,2,~2 17.004,. 74,891 47,3;'/ 3!!,5;"2 !~,~-4,~ 4,._~t4_4 2,G'.ll l,71~1. 5fl4

~!g{~~~~.~t-~,~~.0.~~~r_s_'._-_:::::::::::::::::::: ~a~ re:t~

1, ~!;~~ 3g~~1

1. i~:~~i iUiiL ¥~;~151

1 °ii;G.t4 4,9<Js 2,~ 1,:

1

! ...... .589 Fi•hing and mining. l

Flshermenandoystermen ............... _______ 6~,275 6~1 940: 60,162 4l,352i 67,700 GS,47~ 59,8lJ9. 41,287 47& 462 2831 65

M1ntrn:i,~1inuw~~~-::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~:=: ~~:~ ~:~!~} ::·:1 { ~:~ ~~:m ~~:rVil} ~:·~~~{ ~ ~~ r~'} ;: Mlners(nototherwlsosp<leifie<l)............ 191,Ml 184,617 141,C\4; ,- I 191,381 184.~m 140,r14 1

' ' ' l .. 302 1331 Qrumymen•----·--····---··-·---···-----·- 87,809 34,584 37,651' 15,160 87,IG3 34,/;21 37,fi28 lii,169 46 '-.._ 63 28 ••••••• _.

Food and kindred prod:u:t» I Bakrrs.·--·-·-··--·-·-·---··-----·-------·--·-- 9i,ll50 79,188 00,197 41,3!)9; 90,~ll Bullerawlcbeesoll1an:•.·r,;• _.................... l11,~7fi 19.241 11,211 4,5•0; 16,193, Confectioners•---·--·--------··--···----·---··- 21 fl17 31.194 23,251 13,6921 lG,35~ Millcrs •••••.••.•.••. ----··-----·--·--·-----·-··· 34;14o 40,548 52,&4! ~,4401 ~·~ Otherfoonpreporrrs........................... ~·l7,~c: 141 !:7.: 115,lSl S4,8&11{ 236~,. 1•4~;,' Ft-;hcurl:!ra&nd p..ickers..................... G.SH '<·~'··} _

J.[eutand !mit canners and pre.;H\"tr,;. - .. . < 9, 70i o 24'1\ 112,5C: S2,1>37/· • 6, 05 Meat packers, curers, and pickh:rs •. ·-·---. '"'ll ,., 12ii:9e~ < 190,4.13 Bugarmakersandrefinerss ............... --.-· '"'io;OC~ 2, i27 2,uu 2,327 10J 752

Iron and atecl and their products.

Bbeksmiths ..•. _ .. _ ..• __ ..•• -. - -·- -- . --- . - . - -. -Machinists ....... _ ......................................... .. Steam-boiler n1aker,-;. ..................................... . Other iron anti steel workN",; ....• ·------·---· .. .

Leather and its finished producr..

Boot and shoe makers and repairers.·---·- ...•. Harne:;s and snddle 1nakersaud rep:tiraJ B •••• _i Leather curri~r.; uud tmners •.. ~ ................ .. 1frunk Undleatber-ease makers, ll:C ............. .

Liquors and bt·veragu.

241, 3.~f ~14i1 4. .Jf,O, 7~-~ 2~a, 145

-i 44. 7rn 3'l.046 •000,443 3G1, !2.5

2f.4,5~i zoq.~ 24.0:'!1 411.101 r,;,:r;-;~ 42,t~jl i:;:l::,_>t;~: 71051

20'.l.r::· 7172, 7£6 lS:i, ~.:: 1 rn .. 1:w

1 2! '~t~\ 1 1~. 77J 9 ~7:!,1::..1 17~, 03i

214,r;; 1194, 079 4'l,4· :1.1.oc1 39, ';[~. 7~ .. .J.~Z 6,27b' -!, 41

I nottlersnndsoda-wnterm:>kerJ,<;,:<_.......... 17.rr:1 10.~rn i,2:lfi 2.~11 Hrewersarn.lmaltsten ........... ·.................. !!::-i'.,~··~t: ~}H,ft(j? 20,:{tt~\I 1:.1" .:--Distillersundrectifitrs........................... i:,7·!-1 3,144 3J314 ~,24t:;

I I

Lumber and its remani:fac:i:n". ,

Cabinetmakers.............................. 4?,ff' 3ii,fil9 35,9151

. m.1><:~ ii Coopero ....... -----··---·--·------·-·----······ •c1\1'l1'. 37 °1~~ 47,4&1 5.3,l!l!li S·1w and pl..1nin~ mill employi:·.·.; ............... _ :nR.~"·:1 l'a: ~2~ 1:1-~. 6!~i 02,a:;-;_ Otherwoodworkers ................................. -illJ!),11~ lll,;..191~ !.l~,l"'li :m,'33;1

t C-0rrected l'lgilrM; for explanation, see Oc·CUJY.ltlon Tieport for 1000,·pp. lxvi-lxxm.

2-!i.'342 •Li, 0, 711 •.i.i. rn1

j $iii, 01

203,443 Zl.~8f 54, 9£' H,GW

12. 5J4, 2J.(1o.:~ ti, 141

42,lh 4 '2f), 4;-:;; "B%,4}::;

of l.'.t:;J fl::-:

226.2~4 282,fii-i ll'J.(~I:'

3.57, 243

lfi\.l.~[:i 39,;';llf) 40, !:!; S,47:::·

9~ 7::; 20.! :.:.~ 3,114

57, 910 10,F.08 17,5/i lJ2,74i

110,842

2,r.1

200,521 lSJ,t:.77

1 !:l,:t33 s:;:G7,%9

180, 871 42.G4J 311,4Gl 5,4.':,

40,246 4, 23ll l!,~92 53,303

83,&SG

81, 373 {

2,313,

7 172, 726

7,039 483

12,676· 275

14,COO c· ., <3,G5& •4,845

217

4, 7 101, 130 4 I 712,771 ................ 169,821 '25,427

11i3,Q; 61, 08-! 3~,409 744

1 2'J.C42 2.377 4,031 3,611>

2,012 1, 00\I 16.~i7\ o:;~ 3J237

0031

50.1741 4~! 53, ltrJ\ ! 11::[ 92,31Gi i. n4cl 2'J, 3'.J~l f te, O';Uj

4,328 648

9,214 186

5,~~' } 3,2i',e 1 355

' 19

193 571

5, 88'2

39,51 595

1, 754 1,tii

'i!l4 !rifJ 3

67 1"' .1,·, 37'.t

ti,~~)[;.

1, 727

1, 723

l;:;i

1,~ 1,800

'i7

1, 178

1,164

14

-- ............ -1 6 -- ··-·-·-

•4,551 2,216

33, 7fil 1 !!l, OOi 83:\ 1,551 2D2 7 200 821 379

549 69 OS 61

8

i~--··--:~ 2'J~ 41

fl, O'J,. 1,ll()3

• Partly estimated. a Incln<les e:ectric light and power com:mny em;.loyees, ebssifle<l in 1010 and 1000 with "Other misc'ellaneous imlnstrles" under ":Manufacturing aml mN'lmnlcal

Industries." • Figures for 1910 approximate only. 5 Does not inelude ship carpenters. classifie<l in lR!lll with ship an<! hont builder~. lli Includes ship calkers, rig·e-ers1 awl sm.iUis, coml.ined in l&SO with shi11 c.-aq_,enwr~, l1ut <1ot~s Jwt indnde avprentiees. 1 Does not ine1ude apprentices. s Fipires for 1910and1900 not comnam1 JP. •Includes a!! molde!'S cl!S;L'led in iG!O unJ l!JOO unr!rr !co::i a=i1 stPl'l workers. lm1.ss workers, and ot!ier met;1l workers.

56 POPULATION.

NU~~~OR OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS ARRANGED -' RDING TO 'fRE CLASSIFICATION OF 1900, FOR BOTH SEXES AND FOR EACH SEX SEPARATELY:

l880-1910-Uontiuued.

Paper anrl printing. llookhlnders ••• _. ___ •.••...•••..................

l ngr!1 vers ••..•• ___ . ~uper und pulp rnill'i.)pei·.iii\-(,.;:::::::::::::::::

I riutors, lithographers, and presslllen .•.•...••.•

Textiles. -~loachery- ancl dye-·works operatives ........... . ~m·ret fuctory 011e1·atkes ...................... .

1.ot ·on n1ill operatives ....•• _ .................. .

sWrtarydwc1 knitting mm o1wrauves .......... . 'V c rru oceraUves ............................ . oo en Ill IL 011erutives ........................ .

Other to:x:tllo mill operatives ................... . Print ·works operaLives .................... . ltopo and cordage factory operu.tlw.s ....... .

nim~~~l~~~s_-_-_-_ ·_:: :: :: : : :::: ::::::::::::::::::: Reil Ills tresses ...••• _ •..... __ ................... . 'l'tiilors und tailore.s~<'S ..•....................... ll11tand cap makeni. .......................... . Shlrt, collar, and cuff m ... kers .................. .

Otlmr textilo workers .......................... . Carpet ntakers (rag) __ ._ ................... . Sn!l, rnvning, u.nd tent roaker5 ............. .

l\fiscellaneous indu:;trie•. Bromn and hrush mnkcrs ...................... . Chonmal, coke, tt.n<l li1uo l•tlrner.s~-~·-·····-···-l~n11lnoors and firemen (not locomotive) ....... . Olovo n111kers ... __ •.••• _ ..• _ .•................. 1fonuru.ctm:ers cnid oflicfalg, etc ................ . Mmlol and prtttern mnkers •..................... l'holop;l'nplwrs .• - _ .........•..•....... ·: .. ..... . .!tnhhor-!uetor·y o:-,era tl ves_ ...•. ·.· ............. . ~l'ollt1c1co and cigar factory operati1·es .......... . Uvholstorors •.•.•• - .••..• _ - - - ••................ Other 111tscellnncous industries ...•.............

Ar Ut\cial-fiowor makers •... -............... . ll11tton inakers .... -· - .... -············· .. .. Col'sot make1·s. - .•.••...•.. : ............... . SLraw 'vorkers ............................ .. 1Vlll towasllt'l'S _ •.• - ........................ .

t~·m ri 9d, 1tjU 2-0u,356

32,627 1 ;H,043 331, 631

95, 877 85, 95U

102,uOO

99, 903 9, 112

10,696

34fi, lM 133, 921 184,092 312, 793 3S,201 62,!l38

"118,r.81 7,n47 3,718l

12,778 '2~. 740

:i~z:mj '5li5,905

23,559 31, 775 45,161

Jf.0,3S2 31,531

5 720,2-!7 •D,854 l~,854 13.874 • n, 471

1,(]{18

30,27$ 23,8.58 13,833 11,151 8,::12() 4,577 57,426 45, 574 :~J:m 155,147 123,059

22,278 14,210 8,222 'i lCJ, ~~72. 22,W'.! 17,(\(';S 2-W,~91 li3, 142 lGn, 771 47.120 29,555 12, lU4 54,4!;0 34i8;jij 18,0711 73,191) 84,l!Jll 88,0lfl\

104,619 108,298 48, 555 0,056 tl, 7{)1 5,4.19 7,591 s,001 3,514

346,884 203,504} { 87,85\l Gl,H8fi 3285,401 1

liiO, \"J42 150, il·H 220, fl40 l&S, 02fi 3133, 756 22, 7.l:3 2-1, fll:J Jli,&i0

1 39,432 21, 1U7 11,Sz:i

2(), 533 15, 039 12, 11J31 7,24li .................... i i, 577 3, 257 2,m><1)

10, 220 10, 115 8 479 1-1,43fi s, 104 .;;sin\

223,49i\ 139, 765 79,G2S: l~.271 6,4lfi 4,5lli

243,009 • 153,882 G9,ii95t 15, or.i 10, aoo 5, s221 2fi, 9-11 20, 010 g' 990 21,SCO W, 162 u, 350

131,152 111,625 77,(\!5: 30, 821 25, uG6 JO, .J43j

407 .. 0091 207, 673 182, 920: 2, 775 3, 04Ji 3, "3~9] o, u21 2, 001 4, s121 8, Olll 6, 533 4, 6601 3,838 3,C6G 4,229! 3, 4391 3, 996 3, 316!

1 corroctod :!ign res; for eYplanation, see Occupation Ilcport !or 1000, pp. !xvi-Ix.xiii. ~noes not include molders or apprentices. s Does not incluue npprcntices, t Figureafor 11llOand lll~uotcomparable, ~ Figures for 191 O appro.qmate only, a Inciludos box-I:t.ctory operattves; prohably lucludes box makers (-wood).

18,282 n,221

Ci ()ti, 8'~1 li81 511

27, 512 7 l~J, \t12 lS.i, ;141 27,650 :1:{, 7251 .57,920

52,322 7, 7B8 01 U16

10,519 (j 22, 706 347, 181

6,002 ti 558, 701

23, 0-06 20.811 38.90[.i SQ, 0-!8 28,923

0 593,272 ~ 1, 238

7,810 1,649

o 2,3G5 1,663

H,frl6 io, nus &0,100

13!1,l(]{l

12, Z'J.~ 8,017

21,570 110,8-18

8t342 4,47-l

e231 a4J ·3 6g, 270

21 ti Gil 7. j''.\;, 9,540

-1,072 f>;)1

·1,320

4, 755 105 3:J~ 35~

22, lll2 512

631,9% 27,84i;

20, 493 12, 500 7, 573 5, 115 110,:n1 11,54fj•I 9,rn;2 • H.111 12.5. iilS llfl, 177 78. 292 Wi. 2fJO 12, u:io 8, 7451 4. :i::l4 &~,327 2'2. 02:l 14. !92: 8, f;l'j), 5'' '"l4 ·42,l>66 -1;,{):lsl ;;2,W-11 44:6&.

53,437 61,(,611 33,422 47,.i81 4;91~~ 6, 1021 4,:n<;, l,:n1 4,592 4,sool 3,ill(\ 4,100

2, ooo 836,j rJ .'l-40. Hll L 7a9 395,f a 3,47:l l 12~.43q 4~R37 4,001', I lfJ,i.~7J

IGn. 714 1z:i,5rn/ •st. rws 92. ~21. w.un 17,319· w,1J()4. JJ,2>;i S,-1\Jl 5, 1321 3, 1G:l

1 4><, fi78

MrL ... ::~~1 ..... ~:'.:'.l "7E:~r 3, 11.iS 3, 006 2, 8431 1 120'

8,64.3 8,949 7.&171 2:259! 14, 405 s, 1;s9 5, 8511 ~ 34,

223, 318 i:Jr1, 718' 7H, G281 32[ 4,503 2.741 2.558i 14,459i

239,fi49 • 153,4&8 69, 1221 • 7,1141 14, Sll9 10.159 Ii 822 5"3 23.3G1 17,839 il;m91 4,9641 14, -192 g "°'' 4, 2'.l'.l; 11. ~rn1 8<,955 sa:G:i4 &>.1<7! 7!.3:~4 1 28, 663 23, 918 9, OO!j 2, &001

376, ~3~. 114, 8!lP 152, 11~1 • 12ri. 975, ,. 5u.1 51µ1 • S, f>H\I

3,511 1,0ll 2,4;;()1' 5,0441 815 73.1 7!15 12. 2:!51 911 l.~43 1.5311 •4,100\

3, 374 3, 987 3, 3D1\ 51

8GC• 4, 815 ti,380

•913 4,G\JO 3,349

3 737 11 Sh~ 1,907

1, 7~~ 902 31, 037 21 j ................. ~-.

1,4S7 899 1, U37

2, 32fJ 1, 381i 325 11 7 lll

241 112 ___ •••••• Vi 203 •••••••••

15,~E~ 211 1 i2G 15, US!

51, 182 l, l~j;I 2,9%

3.J4, 7fJ.! 81i. 12(]

14fi, 105 68. 9.1T! 7,li2:"l

30,941

11,500 303

22,004 12, 211

1, 707 10,75{) 92, 965 20,810 20, 663 36,471

5,491 103

a J:l,1149 33,4M

649 7,100

91,479 7,81)0 9,211

35,506

46, G37 15, 143 1, 539 l, 101 3, 1051 474

292, 66S;} 61,2911 •281,928

140,043 64, 50'J ~ 52, 09S 6, 69-1 3,8.56

15,975 8,\,00

2g;~;Ri ---~~:'.~!. ... '.:~~ 409 251 107

1,577 31

177 7,rns 3,360

204 3.580 7,374

43,497 2,158

90.191 2,33S 3, l!O 7,201 2,927

r,r,

1,166 642 15 ••••••••• 47 ........ _

3,675 1.953 "414 . 473

141 ........ . 2,201 451 (i,456 2,058

27, 991 10, 868 1,748 M2

32,808 2,543 1,590 5,800 2,423

91

30.208 2,887 2,392 3, 861.i 2,6i~

1 Does not include carpet makers (rag), included in.1010 and 1000 with" Other textile workers." a Doos not b:1.oh.1do officials of mining and quarrying com1ianies, classified lu 1800 with oillcials of hanks and companies, undfr "Trade and transportation.''

Q~1tside of trade and transportation and manufac­turino· and mecbanieal punmits, the reclassification. of the Thirteenth Census occupations according to the •:rwolft.h Census classification is believ-ed to be :fairly accuvate, except in a Iew occupations. In trade and transportation, and in manufacturing and mechanical pul'suits, the reclassification probably is fai.rly accu­rate in about 75 per cent of the occupations and poor in .about 25 per cent. In case of such large and general occnptttion groups as "Other iron and steel workers " ''Other woodvmrkers," "Other metal '·!VorI~ors '' an~l '' 0 thcr te:x£ile 'vo1·lrnrs," the reclassifl­~ati;n ~t best can be considered only approximately

correct. In ca,_e of the :five gennal divisions of occu­pations, however, the per eent of crr<>r in reclassifica­tion is believed to be 1iractically negligihlc.

The 1910 classification of ocenpntiuns is so different from that of 1900 that in many cases the 1910 figures for a specific. occupation, as presented in Table 15, differ very much from those for the same occupation, as presented in the otl1er tables of tho report. In any such case, it is ev.ident that the figures presented in this com11arative table can not properly l)e usecl in connection with tlie figures pre:c;ente<l in tl•e ot1:.er tables of the report.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 57

PERSONS OCCUPIED DISTRIBUTED BY SEX.

United States.-T~ble 16 shows, for all occupations and for each general division of occupations, the 1mm­Lor of males and of females gainfully occupied in HllO nnd the per cent ·which the workern of each sex con­htltuted of the total.

:::-=--------... -.. ~--=-====-=-=-,·=·-··=====··--·-·~-""" _______ _ -1;=-~!A~~---r-~~MALE. .

GENERAL DIVISHlN OF 'I'otal: OCCUPATIONS. 1910 I I I

_________ , ____ ![Number. c~~~- Number. le~,~~ Alloccupatlons ........... j a~,167,336 II so,o91,56417s.s I s,01s,n2 j~

Agriculture, forestry, and animal j . '[ -husbandry ••.......•...•.......

112,659.203 , 10,851,702 &5.7 1,&J7,o01 14.3

Extraction of Olinera.Is ..•.•......

1

9641 824 I 963, no 99. 9 11 1Y.J4 0.1 Manufacturing and mechanical

industries ...................... l~.~8,~1 , ~,ii;i7,9Q! 82.9 1,820,9ll0 17.1 Transportatlon ...................

1

2,fJJ7,f11l 2,531,0;a IJH.O 1on,rioo 4.0 1'rade............................ 3,614,670 3,146,5S2 87.1 408,088 12.9 l'ublic service (not ebcwhere

classified)...................... 459,291 445,733 97.0 13,558 3.0 l'rofessional service ............... i 1, 663, 569 929, 68·! 5o. 9 7:tJ, 8"5 44.1

g~~~3~c;g~1trJ~~~=~::~.j~:::::1 ~;~Ktm Ht!;~~~ ~~J 2·gi~;;~~ ~u

'll'able 16

These :figure:• :;how thn.t in 1910 domestic and per­sonal service was the only geneml di-1."i:.;ion of occupa­tiorn·; in which the wonwn outnum]Jered the men, there l>eing in this general di.vi . .;ion more than t\';O women mrn1loved to mwh mun. In professional service there we;.e f;ur women to every five men, a brge vroportion of the wonwn being teac1wrs. In cleriettl occupations. mw-third of the persons ·were women. In manufactur­iiw and mechanical industries women constituted one

0

in c:ix, in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry one in seven, mid in trade one in eight of the gainful work.em; t1wy cnnsti.tutud only 4 ver cent of the persons engaged in trmuportation, 3 per cent of the persons en­g!tgl~d in public service, and but one-tenth of 1 per cent of the persons engaged in the extraction of minerals.

The proportion of each sex in all gainful occupations and in each general division of ocoupations in HJ10 is also shown gruphicnlly in the follo'wing diagram:

PROPORTION OF MALES AND OF FEMALES IN EACH GENERAL DIVISION OF OCCUi:'A'fIOXS: l!llO.

PE;R CENT

60 60 70 80 90 100

~~~~~~~~~~~~m~~tmmmm ALL OCCUPATIONS 0 20 30 40

!""""""!u.4<~'""-"""'l'C£L<.""'f'~~<.<.LJ.'"'"f"..<..<.L'+"''-""":.+L'""""'4A"-lO:::iC4 A GR I CULTURE, FOR EST RY, AND AN I MAL HUSBANDRY

l"='"""'lu.4<~'""'-"4'""".t:.L.f-u..u~,;.u."4"'~:.q.:.:.(.,:,c.~~~~ EXTRACT I 0 N OF MIN ERA LS

~~~~~~~~~$~~~~~~m~- MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES

~~~~~~~2$~~~~~~~~~~~TRANSPORTATION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TRADE t=""'L.f'""'-"4'~~.u:..<."f<r.LL.<~'LLL.~c.£.£.,.*"':LL.t.4LL'LLL.4..::L.~ PU BU C SERVI CE c NOT ELSEWHERE CLASS IFIE OJ

~~~~~~~~~~mi~~~~~~?mm PROFESSIONAL SERVI CE

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mmooMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m~~ CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS

~MALES ~ FEMALES

In Table 17, for purposes of comparison with moo, the Thirteenth Census occupations are rearranged, hy sex, according to the :five general divisions followed ut previous censuses.

The marked increase from 1900 to 1910, as shown bv Table 17, in the proportfon which females constituted of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits was dis­·~ussed in a previ:ms secti::in (seep. 27). The increase ,luring this period in the proportinn which females c::nstituted of all persrns engaged in domestic and personal servfoe is account:~d for in part by the great clecrease in the number of "laborers (n ;t specified)," a very large pr~ p ·::rti: n cf whom were mules. The /~Teat differonce sh wn by T::.hks 16 and 17 in the pro­portion whieh fomabs c nstituted d all persons en­r•nged in cl .ffi('Stic and porilcmnl Service in 1910 is ac­C'illllted frr by the fact thnt "soldiers, sailors, and marines (U. S.)," "wutchmcn, policemen, firemen, I etc.," and "fabr,rers (n t. S?~cifie<l), " classified under · ckmestic e.nd p'.'cs~n:.l s::Ti.cJ b 1900, were, with the

exception uf a part of tho "hborers (n.it speci1i.Pd))" classified elsewhere in 1910.

'l'a.bie 1 7 J II MALE. - 1· FEMALE. c:i:mrus Y.EAR .um GE:h"ER.u. I 1.' t 1 Iii:

1

I DIYJSION OF OCCUPATIONS. 0 a • ' • Per • Per I J Number. cent. Number. cent.

1910 ------- i ----11 I! I All occupatlons .......... ! 38,1$7,_:; J 30,oJ:,:Gl ~! S,075,772 21.2

Agrlcul.turalpu~1lts ............. J 12,56i,925 110,i60,875185.ll l l,IID7,050 H.4 l'roless1onul se .. rrn:e ............... , 1, ~.·25, 1:!7

1

1 l, 151, 709 63.1 673, 418 36. 9 Domestic am! personal service... 5, ~61. 013 2. ;40, lio 51. 1 2. 620, 857 4S. 9 Trade and transportation......... 7, 005, 730 6, 403, 378

1

. 84. !l 1 202, 352 15. 8 Ma.nuf~turin:; an1l rn~hi:miCl.il I 1

pursuits .... ~.~~~ ...............

1

10,S07,53l ,

1

, 9,035,426 S3.6 j l,772,095 16.4

.All occupations ......... ! 2),07:,g;~ J, 21,7::,3,318'..7 I 5,319,397 18.3

Agricul.tural pur~1it, ............. j 10,:i~_1,Ttl5 /Ill 9,4().4,42G- ·9()f.j 077,336' 9.4 Profess19nal sery1ce ........................... _, 1, '.:!5S, S~:lS 827 ~ 041 61. s 430_ 59; 34. 2 Domestrn and per:;onal_ service ... · I 5. ~~~.(~57 l 3, ~~~1. :.!(1S t1::? :; 2~ OG5~ 449 H7. 5 Trade and transportatmn.......... 4, .t~;. lJtH fl 4. 2f>l, r,17 89. 4 I 503 347 '0 6 Manufru:turing arnl mechanic;.l I ~ ... n ii - --~ . I • . .

pursmts ......................... 1

1,0,,,, oOO '.' 0,.1 .. ,GU ! 81.a \ 1,312,MS 1

18.5

Divisions aJ.d states.-Tahlo 18 (p. 59) shows, for each geographic clivision and for each state, the per

58 POPULATION.

cent which the workers of each se.x constituted of all workers and of the workers in each general division of occupations in 1910.

This table shows that, in the United States in 1910, 78.8 per cent of the persons engaged in gainful occupa­tions were males and 21.2 per cent were females. Males constituted over seven-tenths of the gainful workers in each geographic division, and over eight­.tenths in the East North Central, the West North Cen­tral, the Mountain, and the Pacific divisions. In the :Middle Atlantic and West South Central divisions females constituted over one-fifth, and in the New England, South Atlantic, and East South Central divisions over one-fourth of the gainful workers. In the District of Columbia, South Carolina, and Missis­sippi over one-third of the gainful workers in 1910 were females, but in each of the remaining states over two-thirds of the gainful workers in 1910 were males, the proportion rising to over ·nine-tenths in Idaho, Wyoming, and Nevada.

Since in any area the proportion which females en­gaged in· gainful occupations form of all persons en­gaged in gainful occupations is governed largely by the proportion of the· female population gainfully occu­pied, it follows that variations between different areas in the proportion which gainfully occupied females constituted of all gainful workers must in the main be due to the same causes which produced the variations in the proportion of the female population gainfully occupied. For example, the high proportion which females in 1910 constituted of all gainful workers in the New England and :Middle Atlantic divisions, as compared with the East North Central and West North Central divisions, corresponds very closely with the high proportion of gainful workers in the female population 10 years of age and over in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions, as compared with the East North Central and West North Central divisions (see Table I, p. 26); and in each case the higher proportion in the New England and ~fiddle Atlantic divisions was due mainly to the same causes­a larger proportion of foreign born in the female popu­lation, a larger proportion of urban population, and the existence of more industries which furnished suit­able employment to females. Likewise, the high pro­portion which females constituted of all gainful work­ers in the South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central divisions1 as compared with tho Mountain and Pacific divisions, is accounted for mainly by the large negro female population in the South, together with the fact that a much larger proportion of thenegro than of the white females were ga1nfullyoccu­pied in 1910. Also, in the different states the varia­tions in the proportion which females constituted of alJ gainful workers in 1910 corresponded in general with the variations in the proportion of the female popula­tion 10 years of age -and over gainfully occupied in 1910 (see Table I), and, usually, the causes of the

variations were the same in each case. However, since in 1910, 81..'3 per cent of the males and only 23A per cent of the females 10 years of age and over wero engaged in gainful occupations, the proportion which females constituted of all gainful workers in any area was lnfluenced to some extent by the numlJer of males to each 100 females. Thus, the fact that in the Mountain division there were 127.9 males and in the Pacific division 129.5 males to each 100 females, ac­counts in part for the comparatively low proportion which females constituted of all gainful workers in each of these divisions. In Nevada in 1910 the pro­port.ion of the females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations was larger than in any other state in the Mountain division (see Table 1, p. 26), but the proportion which the females constituted of all gainful workers was smaller in Nevada than in any other state in the division except Wyoming. This unusual condition probably was due to the fact that in Nevada the number of males to each 100 females, 179.2, was larger than in any other state in the United StatesJ while the proportion of the males 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations, 87.3 per cent, was also very large.

The proportion of each sex in all gainful occupa­tions in I 910, as cornpare1l with HJOO, is shown graph­ically for each state in the diagram on page GO, while the proportion of males and females in each principal occupation in which the workers of ouch sex consti­tuted 1 per cent or more of the total workers in the United States in 1910 is sho1vn graphically in the diagram on page 61.

In the United States as a whole in 1910 females constituted 14.3 per cent of all persons engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, but this proportion varied from 3.1 per cent in the Pacific to 24.6 per cent in the East South Central division, and exceeded 4 per cent only in the South AtlHntic, the East South Central, and the West South Central divisions, where the high proportions are explained by the large nu:rnbers of negro female agricultural laborers. The great variation in the proportions between the different states of these three geographic divisions are due mainly to differences in the pro­portion of negroes in the population. The large negro population and the great importance of cotton mising together account for the cxccptic111ally large proportion which females constituted of all persons engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal hus­bandry in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arktmsus, and Louisiana in 1910.

In the United States, in each of the geographic divisions, and in each of the state.;.; male:; in 1910 had practically a complete monopoly of the occupations peculiar to the extraction of minemls. Few of these occupations are suitable for f Pmules and they are usually prohibited by law f1 om imr;:;uing them.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 59

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY SEX, OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE A:-i"D OVER ENGAGED IN EA.CH GENEHAL DIVISION OF OCCUPATIONS, l3Y DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910.

;::c--;;::·;;;:-;;;:·-=·-===··=-=-==~===-=-=-=-=.o·::::;;;-o=-;;;--;;;--=.·c=-:::·-=·-=.=-""·-·-----··--·----··'°··-=-;;;:·c=··-=c·=-·•-=-· ·=-~··cc· ~_c:-_;:;·-:::-=c· -=··c;.· =c.c·=··· =c-··~=~~-.cc··:;·-=·-7··=·-·=· ·-=~-'-"'°"'-=--=-·=·-=---~-=-·c,c--·====---~-1 AGRICUL-1 I 'J.'nble 18 i 'fURE, MANUFAC-

ALf, OCCU.. i FORESTRY, EXTRAC- TURIXG TRA.NSPOR ... PATIONS: I AND I TION OF AND ME- T N TRAD<:.

1910 ANIMAL I MINERALS. C!!ANICAL ATJ(J •• DIVISION AND STATE,

~ IL\~DRY.

PP!ILIC f:EP~VICE

(NOT ELSE· WHERE

CLASSIFIED).

PR0FES-SIONA!.

EERnCE.

DOMESTIC AND

l'EBSONAL SERVICE.

CLERICAL OCCUPA·

TIO NS,

'

' HUS- I INDUS'.!RU:S. Ii

- Fe- i-F;:;::-1 Fa- I Fa- I I Fe- I Ffl-1·~.~. F6- I M·'-1 Fl'- I Mal I Fa- I Mal I Fa-Male. male. i Male. male.' Male. male. Male. male. Male.1 mule: Male. male. m.we. male. ""'·!male. 0 • male. e. male.

United States.-··- ............ ~. 78.s -;;;; • 85.7 14.31-;-;~182.9 17.1 I ss.o j~ 87.1I12.9197.0 -;:/-;;14u j s2.s I 67.1 j 6s.s I~ GE~::~~l~~~~~~~---···········-· 73.4 25.6 96.5- 3.~11 99.9 -0.11·;5.4 2!.;105.61-4.41~.8-~4.2,97.8 -2.2 iiO.i 49.3. 30.7 69.3 56.9·!-~-~

Middle.Atlantic .................... 77.7 22.3 96.3 3.7 99.9 O.l 80.3 19.7 9U.O 4.0 &'.i.6 14.4 !J8.3 1.7 58.0 42.0 36.7 03.3 67.31 32.7 EastNorthCentral. ................ 82.3 17.7 . 96.7 3.3 99.8 0.2

1

85.8 11.2 94.9 5.1 Sii.l 14.9, 97.2 2.8 55.2 4l.8 34.6 65.4 62.8 ! 37.2 WeatNorthCentraL ............... 84.5 15.5 190.7 3.3 99.9 0.1 86.0 14.o· g,;,3 4.7 88.3 11.7 tJLJ.4 4.6 48.7 51.3 34.3 65.7 63.7 jl 36.3 South Atlantic •• - .................. 73.2 2G.8 '75.9 24.1 9'J.9 0.1

1

. 82,0 18.0 97.4 2.G &l.l J0.9 90.fi 3.4 50.7 43.3 21.3 78. 7 73.2 26.8 East South Central................. 73. 9 20.1 i 75,.1

1

24. 6 99. 9 0.1 85. o 14. 4 96. 7 3. 3 90. 2 9. 8 llO. 5 4.5 59.5 40. 5 20. 9 79.1 72. 8 27. 2 WestSouthCentrul ................ 78.7 21.3] 80.2 10.8 99.9 0.1

1

1 90.7 9.3 00.6 3.4 91.0 9.0 9D.7 4.3 60.9 39.l 30.9 G9.1 ";7.71 22.3 Mountain .......................... 87.4 12.6 ( 96.2 J 3.8 99.9 0.1 00.1 9.9 97.3 2.7 89.0 11.0 95.0 5.0 00.1 39.3 45.3 54.7 69.0 31.0

Pacific ............................. ~~!-~:.~._I_.:.:_ 99.9 ~I= 8.8 00.5 3.5 88.5 11.5 97.5 2.5 59.7 40.3 53.8 46.2 64.6 ! 35.4

NE~a:~~~~~ ....................... 79.3 20.7 96.8 3.2 100.01····--!. 80.6 ~ 96.4 -;:; 87.4 ~ 95.5 ---;;:;~-;; 72.7 54.01~ NewHampshire .................... 74.8 25.2 96.2 3.8 100.0 ...... : 74.2 25,8 96.3 3.7 88.2 11.8 94.5 5.5 46.l 53.Y 26.4 73.6 55.2, 44.8 Vermont ............. _. ............ 80.4 19.6 97.1 2.9 100.0 ......

1 84.3 15.7 94.9 5.1 89.0 11.0 94.9 5.1 45.0 55.0 18.9 81.l .55.21 44.8

Massachusetts ...................... 71.0 29.0 96.3 3.7 99.9 O.l I 73.8 2G.2 95.2 4.8 85.0 15.0 98.2 1.8 52.1 47.9 31.6 68.4 56.0 i 44.0 RhOdeisland ...................... 71.8 28.2 96.1 3.9 99.8 0.2 72.1 27.9 95.8 4.2 86.0 14.0 00.3 0.7 53.7 46.3 34.8 65.2 57.2

1

1 42.8 Connecticut ........................ 75.5 24.5 96.2 3.8 99.7 0.3 78.6 21.4 96.1 3.9 86.2 13.& 97.8 ·2.2 li2.3 47.7 32.8 67.2 61.8 38.2

MIDDLE ATLANTIC: i NewYork .......................... 75.4 24.6 96.613.4 98.9 1.1 78.1 21.9 9.5.4 4.6 &tl 13.9 98.6 1.4 58.0 42.0 39.7 00.3 65.51 34.5 NewJersey ......................... "" 22.3 95.9 4.1 99.9 0.1 81.4 18.6 96.9 3.1 87.3 12.7 98.7 1.3 li8.5 41.5 3-0.6 i 63.4 68.6

1131.4 Pennsylvania ....................... 80.7 19.3 !lo.I 3.9 99.9 0.1 82.7 17.3 96.4 3.6 83.9 rn.1. 9i.7 2.3 57.9 42.l 31.5 68.5 ;o.o 30.0

E.!.BT NORTH CENTRAL: Ohio ............................... 81.9 18.1 96.9 3.1 99.8 0.2 85.4 14.6 95.0 5.0 84.9 15.1 97.4 2.6 .58.2 41.8 32.9 67.l 63.51 36.5 Indiana ............................ 85.0 15.0 97.4 2.6 100.0 (I) 87.4 12.6 94.8 5.2 87.3 12.7 00.7 3.3 59.2 40.8 33.6 66.4 61.4 i 38.6 lliino!s ............................. 81.2 18.8 97.3 2.7 99.9 0.1 85.4 14.6 94.7 5.3 84.8 15.2 97.7 2.3 55.6 43.4 38.4 61.6 63.5 i 36.5 Michigan ........................... 83.3 16.7 96.9 3.1 99.7 0.3 86.5 13.5 94.3 5.7 85.5 U.5 97.() 3.0 5C>.l 49.9 32.4 67.6 60.0 I 40.0 Wisconsin .......................... 81.8 18.2 94.8 5.2 99.9 0.1 &'i.5 14.5 96.2 3.8 83.8 16.2 95.8 4.2 46.8 53.2 31.1 68.9 62.41 37.6

WEST NORTH CENTRAL: Minnesota ........................... 82.6 17.4 !lii.6 4.4 100.0 (1) 86.5 13.5 96.3 3. 7 87.0 13.0 96.5 3.5 45.6 54.4 33.8 66.2 03.21 36.S Iowa ............................... 84.1 15.9 97.3 2.7 99.9 0.1 84.5 15.5 l !lii.l 4.9 88.1 11.9. 93.2 6.8 42.0 58.0 1 32.l 67.9 58.5 I 41.5 MIBsouri ............................ 83.6 16.4 96.4 3.6 99.9 0.1 84.7 15.3 94.9 5.1 88.4 11.fl 197.0 3.0 57.8 42.2 I 36.l 63.9 67.1 I 32.11 NorthDakota ...................... 86.6 13.4 96.3 3.7 100.0 88.9 11.1 9G.3 3.7 92.3 7.7 / 88.7 11.3 46.3 53.7 J.24.5 75.5 66.4 33.6 SouthDakota ....................... 86.9 13:1 95.8 4.2 99.5 0.5 88.5 11.5 95.8 4.2 90.3 9.7 91.6 8.4 46.6 53.4 j 34.3 65.7 58.8 41.2 Nebraska ........................... 85.6 14.4 97.3 2.7 99.8 0.2 87.2 12.8 94.8 5.2 88.8 11.2 93.7 6.3 46.0 54.0 36.6 63.4 63.0 37.0

· Kansas ............................. ! 87.0 13.0 97.5 2.5 99.8 0.2 89.0 11.0 95.0 5.0 88.0 12.0 96.1 3.9 49.8 5!1.2 35.2 64.8 61.5 38.5

8 OU'.lll .ATLANTIC: i

:~7::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::i ~::~ ::: :::: ::~ 1

::~ 0.1 ~:: ~::~ :~:! 2.3 s1.9 is.1 98.5 2.6 84.9 15.l 98.0 5.3 84.l 15.0 00.1 2.2 90.6 9.4 97.3 2.9 8'1.3 10.7 94.2 2.3 91. 7 8.3 94.3 2. 6 91. 0 9. 0 !J(i. 7 2. 7 91. 3 8. 7 97.1

1.5 55.5 44.5 22. 4 77. 6 68.1 2.0 58.4 41.6 26.4 73.6 74.4

a. o 01.1 so. o I 29. 4 10. 6 65. 1 2.7 52.3 47.7 119.7 80.3 73.5 5.8 62.9 37.1 27.9 72.1 73.3 5.7 52.8 47.2 17.0 83.0 75.1 3.3 51.9 48. l rn. s 83. 2 75.2 2.o ~7 U3 mo ao n6 4.5 61.2 38.8 24.0 76.0 78.6

31.9 25.6

34.9 DistrictofColumbia ................ ! C0.5 33.5 96.5 3.5 (') Virginia_ ........ ___ ....... ---···-- ........ ; 78. s WestVirginla ..................... .! 87.9 NorthCarolina ..................... i 71.2 South Carolina •• ________ ........... ! 63.2

21.2 89.\) 10.1 99.9 12.1 94. 6 5. 4 99. 9 28.8 73.4 26.fl 99.3 36. 8 62. 7 37.3 99.3

Georgia ............. : ............... 1 69.6 30.4 71.3 28.7 99.9 Florida .......... _____ ........... ---: 77.3 22. 7 81.6 18. 4 99. 7

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: 1 Kentucky .......................... 1 83.0

;~:i:E;_:_~:::::::::::::::::::::::! E:~ 17.0 93.3 6.7 100.0 20.3 86.4 13.6 100.0 31.5 66.7 33.3 99.9 34. 7 64.4 35.6 (<)

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL: [

~=:;:::::::::::::::::::~::::::[ ~~:: !!:! ;~:: 24.2 99.11 24. 8 99.S 8.9 99.9 Oklaholll1\ .......................... ) SG.9 13.1 91.1

Texas .............................. ! 78.9 21.1 80.3 10.:; 99. 7

MOUNTAIN: Montana •••••••••.••..•......•••.•. 89.5 10.5 96.8 3.2 99.9 Idaho .............................. 90.1 !l. 9 97.2 2. S 90. 9 W;:oming .................... : ..... 91.8 8.2 97.7 2.3 99.9 Colorado ............................ 84.2 15.8 95.2 4.8 9\1.9 NewMexico ........................ 87.6 12.4 1 91.9 5.1 !19.9

Arizona ............................ l 87.9 12.1 : 9u.4 3.6 99.9 Utah ............................... 80.0 H.O , 97.5 2.5 llJO.O

PA!~~~a ............................. 1 ~-3 9.7 : 97.7 2.3 99.9

Washington ......................... / S~-~ 12.7 97.1 2.9 99.9

g~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::_:_::~;::1 ~~;?_J;:~. ::.:~-- ::l_;~ 1 LcJJ tllun one~tenth of 1 {Jer cent.

81.8 18.2 94.7 0.1 S.1.0 16.0 97.8 0.1 90. 9 9.1 97. 1 o. 7 77. 9 22.1 97. i 0. 7 "'I 22,3 97. ·1 0.1 82.6 17.4 97.3 0.3 88.5 11.5 98.3 1. 7 91. 3 8. 7 95.5

(') 81. 7 18.3 95. 7 4. 3 87. 5 12.5 95.4 ~6 ~7 g3 U5 ~5 ~3 2.& m2 as ~9 ~1 no 4.5 59.9 40.1 17.6 82.4 78.1 1.6 53.8 46.2 18.6 81.4 79.1

{I) 85.9 14.1 96.6 · 3,4 91.6 8.4 97.2 0.1 87. g 12.2 97. 7 2.3 91.4 8.6 95. 5

90.1 9.9 97.3 2. 7 91.2 8.8 92.4

0.1 92.3

0.2 S<J.3

1

JO.7 0.1 92.1 i.9 0.3 90.4 9.6

97.7 oo.o 96.2

0.1 94.tl 0.1 93. 6 0.1 95.0 0.1 90.2 0.1 79.4

82.3 89.2

0.1 91.!l

0.1 (1)

5.4 9S.4 G. 4 97.0 5. 0 99.0 9. 8 95. 7

20.6 9S.3 9S.5

10. 8 9'1.0 5.1 97.9

3.2 91.4

2.3189.5 4.0 91.3 3.8 91.4

8.6 94.2 10.5 96.6 8.7 9l.3 8.6 90.3

5. 8 64.5 35.S 27.3 72.7 i5.8 3.4 57.1 42. 9 23. G ;c;, 4 82. 6 5. 7 62. 5 37. 5 41. 0 59. 0 !i7. 5 3. 7 00.3 39. 7 33. 9 66.1 78. 9

1.6 89.3 10.7 95.1 4.9 58.5 41.5 51.5 48.5 70.7 a.o oo. 1 9. fl sn.o u.o fi3.2 a&. s 43.1 51. 9 68. 9

1.0 91.0 9.0 98.4 1.6 00.5 39.5 50.3 49.7 75.0 4.3 88.3 11. 7 9·!.3 5. 7 57.9 42.l 40.5 59.5 65.3

1.7 92.2 7.S 94;0 6.0 61.3 38.7 37.3 62.7 74.5 1.5 92.0 8.0 96.9 3.1 68.4 31.6 51.5 48.5 79. 7 4.0 85.4 14.6 94.0 6.0 00.7 39.3 40.1 59.9 68.6 2.1 92.1 7. 9 92.4 7. 6 71.1 28. 9 60.1 39. 9 72.5

26.5

2fi. 7 2!.9 2!.S 22.4 21.4

32. 7

27.0 21.9 20.9

2!.2 17.4 32. 5 21.1

29.3 31.1

25.0 34. 7 25.5 20.3 31. 4

27.5

0.1 93.8 6.2 97.0 0.1 91.8 8.2 l!i.2

0.1. sa.; 1 I0.3 95.9

3.0 89.4 10.6 97.7 2.8 88.5 4.1 SS. 2

11.5 11. 8

95.3 97. ';"

2.3 -01.1 38.9 50.9 49.l 66.9 33.1 ~. 7 59.1 40. 9 49. 4 50. 0 _62. 51 87.5 2. 3 5!1. 2 40. 8 5'1. 7 4~. 3 M.1 3.5.9

: Per cent not shown where b;,se is Jess thun 100.

60 POPULATION.

PROPORTION OF MALES AND OF FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED I:N" GAI~FUL OCCUPATIONS, BY S'l'ATES: UllO AND rnuu.

MALES FEMALES PER CENT PER CENT

0 10 20 30 40 60 ea 70 so eo 100 20 30 40 WY<IMIN<t WYOMING

' ' N~VAOAI NEVADA

' IOAHO IOAHO

' MONTANA MONTANA

I

ARIZONA ARIZONA

WEST VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA

NEW MEXICO

' WASHINGTON WAf)HINGiON

' KANSAS KANSAS

OKLAHOMA .,,. OKLAHOMA I

SOUTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA I

OREGON OREGON

HORTH DAKOTA NORTH DAKOTA I

UTAH UTAH

NEBRASKA NEBRASKA I

IN DIANA INDIANA I

CALIFORNIA CALtFORNtA I I

COLORADO COLORADO

ICWA lOWA

MISSOURI MISSOURI

MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

KENTUCKY KENTUCKY

MINNESOTA MINNESOTA

OHIO OHIO

WISCONSIN WISOONSIN

ILLINOIS ILLIHOIS

PE,..NSYLVANIA PENNSYLVANIA

VERMONT .,, VeRMONT

' TENNESSEE TENNESSEE

DELAWARE DELAWARE

MAINE MAlNE

TEXAS .,,, .,,, TEXAS

VlflOINIA VIROIH1A

NEW JERSEY HEW JERSEY

FLORIDA ,,, FLORIDA

MARYLAND

ARKANSAS ARKANSAS

CONNECTICUT CONNECTICUT

NEW YORK NEW YORK

NEW HAMPsHIRE NEW 1-fAMPSHIRE

LOUISIANA LOUlStANA

RHODE ISLAND

NORTH CAROLINA ~ RHODE ISLAND

NORTH CAROLINA

MASSACHUSETT$ MASSACHUSETTS

GEORGIA / GEORGIA

ALABAMA <z:J ALABAMA

DIST. OF COLUMBIA DlST. OF COLUMBIA

MISSISSIPPI MtSStSSIPPI

SOUTH CAROlolNA w. SOUTH CAROLINA

ma1.a10 ~·900

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 61

PROPOR'l'ION OF :MALES AND OF I,'El\fALES 10 YEAR8 OF AGE AXD OVER ENGAGED IN ('ERTAIN GAINFUL OC'CUP.\TIONS: l!.JlO.

PE.R CEN1'

o"'llllllllllllllillllllllillllf!llllllliFilllilll!llll2~5111111111111111111111lillllllill111111111111111111111•s~o._lillllilll~1111111illlllil•1•sc:::::=:i::::::::===:i'oo I" ALL OCCUPATIONS

-~~·c <~"ll'Jl

AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND ANIMAi. HU3BANDRY• STOCK HERDERS, DROVERS, AND FEEDERS STOCK RAISERS DAIRY FARMERS FARMERS GARDEN, GREENHOUSE, ORCHARD, AND NURSERY LABORERS GARDENERS, FLORISTS, FRUIT GROWERS, AND NURSERYMEH DAIR'{ FARM LABORERS FARM LABORERS

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES: SHOEMAKERS ANO COBBLERS (NOT IN FACTORY) LABORERS-LUMBER ANO FURNITURE INDUSTRIES MANAGERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS fMANUFACTURINCl) LABORERS-CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE INDUSTRIES LABORERS-METAL INDUSTRIES LABORERS-GENERAL ANO NOT SPECIFIED MANUFACTURERS ANO OFFICIALS BAKERS LABQRERS-FOOO INDUSTRIES SEMISKILLED OPERATIVES-LUMBER AND FURNITURE IHDUSTRIES SE.Ml SKILLED OPERATIVES-METAL INDUSTRIES SEMISKILLED OPERATIVES-CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE INDUSTRIES COMPOSITORS, LINOTYPE.RS, ANO TYPE.SETTERS FOREMEN AND OVERSEERS IMANUFACTURING) APPRENTICES LABORERS-TEXTILE INDUSTRIES TAILORS AND TAILORESSES SEMISKILLEO OPERATIVES-SHOE FACTORIES SEMISKILLED OPERATIVES-CLOTHING INDUSTRIES SEMISKILLED OPERATIVES-FOOD INDUSTRIES SEMISKILLED OPERATIVES-CIGAR AND TOBACCO FACTORIES SEMISKILLED OPERATIVES-PRINTING ANO PUBLISHING -SEMISKILLED OPERATIVES-TEXTILE INDUSTRIES SEWERS AND SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS (FACTOnY) MILLINERS AND MILLINERY DEALERS

TRANSPORTATION: MAIL CARRIERS TELEGRAPH OPERATORS TELEPHONE OPERATORS

TRADE•

liiiiiiiiiii;liiiiiiliiiliiiliil COMMERCIALTRAVELERS

WHOLESALE DEALERS, IMPORTERS, AlfD EXPORTERS REAL ESTATE AGENTS AND OFFICIALS BANKERS, BROKERS, AND MONEY LENDERS INSURANCE AGENTS AND OFFICIALS LABORERS, PORTERS, AND HELPERS JN STORES RETAIL DEALERS SALESMEN ANO SALESWOMEN CLERKS lN STORES

PUBLIC SERVICE (NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED): LABORERS (PUBLIC SERVICE) OFf'ICIALS AND INSPECTORS (CITY ANO COUNTY) OFf'ICIALS AND INSPECTORS (STATE AND UNITED BTATEll

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE: PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS AC.TORS ARTISTS, SCULPTORS. ANO TEACHERS OF ART MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC TE.ACHl::RS TRAlNED NURSES

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL. SERVICE: SALOON KEEPERS LABORERS (DOMESTIC AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICE) BARBERS, HAIRDRESSERS, AND MANICURISTS RESTAURANT, CAFE, AND LUNCH·ROOM KEEPERlil JANITORS AND SEXTONS HOTEL KEEPERS ANO MANAGERS WAITE:RS LAUNDRY OPERATIVES CHARWOMEN AND CLEANERS SERVANTS BOARDING AND LODGING HOUl:lE KEEPERS MIDWIVES AND NURSES (NOT TRAINED) HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDS LAUNDERERS AND LAUNDRESSES (NOT IN l.AUNDJlY~

CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS•

!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' AGENTS, CANVASSERS, AND COLLECTORS MESSENGER, BUNDLE, AND OFFICE BOYS CLERKS (EXCEPT CLERKS IN STORES) BOOKKEEPERS, CASHIERS, AND ACCOUNTANT.$ STENOGRAPHERS ANO TYPEWRITERS

-MALES c::::J FEMALES

62 POPULATION.

In the United States as a whole in 1910 female;,; constituted 17 .1 per cent of the persons engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries, but this proportion ranged from 8.8 per cent in the Pacific to 24.6 per cent in the New England, division. The proportion which females constitute of all persons engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries in uny area is dependent largely upon the nature of th<.Ee in<lu.stries. For example, the low propor­tion of females in manufacturing and mechanical industries in Maine and in Vermont, as contrasted with the other states of the New England division, probably is accounted for partly by the fact that in these two states a smaller proportion of the females wore gainfully occupied, but largely by the fact that in these two states textile and other industries which give suitable employment to females are far less prominent than in the other New England states. Tho large proportion of females h1 manufacturing and mechanical industries in New Mexico and in Ari­zona, as compared with the other states of the Moun­tain division, was due mainly to the large number of In<lian :Lema.le blanket and cloth weavers in these two states.

Females constituted bJt 4 per cent of the persons engaged in trnnsportaiion, the proportion varying frorn 2.6 per cent in the South Atlantic to 5.1 per cent in the East North Central division, and from 1 per cent in Wyoming to 5.7 per cent in :Michigan. More than eight out of ten (82 .8 per cent) of the females engaged in transportation were telephone opera­tors; and famale telephone and telegraph operators combined formed nine out of ten (90.5 per cent) of the females engaged in transportation. Like­wise in each state a very large majority of the females engaged in transportation in 1910 were telephon.e and telegraph operators.

More than one-eighth (12.9 per cent) of the per­sons engaged in trade in the United States in 1910 were females, the pwportion. ranging from 9 })er cent in the West South Central to 14.9 per cent in the East North Central division, and from 7 .7 per cent in North Dakota to 18.1 per cent in Dela­ware. The proportion was high also in Massachu­setts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, :Mary­land, and the District of Columbia. Of all the females engaged in trade in the United States considerably ;more than one-half (53.5 per cent) were saleswomen in stores; and saleswomen in stores, clerks in stores, and retail dealers combined formed over nine-tenths (91.7 per cent) of the fem.ales engaged in trade. In each of the states also these three occupations gave employment to a very large proportion of all females engagecl in trade.

In 1910 females constituted 3 per cent of all 1)ersons engaged in the pursuits classified under public service.1

1 Clerical pmsuita in pu h1ic srrvice were c1nsBified with corres­ponding clerical pursuits under ''Clerical occupations."

This proportion varied from 1.7 per cent in the :Middle Atlantic to 5 per cent in the :Mountain division, and from seven-tenths of 1 per cent in Rhode Island and 1.3 per cent in New Jersey to 11.3 per cent in North Dakota and to 14 per cent in Idaho. The high pro­portion in North Dakota and Idaho, respectively, was due to the large proportion which female postmis­tresses constituted of all persons engaged in public service in ea.ch of these states in HHO. In the United Sta.tes not far from two-thirds (64.3 per cent), an<l in most of the states considerably over one-half of the females enga.ged in the pursuits here classified under public service were postmistresses.

Of the persons engaged in professional service in 1910, 55.9 per cent were males and 44.1 per cent were females. In no other general division of occupations, except domestic and personal service, did the females.form so large a proportion of the workers. The high pro­portion of fem ales engaged in professional service was due to the large number of female musicians and teachers of music, school teachers, and trained nurses, the excess of fem ales over males in these three occupa­tions being 458,757. More than six out of seven of the females engaged in professional service in 1910 were in these three occupations. rrhe proportion which females constituted of all persons engaged in pro­fessional service ranged fro;m 39.1 per cent in the Wes~ South Central to 51.3 per cent in the West North Central division, and from 28.9 per cent in Nevada to 58 per cent in Iowa. In 10 different states-:Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ne-­braska, and Kansas-the number of fem ales engaged in prnfessional service in 1910 exceeded the number of males. This is explained mainly 1)y the fact that the proportion which femalo musicians and teachers of music and female school teachers constituted of the total number was considerably higher in each of these states than in the United States as a whole.

More than two-thirds of the persons engaged in domestic and personal service in the United States in 1910 were females, and in no other general division of occupations did the females .form so large a proportion of the workers. In the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions ;more than three-fourths of the per­sons engaged in domestic and personal service were fem.ales; and in each of six different states in these two geographic division.c:;1 and in the state o.f Vermont, females constituted over four-filths of the persons engaged in this class of work. In the Pacific division, however, females constituted less than half the persons in this general division of occupations, and in Nevada the propoI"tion of females was less than two-:fif ths. This low proportion in Nevada is accounted f Qr in part by the small pr~portion wlti~h f :inales cons~i­tuted of all persons gmnfully occnp1ed m the state m 1910, 9.7 per cent, as compared witl: a er?por.tion of 21.2 per cent for the females of theenhre lJmted States.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 63

Females constituted somewhat over one-third of the persons engaged in clerical occupations in the United States in 1910, the proportion ranging from 22.3 per cent in the West South Central division to 43.1 per cent in New England, and from 17.4 per cent in Louisi­ana to 46 per cent in Maine.

Outlying territories.-The following table shows for Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, for all occupations and for each general division of occupations, the number of males and of females engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 and the per cent which the workeri:; .lf each sex constituted of the total:

ra~::Al:'ID GENERAL D!\"ISION o;· II 1'ota1: I' MALE. I FEMALE.

ocCL"PATIONS, 1910

[ Num- Per / Num- Per

____________ [, ___ I·~~~ cent,

ALASKA. I i I

,, All occupations.................. 40,073 I; 38,350 95. 7 1, 723 4.3 __ , ________ _

Aig~~te:.:?:~~~':"'..~~-~'.~:-~:i.s:.f 4,;;>s IJ 4.li2'l 09.4 29 o.o Extract1onofmmerals .................. , 11,3721· 11,300 99.9 12 0.1

Mfrl~i~.t'.1:1:.l~-~-~:~.'.1_'.~~1-~~~~l-·~~~'.~. 1 ~.lf>4 j 8,541 93.2 623 6.8 Transportation .......................... : 3, 4S7 i 1 3, 4'Jj 99. :i 24 o. 7

'.t::-i'1i;licser\·iciirr.·,;i:;,E.;v,:i;~;.;c,ia;;1n~ai::: ~;!~~I~ ~;~ciii 5:1:~ r~ g Professionalsr.rvice ..................... ; 1,128

1

: 806 i9.4 2:l2 20.fl Domestic and personal service ........... 1 fi, nz 1 6, ocs !Jfl. 1 6fi4 (J. O Clericaloccupations ..................... ; 710

1! 61:i 90.6 67 9.4

HAWAII. I I I I

All occupa.tions .................. i l01,19i 1: 89,923 83.9 11,271 11.1

~=&:~r::7ais~~:~~~:~~;;:/ 56,~~~ I 51,~z~ l&\:6 --=:~~~ .... ~:~ M:i:~~~!~.~-~-~-:i_'~~-~~:~~l--i~'.'~~-~-i 15,34.51 14,304 9.3.2 1,041 6.8 Transportation .......................... i 6, 723 ,

56

0

, ~-1s94 ~: ~ J~ O. 6 Trade.................................... 5,.s:'ll , 7. 8 Public service (not elsewhere classified) _ ,

1

2, 812 2, 832 99. 6 10 0.4 ProlefJSionalservice...................... 2,601 i l,6.1g 6'.l. 7 943 36.3 Domesticandpersonalservice........... 9,4l4 5,660 60. O 3, 774 40.0 Clerlcaloccu:;::~-;~~-~:····-------- 1,807

1

! 1,623

1

89.8 184 10.2

AU occupations .................. 394,148 I a17,256 ~ 76,892 ~

A1i:a1i;.r~:.'.~~~~'..".'.'~ .. ~~-~~.'~.1210,~15 I zio,ooo 1· 95.~ 10,779 4.5 Extr:ict1onofmmerals ..................

1 116 i 116 100.0 ............. .

M~uf:icturing and mc-chanical imlus- I "? ., ,

1

. '" 1 , • tnes ................................... 1 o.,o,., .• J4, .. 1 i 65.1 18,194 34.3 Transportation ........................ ----: 9~,~:;1 · .. /~·~'.;i4 1 £~·6 }?1~ ~·.! Trade---------·-----------------······--r ..,,J,•·''·.9 I ... 4~lliJ7 .,b.4 ., _ ... u Public service (notelsewhcreclas.;ified) .. i :J,5''5 :J,5:.ig 9<:. 7 47 1. 3 Professionalservice.. .................... ! 4,275 I: 2,7iS 65.0 1,497 3o.O Domestlcandpersonalsen·ice ........... i 54,nf<O 11 9,Sll li.9 45,149 82.1 Clerlcaloccupatlons ..................... i 2,6~4 j: 2,435 92.8 lS!J i.2

Table 19 shows that in Alaska in 1910, 95.7 per cent of the gainful workers '"'ere maJ.m, and that the males

constituted over nine out of t~m of the workers in every general division of occupations except prof es­sionu.l service, where they constituted eight out of ten of the workers. Even i.n domestic and personal service nine out of ten of the workers were males. The fc­molcs constituted 20.6 per cent of the persons in pro­fessional service, 9.9 per cent of the persons in domestic and personal service, 9.4: per cent of flrn persons in clerical occupations, 6.8 per cent of the pers'ow,; in manufactming and mechanical industries, and 4.7 per cent of the persons in trade; but in none of the other branches of occupations did they constitute so large a proportion a.s 1 per cent of the workers. In each general division of occupations except extraction of minerals, females constituted a much smaller proportion of the workers in .Alaska than in the United St!l.tes.1

In Hawaii in 1910, 88.9 per cent of the gainful workers were mules, and in each general divi<>ion of occupations, except professional service and domestic and personal service, from 90 to 100 per. cent of the workers were males. Female'> constituted 40 per cent of the persons in domestic and personal 8ervice, 36.3 per cent of the persons in professional service, and 10.2 per cent of the persons in clerical occupations. In each general division of occupations the females con­stituted a larger proportion of the workers in the United States 1 than in Hawaii.

In Porto Rico in 1910, over eight out of ten of the gainful workers were males, and except in manufactur­ing and mechanical industrie", profe;;sional service, and domestic and personal service, males constituted over nine out of ten of the workers in each main branch of occupations. Females constituted 34.3 per cent of the workers in manufacturing and mechanical indus­tries, 35 per cent of the workers i.n professional service, and 82.1 per cent of the workers in domestic and per­soIIBl service. In manufacturing and mechanical in­dustries and in domestic and personal service fem.ales constituted a larger proportion of the workers in Porto Rico than in the United States,1 but in each of the other main branches of occupations females consti­tuted a larger proportion of the workers in the United States 1 than in Porto Rico.

1 See Table 16, p. 57.

PERSONS OCCUPIED DISTRIBUTED BY COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE.

United States.-Table 20 (p. 64) shows, for the United States and for each of its geographic divisions, a dis­tribution by color or race, nativity, and parentage of the population 10 years of age and over and of the persons engaged in gainful occupations in 1910.

This table shows that in the United States in 1910 the foreign-born whites and the negroes each consti­tuted a larger per cent, and that each of the native white classes constituted a smaller per cent of the persons engaged in gainful occupations than it did of

the population 10 years of age and over. The only exceptions to this relationship in the geographic divi­sions were that in the East North Central division the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage consti­tuted a larger proportion of the gainful workers than of the population 10 years of age and over, and that in the East South Central division the foreign-born whites constituted the same proportion of the gainful workers as of the population 10 years of age and over. Only in the Mountain division amt in the Pacific din-

64 POPULATION. siou did the persons incl d d . th Ind' Chi J I " u c 1n e ian, nese, apancso, a~c n.11 other" group constitute an impor-

tant i)ro1mrt10n of th 1 · e popu atwn 10 years of age and

Tho following su;r:n;r:nary for the United States shows, for both soxos nnd fol.~ each sex separately, a per cent distribution by color or race, nativity, and parentage oft.ho popul11tion 10 y~ars of age an~ ove~, and of the persons engaged i.n gainful occupat1ons1 m 1910 and ·1000, respectively:

'l'ablo 21

HKX ANH er.As~ OF l'OPULAT.ION.

PER. CENT DISTRIBUTION OF-

Population 10 years 0 r age

and over.

1910 1900

Persons engaged In

gainful occupations.

1910 1900

--------·-- ----------1------ ------Both sexos ••.•••. ~ .... - • - -- • -·-·---··-~~ ~~

N ti I it N ti rontage . .•.. 51.8 52.3 47.0 47.7 ti vowi. o- r1·vo1Ja · . 1 ---··n.ta-go 19 4 18 9 18 .. 1 18.2

Ntillvo whito-I~omfgn or nuxcc pare ·" 18: 1 17:3 20. 5 19. 7 1"orolgn·bornwhito ••..•••••• ------·----··-·· 1 10.2 11.1 13.6 13.7 Negro ................... ··••• - • -1-1 ·th.er______ o.5 0-5 o.s o.6 lmlilin, Cll1noso, Jnptmosei, and. a o ••·• ·- = = = =

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Male .•.•.•. - ..... · · · • · • • - - · - • • • .... · · · ---iil.1---m:o ~ -ro:a

Natlvowhltc-Nativopamu~a.ge •• - rillitage··1 18.7 18.4 17.6 17.3 Nntivt1whito-Jo'omigno1·mLxcdpa ...... :.: 19.8 18.2 21.9 20.4 l!'orolgn-born white ••••••••.. ••• - • • • •.••.•.. 9.8 10.7 10.6 ll.3 Nogro ..... , .....•............ d. ·a.1Y oti1.er •.•... I O.G 0.7 0.6 0.1 Indflm, Clunosu, Japnneso, un

--······ 100.0 ~ ~~ Feino.lo ............... -------· --s2.5 52.6 as.4 3().2

Nl\tivo whito-Natlvo pr1ron}~~~·p:--arentn~-_-: 20. 3 19. 4 21. 3 22. 2 Nntivowhltu-I~otolgnonn....:: •.•...... lli.3 16.3 15.1 lti.5 Ji'orolt:n·llomwhito ••••..•••.• --------------- 10.7 11.4 24.9 24.S

~~rt~;;<i1ihiaso; Jai;tii1osei; ·ii:Uci-ii.ii C.iher. · · · · · 0· 3 0

• 3 0

• 2 0

• 2

over or of the gainful workers, but in each of these divisions they constituted a larger proportion of the latter than of the form2t.

This sumrn.ar.r shows for both sexes that in 1910 the native whites of native parentage and the negroes each constituted a smaller proportion both of the population 10 years of age and over and of the. per­sons engaged in gainful occupations than in 1900; and that in 1910 the native whites of foreign or mi.xed parentage and the foreign-born whites each constituted a larger proportion both of the popu­lation 10 years of age and over ancl of the persons engaged in g1tinful occupations than in 1900. The relationship between the proportions for the respective classes was the same for the males as for both sexes. In case of the females, however, the native whites of native parentage and the negroes each constituted in 1910 a smaller proportion of all females IO years of age ancl over but a larger proportion of the gainfully occupied females .than in 1900. The native white females of foreign or mixed parentage in 1910 formed a larger proportion of all females 10 years of age and over but a smaller proportion of the gainfully occupied females than in 1900; and the foreign-born white females in 1910 formed the same proportion of all females 10 years of age and over but a smaller propor­tio;n of the gainfully occupied females than in 1900.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 65

The following summary for the UnitC>d States shows, for each principal class of the population, the proportion which the persons of both sexes and of each sex engaged b gainful occupations constituted of all persons of the same sex or class 10 years of age and over, in 1910 and in 1900, respectively.

Table22 1910 1900

CLASS OF' POPULATION. Both Fe- Both , ,

11 !'<'-

sexes. Male. male. sexes. Malt· • !l<:th·.

All classes •....... - ............ --;;--;.-; ~ --;:-; ~1-;~~~ =--====·==

Nativewhite-Nativeparentage •••... 4.8.4 78.5 17.1 Native whit&-Foreign or mixed par.. 50.4 76.5 24.6 Foreir.n·born white................... 60.3 00.0 21. 7 Negro ..... ·........................... 71.0 87.4 M. 7 Jndian,Chinese,Japanese,andallother 61.I 80.8 17.G

45.~ 77.3 J:J.IJ 48.il 1r..4 21. 7 57. :1 80. 7 JG. I 62. 2 S4. l 40. 7 (;9.2 80.0 14.2

Thi<> summary shows that in the total population and in each class of the population a larger proportion of the persons 10 years of age and over was engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 than in 1900, the increase being especially marked for the negroes. Likewise, in case of each sex, the proportion of the persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations was larger in each class of tho population in 1910 than in moo, tho increase being greatest for the negroes, and especially great in case of tho ncgro females. For both tho males and the females the rank of the principal classes of the population in accordance ,.,-ith tho proportion of the population HJ years of ngo and over engngcd in gainful occupations was the same in 1010 as in 1900. The proportion of gainfol workers in c;ach principal class of the popula­tion in 1910 is also showll graphically in th'J following diagram:

PROPORTIO::-i' OF EAcu PmNCIPAL Cr.Ass OF THE PoPULATION

10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN GAL'l"FUL OCCUPA­

TIONS: 1910.

ALL. C i..u&ES

t1ATIV£ WHlTE - NATIVE PARENTAGE

NATIVE WHITE - FOREJON. OA MIXED PARENTAGE

f'OREION·BORN WHtTE

NEGRO

Hr? CE.Ni 0 10 20 3~ 40 &0 EO 71J SO 90 100

B0=~~~;:~;~1·4//.f H

SOTHSEXES

MALES

FEMALES

BOTH SEXES MALES

FEMALES

I I

Divisions and states.-The proportion which the number d gainfully occupied males in each pri11cipal class of the population "in 1910 constituted of all males 10 years of nge and over in the same class is sho,,·n, for each geographic division and for each stntc, in Taoln 23 (p. 66).

This table shows, that in the Dnite<l States as a whole in 1010, 78.5 per cent of the native white males

3244G--i·:--5

of nntive parentage 10 :years of age and owr were engaged in gniuful occupations, hut that the propor­tion varied in the geographic divi;.;ions from 75.5 per cent in the East North Central to 83.4 per cent in the Ernst South Centrul dhision, uud in the states from only 65.7 per cent in \Yisconsin to 86.8 per cent in Ala­hnnrn. The proportion of the native white mules of fordgn or mixed }Hll'entnge IO years of age and over ~.:iufolly !llTHJ>iPd in rn10 was 7G.5 per cent in the uuti;.e ruited Stat1::0, hut ranged in the geographic di­,.-i,~ion~ from 72.1 1wr et>ut in New Englnnd t-0 84.6 per cPut iH the I:~ust South Ceutrnl <li>i;;ion, and in the stat(•:-; from GU.5 1wr cent in New Hampshire to 87.1 }lf~r cent in Kentucky. Of the foreign-born white males 10 years of age and over in the Fnited States in 1910, 00 p1•r cent were gainful workers. In the geo­graphic di dsions, the proportion was lowest in the \Yest :N" nrth Central di vision, 87 -~~ per cent, and highest in the Mountain division, 92.7 per cent. In each geo­·graphic division the proportion was higher for the foreign-born white mafos than for the males of either of the natin~ white classes, and in c~ach of the geo­graphic dhisions, except the East South Central, the proportion w:ts highf'r for the foreign-born vdrite than for t1rn 1wgro maks. Next to the foreign-born whites, the iwgroes had the highest proportion of gainful work­ers in the male population 10 years of age and over in. HHO. Th.is proportion was 87 A per cent for the United Stntes as a whole, but in the geograpliic divisions varied from 84.2 per cent in the \'(est North Ce:r;ttral to 89.3 per cent in the Pacific division, and in the states from 79.2 })er cent in Kansas to 96.9 per cent in Maine.

Table 24 (p. 67) sho'".s, for each geographic division and for each state, the proportion which the number of gainfully occupied females in each principal class of .the population in 1910 constituted of all females 10 years of age and over in the same class.

.Aeconling to 'rablo 24, 17.1 per cent of the native white females of native parentage 10 years of age and oY<n' in the United States in 1910 were engaged in gainful occupations. This proportion ·rnried in the geographic divisions from 14.2 per cent in the West North Centrnl to 22.7 per cent in the Now England <livi.iion, and in the stat.es from 11.0 per cent in West Virginia to 27 .3 per cent in South Carolina. The pro­portion of tho mttive white females of foreign or rui.."ted parentage gainfully occupied in l!HO was 24.6 per cent in the United States as a whole, lrnt varied in the geographic divisions from 17.1 per cont in tho Moun­tain to 35.l per cent in the New England division; and in the states from 1:2.8 per C(1nt in Oklahoma to 38.7 per cont in Rho<le Island. In each geographic divi­sion the proportion was higher for the nativo white fomales of foreign or mixml pur1mtago than for either the native white females of nafrrn parent!l.ge or the foreign-born white females.

66 POPULATION.

NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF MALES IN EACII PRINCIPAL CLASS OF THE POPULATION 10 YEARS 0.1!' AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910.

Table23

Native white of natl\•e parentage.

DIVISION ANJ) STATE. I Engni::ed iD: gainful Total occupations.

number.

I Number. Peret.

18, 933, 751 I United States ................ 14, 855, 825 78.5 GEOGRAPIIIC DIYISIONS;

New England ................... 1,052,314 813, 451 ii.3 Middle Atlantic • .' •••.•••••••..•. 3,250,046 2,494,264 76. 7 East North Central. ...•..•..••.. 3, 737,890 2,822, 147 75.5 West North Central •••••••.••••• 2,491,516 1, 882, 439 75.6 Sonth Atlantic .•••.••.••••...•.. 2, 719,402 2,227, 897 81.9 East South Central. ••••••••.•••. 2,005,254 1, 672, 807 83.4 West South Central •..••.•...... 2, 149, 751 1, 747,514 81.3 Mountain ••••••.•...•••••..•••.•. 604,332 475, 149 78.6 Pacific ..••••••••••••••••...•...•. 923,246 720, 157 78.0

NEW ENGLAND: Maine ••••••.•••••••••••••.•••... 20.5, 300 160, 038 77.9 New Hampshire •••....•..•...... 96, 167 75,i96 78.8 Vermont ••••••••••••..••.••••.•• 92,809 70,486 75.9

Massachusetts •••...••...•....••. 430,8.54 335,100 77.0 Rhode Island •••••••••••.•.••.... 64,420 50, 704 78.7

Connecticut •••.•••••............ 158, 214 121,327 76. 7 MIDDLE ATLANTIC:

New York ••••.....•..•.•..•...•. 1,258,228 955, 733 76.0

New Jersey ..•••••.•.••.•••...... 389, 000 298, 766 76.6

Pennsylvania .••.•••••....•.•.... 1, 001,918 1, 239, 765 77.4 EAST NORTH CENTRAL:

Ohio ••••••.•••.••••••..•...•..... 1, 183, 112 003,810 76.4 Indiana .•••••••••••••.....•.••..• 838, 129 650,617 77.6 IllinoiB •••••••••.•.••..••...•.••. 991,681 744,338 75.1

Michigan ••••.••.......•..•.•.•.. 470, 154 355, 935 75. 7

Wisconsin ••••••.••••••••••••••.. 254,914 167, 447 65.7 WEST NORTH CENTRAL:

Minnesota •.••••••• : •.• · •..••••... 207,469' 145, 641 70.2 Iowa •.•...••.•..•....•.......... 491, 100 358, 014 72.9 Missouri. ••••••••••••••.......••. .917,388 718,456 78.3

North Dakota .•..•....•.•..•••.. 61,856 46,6ii5 75.4

SouthDakota •••••••••...•...••• 94,872 71, 611 75.5

Nebraska •..••••........•.••..... 244,546 182, 422 74.6

Kansas ••••••••....••••..••..••.• 474,285 359, 640 75.8 SOUTH ATLA1'TIC;

Delaware •••••....••••••.•.....•. 51,820 41,503 80.1

Maryland •.•.•••••.. , ••.......•.. 292,098 228, 766 78.3

District of Columbia •.••.•..•.... 65,427 51, 277 78.4 Virginia ••...•.••••.....•...•••.. 494,870 395, 620 79.9

West Virginia •••...•••••.• : •.•.• 391,885 312,552 79.8

North Carolina ....••.....•...... 535,105 45i, 100 85.4 South Carolina ••••..•••••••.•••• 241,058 203,216 8-1.3

Georgia .••••••••.••• ; ..•....••... 604,254 423,532 84.0

Florida ••.•..••...•...•••••.••••. 142,885 114,241 80.0

EAST SOUTll CENTRAL; Kentucky •••••.•...••••••••••..• 693, 799 565,437 81.5

Tennessea •••••••.••••••••••..•.• 612,548 505,538 82.5 Alabama •.•.•••.••.•..•••..••••• 423, 692 36i, 712 86.8

Mississippi .••••••••.•••••••..•••• 2i5,215 234, 120 85.l WES'l' SOUTH CENTRAL:

Arkansas •••••••••••..••••••••••. 396,050 339,540 80.7

:Loulsi!llla ••••••••••••.••.••..•••• 279,331 216, 228 77.-1 Oklahoma ••••••••••••••.•••••••. 504,566 406,063 80.5

TeX!\S ••••••••.. : .•..•••••••••••• 969,804 785,683 81,0

MotmT.AIN: Montana .•••.•••••••••.•..•••.•.• 75,669 61,498 81.3

Idaho •••••.•...••.••.•.•.•..•••• 82,855 63,536 76.7 Wyoming ••••••••••••.•.•....••• 39,197 33, 149 84.6

Colorado .•.•.•••.•••••••••••••••• Ui1 133 155,066 78. 7

New Mexico ••••••••••••....•. ; •• 99,055 79, 159 70.9 Arizona ••••••••••.•..••••.••...•• 36, 921 29, 975 81.2

Utah •• ·-························ 55,367 37,435 67.6

Neva.da ••..•.••.•••.••.•..••.•.•• 18,135 15,331 84.5

PACIFIC: Washington ••.••••.••• : ..•.....• 200,406 205, 630 79.CI

Oregon ••...•.........••...•...•. 185,343 145,278 78.4

California ••••• -••.•.••.•..••..... 477,497 369,249 77.3

lULES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910

NatiYe while of foreign or

I Foreign-bom white. mixed parentage.

Engaged in (!ainful i Engaged in gainful Total occupations. Total occupations.

number. jPerct.

number. I Number. !~umber. ,Peret.

G, 909, 2821 5, 28~, 811 I 7,321,1961 6,588,71~ ~1 76.5

661l, Oi5 480,166 72.1 899, G25 s1s,2:m 91. 0 1, 871,013 1, 402,622 75.0 2,558,973 2,323,540 00.8 1, 947,589 1,516, 726 77.9 1,699,847 1,514,523 89.1 1,263,623 967,407 76.6 927, 721 809,576 87.3

lW, iliS 133,622 80.1 167, 727 151, 138 00.1 89,271 75,551_ 84.6

I

49,514 43,485 87.8 231,081 188,307 81.5 193,328 173,827 89.9 247, 958 191,891 77.4 279,005 258, 750 92. 7 425,914 329,519 77.4 I &45,366 495,642 00.9 .,

I 45,346 31,886 70.3 55,564

49,251 I 88.6 32, 743 22,770 69.5 48,912 44,483 !J!).9 27,9H. 21,267 76.l 20,826 22, 988 85. 7

37i, 731 270,853 71. 7 508,878 ,464,618 91.3 63,009 46,839 74.3 s;;501 79, 713 91.1

119,245 86,iwl 72.6 171,944 157,177 91.4

1,020,596 762,994 74.8 1, 384,830 1,244, 701 89.9 256,413 188,427 73.5 345, 789 315,36i 91.2 594,004 451,201 iG.O 828,354 7fl3,4i2 92.2

399, 797 325, 761 81.5 337,157 300,917 89.3 148,658 124,92! 84.0 95, 2!17 83,HB 87.3 633,994 486,348 i6.7 656,301 589,929 89.9 356,916 267, 457 74.9 325,730 294,378 00.4 408,224 312,236 76.5 285,851 246, 151 86.3

351,238 256,355 73.0 315,895 282,196 89.3 259,203 201,401 77. 7 155,230 12!1, 161 83.2 219, 430 1&5,496 84.5 129, 201 114, 189 88.4

86,310 60, 798 70.4 89,680 79,229 88.3 st,886 64,~7 75. 7 58,512 51, 129 87. 4

141,550 105,U6 74.3 99, 839 85,589 85 ~ .. 121,006 93, 894 77.6 '9,364 68,083 85.8

n;357 7,3i3 78.8 9,687 8,898 91. 9 72,904 59,294 81.3 52,682 46,944 89.l 17,992 14,212 79.0 12,006 10,247 81.3 15,027 11,631 77.4 16,288 14,202 87.2 21,136 17,591 83.2 10,o:rn 37,(i20 94.0 3,276 2,502 76.4 3,639 3,329 91.5 4,509 3,670 81. 4 3,657 3,320 00.8

10,445 8,437 80.8 9,2!11 8,379 90.2

12,112 8,912 73.6 19,841 18,199 91. 7

53,239 46,383 87.1 21,3.54 18,413 86.2

15,007 13,050 82.0 10,896 9,403 811.3

12,232 9, il4 79.{ 11,479 10,429 00.9 7,893 6,404 81.1 5, ';&5 5,240 90.6

15,626 13,205 84.5 10,:wl 9,399 90. 7

43,471 36,203 83.3 28,935 26,0C9 90.1

39,960 32,285 80.8 25, 148 22,886 91.0

132,024 100,614 80.8 128,877 115,473 89.6

·94.1 I 43,353 32,989 76.1 63,504 59, 751

32,403 25,484 78.6 27,676 25,8..17 93.4

14, 451 11,913 82.4 19, 743 18,941 95.9

69,096 52, 798 i6.4 i6,16ii 70, 131 92.1

10,164 7, iJO 76.4 14, 117 13,023 92.3

15, 7&1 11,812 74.9 29,035 26,1133 00.1

52,2i4 40,106 76.9 35, 149 31,897 90. 7

10,453 8,949 85.6 13, 706 12,987 94.8

113,&16 8.5, 7i0 75.5 157,493 145, 726 92.5

57,663 4.1, 733 'il.6 68,619 62,8<J7 91. 7

254,605 199,016 78.2 319, 254 287,019 89.9 ---

Total number.

3, 637' 386

2i,389 I lil,008

13~, 614 106,567

1,470,297

970, 921

732, 945

10, 461

14, 184

610

247

1,089

15,629

3,839

5,9i5

55, liO

36, 191

79, 647

49,297

2G,258

49,031

7,727

l,301

3,835

6,813

68,113

348

404

3,751

23,303

12,886

89,335 30,540

243, 957

30,058

236,640

282,305 415,552

124,024

105, 770

177,698

325,f,5.5

361, 798

ltiii,880 259,937 53, 686

253,442

963

364 1,442

5,154

766

892 634 246

3,473

838 9,S;a

- - .

Negro.

Engaged in gainful oceupatlons.

Number.

3, 178, 554

23, G07 148,638

113,526

89, 76ii

1,280,335

866,089

634, 809

9, 125

12, 650

591

239 1,022

13,488

3,347

4,920

49,205

30, 918

68,515

41,243

21, 932

42, G24

6,511

1,216

3,479

5,843

57,9Bl

309 337

3,366

18,447

10,512

75,495

28,937

205,093 26,527

209,3'3 250,443

366,612

107,343

89,018

154, 155

295,010

327,897

148,088

222,284

44, 793

219,644

819

335

1,300

4,385 672

743

555

226

3,103

810

8, 747

Peret. --

87.4

86.2

86.9

85.0

84.2

87.l

89.2

86.6 87.2

89.3 ·--

96.9

96.8

93.8

86.3

87.2

82.3

89.2

85.4

86.0

83. 7

83.5

86.9

84.3

93.5

90. 7

85. 85.

88,

8 1

8 83.4 8\l. 19.

81.

7

2

6

81.5

81.

84.

88.

4 1

3 88.5

88.

88.

86.

8·!. 86.

90.

90.

89.

85.

83.

86.

85.

92.

96. 85.

Bi.

83. 87.

91.

89. 96. ill.

7 2

6

2

8 6

6

3 5 4

7

0 0

4

1 7

3 5

9

3 7 6

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 67

NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF FEMALES IN EA.CIT PRINCIPAL CLASS OF TIIE POPULATION IO YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910.

Table 24 FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910

DIVISION .AND STATE.

N"atirn whilo ol lor<'i~'11 ur I I · ed Foreign-bOm white. j', Negro. rmx paxentagc. ! '-----------

Native whito of natiYe parentage.!,

Total occupations. 1 Total occupauons. Total occupatwns. Total occupations. Engaged Jn gainful : Engaged in gainful

1

: Engaged in_ gainful 'ii j Engaged in gainrul

number. - I number. number. number. j ------------: ______

1 __ N_u_m_b_e_r._

1 __ r_er_c_t.

1

Number. j~j Number. ,Peret., . Number. Peret.

UnltedStatos .............. :. 18,147,527 3,098,639 17.1 il-6-,9-9-8,-7-81-l--1-,7-2-2,-2-79-, 24.61 6,623,333 1,222,'IU 21.7 1)-3,-68-0-,5-3-6 i 2,013,981 54.7

GEOGRAPIIIC DIVISIONS: --.---1===~,=-~=I'

New England................... 1,083,487 245,719 22.7: 711,112 249,7Hl ~J;d I 8.l7,Gl9 2/J.5,413 30.9 ! 27,932 13,899 49.8 MiddloAtlanlic................. 3,315,854 661,624 2(),() i,980,35·1 550,0llfJ 27.8 2,103,017 521,810 24.8 180,538 94,457 52.3

EaatNorthCentraL............. 3,632,135 562,140 15.5 l,9'J:l,G!i 4ti0,217 z;.1 1,285,976 :21:2,488 16.5 120,931 46,813 38.7 '\YestNorthCentral............. 2,306,994 327,3~4 14.2 1,219,011 233,317 19.l 651,973 89,897 13.8 97,074 39,148 40.3 South Atlantic.................. 2, 678, 462 498, 8.'l.5 18. 6 173,013 39,5G.5 22. U 112, Wl 22, 180 19. 7 1,516,(l;;!9 828, 451 5L 6 EaatSouthCentrul.............. 1,940,576 309,691 16,0 95,500 21,0i5 22.0 I 35,379 5,483 15.5 989,977 004,003 Gl.0

WestSouthCeutral............. 1,951,709 200,U&i 14.9 218,2U7 47,.1Sl 21.81 137,103 27,100 19.8 727,iW S78,5G6 52.0 Mountain....................... 4i6,848 69,-100 14.6' 213,450 36,m8

1

17.11 143,973 23,392 16.2 8,294 3,135 45.0

Pacific ............................. __ 10_1_,.1_1_2 _1 __ 1_a_2,_s_10_'. __ 1_7._4 :,~_3_9_4,_4_5·_, ., __ 84_,_z_r_, . _2_1_. 4_ 295, t'33 .JS, 028 18. 6 ,l, ___ 11_,_a9_1_

1 ___ 4,_809_ .i--42_. 2

NEW ENGLAND; - 1•-

Ma!ne.. .... ...... ...... ...... ..• 201, 001 38, 134 18. 9 ii 44,2.57 11,fi28 I, 25.31 Newllamp,J1ir;,................. 97,416 21,aro 21.9: 34,2H Il,671 34.l [ Vermont........................ 90,483 17,08& 18.9 ! 28, 766 6,9t>S J 21.2 :

Massachusetts ................... ! 405,395 117,785 25.3' 408,055 149,4~7 i 30.H; Rhode Island................... 64,859 .16, 126 24. 9 67,~llfl 26,0k:l 'I 3H. 7 :

Connecticut. .................... / 163, 733 3ii, 21& 21. 5 / 127, 813 43, 8fi9 1 34. 3 '

49, 772 44,0!H 20,828

511, 716 &4, 403

146, 836

l!ro~~1!v~~;~~~~~'. .................. j 1,281,GGS 277,495 21.7 II 1,089,013 2i0,08.'.J 620, 720

317,5S3 75,Z:~tj

157,2fil

29.2 1,249, 748 New Jersey._. ....................

1

398, 105 76, 8.i9 19. ;J PellllSylvama...... ...... ....... 1,fi361024 307,270 18.S

EAST NORTH CENTRAL: I Ohio ........................... . Indiana ........................ . lliinols ......................... . Michigan ••.•••.••....•..•....... Wisconsin •••••..•.••••••••.•••••

WEST NORTH CENTRAL:

Minnesota ...................... . Iowa ........................... . Miasourl •••••••••.•••.••••••...•. North Dakota .................. . South Dakota ••••••••..•••••.... Nebraska ..••••••.•..•...••.•.... Kansas ......................... .

SOUTII ATL.~NTIC: Delaware ....................... . Maryland ..................... .. District of Columbia ••...•....... Virginia ........................ .

West Virginia .................. . North Carolina •••..........•.•.• South Carolina ................. .

;:::i~: ......... ~: :::: :: :::::: ::: :: ::J EA.BT SOUTJI CENTRAL: I

Kentucky ...................... . Tennessee .•••.••••.•.•••••...•.• Alabama ........................ /

WE~~:::~~;;~~~; ............. , Arkansas ••.••.••••••..•••••. ····1 Louisiana •••••••••••..•••••••••• Oklahoma ...................... . Texas .......................... .

MOUNTAIN: Montana ....................... .

~~:~;,;~:::::::::::::::::::::::! Colorado ..•..•.•..••...•.•.••••. f New, Mexico ..•...••..•...•...... J

Arizona •........................ ! Utah ............................ f Nevada ......................... 1

PACIFIC! I 'Washington ..................... I

Oregon .......................... ! California .......................

1

J, lfi9,569 816,541

950,298

449,683 246,0H

182,257

471,335 875,431

46,566

75,519 220,879

435,007

50,501

298, 617 71,480

490, 188

364,299

'535,300 237,668 498,976

131, 433

667,015 597,468

412,000 264,093

365,139 266,367 430,346

889,907

49,099

62,559 22,836

171, 923 S!l,150 25,062 49, 198

10,021

199,310

146, 149 415,953

188,932

109, 717

148, 791

70,407

44,293

34,647

70,9i& 117,880

7,079 11, 242

31,672 53,888

rn.2 lHj 15. 7 15. 7

18.0

19.0

15.l

13.5 15.2 14.9 14.3 12.{

8,423 16. 7 54,3'9 18.2 18,006 25.2

62,3:J7 12. 7

42,262 11.6

129, 457 24. 2 64, 799 27.3

101, 151 2(),3

18,0il 13. 7

83, 708 12.5

76,901 12.9

96,561 23.4

52,521 19.9

64,745 17. 7

37,295 14.0 53,132 12.3

135,814 15.3

7,667 15.6

7,814 12,5

3,314 14.5 29,007 16.9 10, 122. 11. 7

3,315 13.2 6,515 13.2

1,646 16.4

32,2!14 16.2 24,102 16.~

76,4H 18.4

422,3.52

150,298

653,8'J9 359,150 407,918

340,548 256,519

225,526 74,249 74,654

134,512

113,003

9,647 78,477

20,004

13,609

20,812

3,382 4,674

10,295 12,113

58, 774 16,396 12,355

7,975

13,414

47,477 33,318

124,058

33,548

26,108 9,702

65,989

8,444 12,372

50,337 6,950

96,667

49,699

248,091

99,200 29,284

167,079 75,107

89,487 I 75,641

45,93.5 49,538

" 12,934 12,168 21,624

15,477

2,466

20,313 5,294 2,2.58 3,734

561

937 2,081

1,9:21

H,6lli 3,051

2,155

1,234

2,800 8,43.5 4,280

32,009

6,063 3,4>4

1,480

13, 726 1,283

1,626

7,610 1,246

18,!IOO 10,281 55,056

27.8 ' 291,li59 25.3 5&2,210

23.5 <

19.5 i 25.6 ! 20.9 i

21.9 !

22.2

17.9 22.0

17.4

16.3 16.1 13. 7

25.6: 25.9 i 26.5 i 16.6 : 17.9 16.6

20.0 20.2

15.9

1

24.ll 18.~

17.4 15.5

20.9 17.8

12.8

25.9

18.l i 13.3'

15.3 20.8 15.2

13-1 15.1

17.9

19.6 20. 7 22.2

242, 117 ()1),299

512,258 254,01\8

217,234

218,020 114,016

94,377 60, 771 39,822

72,658 52,309

7,253 48,200 11, 149 9,351

14, 610

2,005 2,254 5,365

12,314

18,217 7,089

6,812 3,261

6,086 21,398 13, 916

95, 7'03

25,952

11, 943 6,63S

46,8!Jl 7,llS

14, !loll 26, 691 4,081

77,435

32, 140 186,058

13, 140 15, 105

4, 12b ' 168,878 26,612

37, 493

26.4 34.4

19.8

33.0 31.5

25.5

353,303 '; 28.& 67,415 23.2

101,092 18.0

40,S92

7, lf;8 98, 2<J9 38,083

28,046

34, 138 12, 807

15,295

8,859

5,030

8, 785

4,983

16.9 11. 9

19.2

15.0

12.9

15. 7 11.2 16.2

14.6 12.6

12.1

9.5

1,343 18.5 10,326 21.4

2, 901 26.0

1,335 14.3

l, 1'37 11. 9

362 17.3 4.40 rn.5 762 14.2

2,974 24.2

2,749 15.1 1,090 15.4

009 14.2

&75 20. 7

1,121 18.4 3,2119 15.4 1,432 10.3

21, 248 22. 2 !

4,6.54 17.9 1,571 13.2

911 13. 7

8, 710 18.6 &73 12.3

2,049 13.9 3,834 14.4

790 19.4 I

13,359 17.3 5,(;28 17.5

36,0H 19.4

556

233 307

16,089 41 074

6,623

60,673

38,386

81,479

44,613

24,392

43,897 6,830

1,1ll9

2,531 5,567

64,272

198 293

2,974

21,239

11,891 91,119 44,424

252,461 20,867

253,i5£i 301, 759 430, 643 109, 720

104,258 182,005

336, 701 366,053

161, 129 265,513

47,471 253,647

670 214 582

4,836

508 799 392 223

2,04~

521 8,826

206 37. l 128 54.9 123 34.5

8,026 4!1.11 2,059 50.5 3,357 50. 7

34,782 1i7.3

21,004 52.1

39,671 43:1

17,593 39.4 9,534 39.1

17, 105 39.0

2,133 31.2 448 37. 4

923 36.5 1, i81 32.0

28, 796 44.8 86 43.4

91 31.1 1,175 39.5

6,296 29.6

5,313 45,231 26,699

102, 729

6,360 141,391 201,623 248,924 50,181

46,510

92,220 214,533 250,740

93,248 128,512 17,659

139,247

312

106 283

2,132

247

402 135 118

776 230

3,803

44.7

49.6 60.l 40.7

30.5 55. 7 66.8 1i7.8

45. 7

44.6

50.4 ca. 7 68.5

i)j.1}

4&.4 37.2

54.9

46.6 49.5

48.1'1

M.l 42. 7

50.3'

3!.4 52.9

38.0 44.1

43. l

68 POPULATION.

Of the foreign-born white females 10 years of age and over in the United States in 1910, 21.7 per cent were gainfully occupied, the proportion varying in the geographic divisions from 13.8 per cent in the West North Central to 30. 9 per cent in the New England division, and in the states from 9.5 per. cent in Kansas to ·34.4 per cent in New Hampshire. In general, the proportion was much higher in the manufacturing states than in the agricultural states, but contrary to this general rule the lJroportion was high in Maine, Vermont, South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Texas, and Nevada. The proportion of the negro females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupa­tions in 1910 was considerably more than double the proportion for either of the other principal classes of the female population. This proportion was 54. 7 per cent for the entire United States, but varied in the geographic divisions from 38.7 per cent in the East North Central to 61 per cent in the East South Cen­tral division, and in the states from 29.6 per cent in Kansas to 68.5 per cent in Mississippi.

Outlying territories.-'fable 25 shows, for Alaska Hawaii, and Porto Rico, a distribution by color o{· race, nativity, and parentage of the popclation 10 years of age and over and of the persons engaged in gainful occupations in 1910.

In .Alaska, as shown by Table 25, over two-fifths (41.3 per cent) of the gainful workers h1 1910 were foreign-born white persons, over one-fifth (20.3 per cent) were Indians, and almost one-fif~h (19.6 per cent) were native white persons of native parentage. Native white persons of foreign or mixed parentage constituted one-eighth (12.5 per cent) and Chinese, Japanese, negro, and all other constituted one­sixteenth (6.3 per cent) of the gainful workers. The Indians formed almost one-third of the population 10 years of age ~nd over, but only slightly over one­filth of the gainful workers. Each of the other classes of the population, however, formed a larger proportion of the gainful_ workers than of the population, the excess being most marked in case of the foreign-born whites.

Table25 POPUT.ATION 10 I Yl':AltS Oll A<ll'}

AND OVER: 1910 I

PERSONS ENGAGEJJ 1!-1

GA1N'FCI .. occu11

} .. TIO XS.

Per I I T'er cent. rent. Number. distrl· i Number. distri-

AREA AND CLA!-iS Ult~ PUPULAT!O • ...;",

bu- I hu-

--------------I--- ti on. --- tivn,

Alaska.......... .. . . .. . .. . .. . . ~62_ ~~1 40, 073 _ _:<>O· 0

Native white-Native pa;rentnge.. .. .. . ... . . .. . 10,IJ.18 18. :J 7,RTJ7 rn. O Nu ti ye whit~-Foreign or i11b:l?1l 1iarentage..... U,·H ! 11. 7 51 010 12. 5 Fore1gn·born wl1ite _ ...... _ .•.... ~. _...... . . . . li, S-!S 32. 5 IG, :j.13 41. ii Indian......................................... lk,OH 32.8 8,124 20.3 Chinese, Japanese, negro, and all othvr........ 2,til3 4.8 2,ii37 U.3

Ha.wail ......................... . 148, 789 100.0 101, 194 100.0 ----------

Hawaiian ......... -----···---· ................ . Part Hawaiian ........ _ ....................... . CauCtJ.Sian .... _ ... __ . _ ......................... . Chinese._ ...••... - ............................ .

X'S~~fi~·.-.:::: :: :: :::::::: :: :: :::::::::::: :: :: :'

20,srn 14.0 8,054 8.() 7,1H8 5.1 2,1m 2. 7

32, la8 21. (j 17,U57 17. 7 18, 159 12. 2 14,09-1 t:l.!l 62,!.150 42.3 51,478 50.9 7,105 4.8 G,201 6.2

Porto Rico ...... .. 781, 600 100.0 394, 148 10~.o ----------

Native white-Native parentage............... 48ii,OM t;2. 2 Native white-Foreign ur mixEd 1.1arentage..... 20, '727 2. 7 Foreign-horn white............................ 11,401) 1.2 Negro.......................................... 2GJ,:i.s1 34.0 Chinese and Japanese.......................... 20 (I)

23:l, 3S2 511. 2 9,300 2A 1,a:Jo 1.9

144, 120 30. 6 lG (1)

i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

In Hawaii 50.0 per cent-over one-half-of the gainful workers in 1910 were .Japanese. The Hawai­ians and the part Ifowuiians combined constituted 11.3 per cent, the Caucasians 17.7 per cent, the Chinese 13.9 per cent, and all others 6.2 per cent of the gah1ful workers. The Hawaiian, the part Hawaiian, and the Caucasian elements each constituted a much smaller proportion of the gainful workers than of the popu­lation 10 years of age and ovCJ·, but the reverse was true of the Chinese and of the Japanese element.

In Porto Rico native white persons of native par­entage form.eel 59.2 per cent of the gainful workers in 1910, negroes 36.6 per cent, a11d ull other persons only 4.3 per cent. The native whites of native parentage a11.d the native whites of foreign or mbced parentage each constituted t1 smaller proportion of the gainful workers than of the population 10 years of age and over, but thP. foreign-born whites and the negrocs each constituted a larger proportion of the gainful workers than of ihe population.

PERSONS OCCUPIED DISTRIBUTED :BY AGE PERIODS.

United States.-In the tabulation 6£ occupations for this 'report, all gainful wol'kers were distributed into the following :five age periods: 10 to 13, 14 to 15, 16 to 20, 21 to 44 and unknown, and 45 years and over. Table 26 (p. 69) shows for the males and for the females the number of persons of each specified age engaged in gainful occupations compared with the total number of the same age in 1910 and in moo.

Table 26 shows that in the United States in 1910 more than eight in every ten (81.3 per cent) males 10 years of ago and over were engaged in gainful occupations. In the lowest age period, 10 to 13, the proportion was one in six (16.6 per cent); in the next

age period, 14 to 15, the proportion more than dou­bled, being over two in ea1·h five (41.4 per cent); and in the age pnrio1l 16 to 20 the proportion increased to almost four in fiv'.~ (79.2 p •r ee!lt). The proportion was highest for th~i ag'~ period 21 to H (including per­sons of unknovl'l ag.~). In thi,.; age period 96.7 per cent of the nrnL's \VNe gainfully oeeupiPd; or, stated otherwiS{', only 3.:.3 IllL'll ont of evPry 100 i:1 this age period were without gainful occupations in 1910. Iti the highest age period, 45 yPars and OV(•r, the propor­tion of nrnfos gainfully oecnpie<l in 1910 dropped to 85.9 per cent. If tlrn two higlwst age periods be combined, it is fournl that of all the males :n years of

OCCUPATION HTATISTICS. 69

age and over in the United States in 1910 C'Onsidc•r­ably over nine out. of every ten (93.1 per eent) v;('J'l' engaged in gainful occupations.

T~l>le 26 --==--=~-:;:-r;.~--1~~~~.~~-~-;~:~.~~1 ~~::.~:1~~ ~~ ·..i me; UI' .H,J; _ .. AND (J\"EU. ii A.~·n 0\'EH..

CENSUS YEAR .AND .A.Gl! -· ----r En~agPtl-j;--,1----· Env~1~erl i;·; PERIOD. 11 gamful 11· 1.::.d1tf1!l

Tohl

1

. occup:itions. I Total occ11piil!on<. · nun1hcr. ------- 1 number. 1

N b I'er I T i I '(1r

--------1----I um er. cent.ii Nnm~Je~!ce!li 1910 I 'I i

lOyears and over .... 37,027,558130,091,564 81.31, 34,552,712 s,o·;;;,1nl 23.4

1oto1ayears .............. 3,rt.iU,i79l oog,o;.m i(~i~I 3,1m,2d2,ij.s4if8.;j 14to 15years---···-----·· 1,79S,«9j 7·14,lO[J ·11.41 1,770,~~'""I :1,-JJ,l-IlJi lk.~ 16to20years ............ _ ••. 4,5G4,17D1 a,ma,112a 7~.21 4,1;32,;;.;21 1.~11.1.~\,u :>.·.9 21to44 years 1 •••••• ,. _____ I7,oJo,s-i3[ 11,21i2,2nu un. 711 u;,:ra,4-H11 4.:1:·2.!1f.\~[ ~ii.:{ 45yearsan;

9

::er .... --··· 9,149,308

1

7,soo,r.o:i s;;.9\1 8,224,:>uo 1;2,8;117.

1

11.7

lOyea.rs and over ••.. 29,703,44-0i 23,763,836 so.01! 28,246,~84 6,319,3S7 ns lot-01syears-----··----·· s,21S?•I01i 5§fi,Co87 1:-s,

1'1 a.;:;1.~~- :04,~31)[fi.4

14tol5years-·--·-·-····· ~,502,126 1 u~~·'~~ ~3.4,I l,.tl!l,S~, ~-;;z,831 I~.~ 16to20years ............. 3,716,7141 ~·8""·~-> ·~·8if 3,!>:l7,¥.il l,~!/•~G~I ~2 .• l 21 to44y~.ars 1 --·········· 14,113,999, 13,4f.3,104 9a.4'1 13,rn7,.>.i.l 2,, . ..i,,,1u

1 20.9

45 years and over·-·-····· 7,020,300! u,170,296 87.9!1 0,400,174 83-fj,117! 12.9

1 Includes persons of unknown age.

The proportion of all males 10 years of age 1md over engaged in gainful occupations was slightly 111rger in 1910 than in 1900. However, this increase was con­fined to two age periods, 16 to 20 and 21 to 44. Iu each of the other three age pc•rio<ls the proportion of gainful work£\l'S was smaller in 1910 than in 1900, the decrease being greatest for the age period 14 to 1.5.

Of ihe females 10 years of age and over in the United States in 1910, 23.4 per cent were engaged in gainful occupations. In each of the first three age pedods-10 to 13, 14 to 15, 11nd 16 to 20-the propor­tion of gainful workers was approximately only half as large for the fornalf's as for the males. fo case of the males the highest proportion of gainful workers was in the age period 21 to 44 and the next highest in the age period 45 years awl over; hut in ease of the f ernale3 the highest proportion of gainful workers was in the age period 16 to 20 (:l9.9 per cent) and the 1wxt highest in the age period 21 to 44 (26.3 per cent), while the proportion iu the age period 45 years 11nd over (15.7 per cent) was smallPr than in the 1tge period 14 to 15 (19.8 per emit). The large proportion of the females 16 to 20 years of ago engaged in gainful occu­pations is accounted for by the fact that in this age period all the fomales are old enough to work and mat­rimony has had little effect in decreasing the -number of workers. The proportion of gainful workers of each sex in each specified agJ is also shown graphically for 1910 in tho diagi;am in the next column.

There was a marked increase from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of all females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations, the respective per­centages being 18.8 and 23.4. In each age period also the proportion of gainful workers was considerably larger in 1910 than in 1900, nnd: as ·was true also of the males, the increase was most marked for the age period 16 to 20.

I'HOl'OftTION 01" MALES AND OF FEMAJ,ES OP EACH SPECIFIED A(;:E

ENGAGED IN GAlNTl'L OCCUPATIONS: 1910.

10 TO IS VEf.RS

t.4 TO 16 YE.I.RS

IG TO 20 YEARS

I I TO 44 YEARS

The following summary for thti United StatPs shows, for both sexes arnl for eaeh SPX separntc>ly, the p1>r cent whieh the gainful workf.r;; in each nge peri01t <'Onstitutecl of all gainful workers in 1910 and in 1900:

Table 27 PER CENT DL~TRIBUl'!IJN OP PERSONS ESH.AGED IN GAIN• FUL OCCVPA'.IIONB.

CENSt!B YEAR AND AOE PElllOD, . I

!~~1• I Yale. I Female.

---------1---1---·--i I 1910

lOyearsandover .......................... ~i 100.0 I 100.0

mrn~5::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: !2J 1 J! I J:! ~~~·:i:?~~~8~~-~;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~:g : ~:1 ~~:~

I~ I I 10 yearsandover..... .. . .............. ~ 1~1~

10to13 years....................................... 2. 7 ' 2.5 3.9 14to15vea.rs....................................... :J.3 ' 2.\1 5.3 I6to2():;;ea.rs ....••...••..... -•... ____ •............. i

1 14.l : 12.0 '! :23.3

2!to44years1........................................ Ufi.S f>G.i, .1L9 4a years :md O\-er_._ ............................... ·' 24. l 1· 21'.i.O l 1.'i.7

J I

1 Indu1les pers-0n~ of unknown age.

According to this suriunary, in Eno mnro than 8 out of 10 (80.5 1rnr cent) of tho g:Linful v:orkers in the United States were 21 ye:tr:'l of ngo :·nd over, and almost 95 out of every 100 (04.8 per cent) ·were 16 years of :•ge and over. Childron Jo to 13 :-;·ears of age con­stituted 2.3 per cent, childre;i 14 to 15 years of nge constituted 2.0 per cen{;, or ~nmhining the two groups - children 10 to Hi years of age constituted 5.2 per cent of nll gitinful workers. In each of the three lower age periods the proportion of t.he male workers was smaller than that of the females, an<l in each of the two higher age periods it was larger. While the male workers 10 to 15 years of age constituted 4.5 per cen~ of all male workerR, the female workers IO to 15 years of age constituted 7.0 per cent of all fem11le workers; and while the male workers 45 years of age and o,-er constituted 26.1 per cent of all male workers, tho female workers 45 years of age and over constituted only 16 per cent of all female workers. The distribu­tion of gainful workers in 1010 according to specified ages is shown graphically, for both sexes an<l for each sex separately, in the diagram on the next page.

In 1900 the propc>rtion of the gainiul workers in each of the first t\VO age periods --10 to 13 and 14 to 15 years-and in the last Hgeperiod--45 years and over­was larger, and the proportion in each of the two

70 POPULATION.

remaining age periods was smaller than in 1910. As n. result the proportion v>hich children 10 to 15 years of age constituted of all gninful workers de­creased from G per cent in 1900 to 5.2 per cent in 1010. For the males the decrease was from 5.4- per cent in 1900 to 4.5 per cent in 1910! and for tho females it was from 9.2 per cent in 1900 to 7.9 per cent in 1910. The proportion of occupied females in the age period 16 to 20 '.Vas afao smaller in HllO than in 1!)00, the rcspectiYe percentages being 22.!I and 23.3.

PnoPoRTION ·wmcH ·r1rn GAI!><FUL \YORKERS op EAcH SPECIFIED

AGE CONSTITUTED OP ALf, GAJ!>l];'UJ, \VORKERS: 1910.

t8 TO

BOTH SEXES

9 I TO 44 YEARS- M A-1..E 8 FEMALES

BOTHSEXES-

46 YEARS AND OVER MA.LES FEMALES

In the following summary for the United States the number of children of each sex, 10 to 15 years of age, engaged in gainful occupations is compared with the total number of child.r·fm of the same sex and ago in 1910, 1000, and 1880:

Table 28 C!IILDREN 10 TO 15 YEARS OF ..!.GE.

! Engaged in gainful

Total occupations. CENSUS YEAR .AND SEX.

numlier. I I: Number. Per cent.

,.,m,MO 11 1, 990, 225 18,4 1910

:Soth sexes •. ·--- __ .. ____ ·---- _____ _ , ___ _ 5,4!l4,228 : 1,3"3, 139 24.8 .5,aM,137 I 637,086 11.9

Male ..................................... . Female .•••.•••••••••...•.•....•.•..•••....

I I

1900 :Soth sexes ••..•........ _ ...... --· .. 9,613,252 I 1, 750, 178 13.2

4,8.:;2,427 I 1,2f»,411 2G.1 4, 700,82-0

I 485,707 10.2

Male ................. ---------------------Female ................................... .

1880 6,649,483

I I :Soth se::ces •••............ ------· ... 1, 118, 356 16.8

3,376, 114 I' 82.l,1871 24.4 3,2i3,3&.l i ZJ3, 189 9.0

I

, ____ , Male ..................................... . Female •................. ·------ ...•.•. _ .. .

These figures show that, while there wus a slight increase from moo to 1010 in the proportion of all children 10 to 15 years of uge engaged in gainful occu­pations, this increase came entirely from the increase in the proportion of gainfully occupied females 10 to 15 years of age, since there was a decrease from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of the males 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations. In the next summary children 10 to 15 years of aO'e enO'aaed in

0 0 t:>

gainful occupations in the United States, in 1910 and in J 900, are didded into two broad occupational

groups - agricultural pursuits and nonagricultural pursuits: ==========-====='-'======c===-"=--~-========o==-==~==-~ Table 29 CIULDREN 10 TO 15 YE.~RS OF ..!.GE E'.!;­

GAGED IN G.UNFUL OCCUPATIONS.

SEX ..!.ND CENSUS YEAR.

All occupations.

1910 •••......• ~.~~::.:~~::: ....... =\' 1,990,225 1900...................................... l,700,li8

MALI:.

~&\8: ::: : : : : : : : : : : : : ::: ::: : : : : :: : : : : : : :: :·: FEMALE.

1010 ..................................... . 1000 ..................................... .

1, 353, 139 1,204, 411

037,080 485, 767

Agrlcnltural pursuits.

1,431,254 1,(}(H, 871

Nonagrj. cultural pnrsults,

558,()71 fl88,207

-'~

410,170 207,281

332,055 409, 721

226,910 278,480

Thi'> summary shows that the increase from moo to l!JIO in the number, and hence in the proportion, of dl children 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was confined to children engaged in agri­cultural pursuits, where the increase was 369,283, or 34.8 per cent, for both sexes, 166,394, or Hl.5 per cent, for the males, and 202,889, or 97.9 per cent, for tho fomales. 1 There was a marked decrease from 1900 to 1010 in the number of children 10 to 15 years of ago engaged in nonagricultural pursuits, the decrease being 129,236, or 18.8 per cent, for both sexes, 77,666, or 19 per cent, for males, and 51,570, or 18.5 per cent, for females. Furthermore, the proportion '.vhich chil­dren 10 to 15 years of age engaged in nonagricultural pursuits constituted of all children 10 to 15 years o:f age was considerably smaller in 1910 than in 1900, the respective percentages being 5.2 and 7 .2 for both so:s:es, 6.1 and 8.4 for the males, and 4.2 and 5.8 for the females.

Divisions and states.-Table 30 (p. 71) shows for each geographic division and for each state the per cent which the males of each specified age engaged in gainful occupations formed of all males of the same age in 1910.

This table shows that in the United States, in 1910, 10.6 per cent-one in six-of the males 10 to 13 years of age were engaged in gainful occupations, but that this proportion varied from only 1.6 per cent in New England to 42.6 per cent in the East South Central division. The proportion was very high, also, in the South Atlantic division (35.1 per cent) and in the West South Central division (33.9 per cent). In these two geographic divisions more than one in three, and in the East South Central division more than two in five, of the mules 10 to 13 years of age were engaged in gainful labor in 1910. The highest proportion in any other geographic division was less than one in ten (9 per cent)) in the West North Central division. Also, between the different states of each geographic division, except the Pacific, there ·was a wide variation in the proportion of the males 10 to 13 years of age engaged in gainful occu­pations in 1910.

1 Seep. 28 for a discus.~ion as to a J?OSSihle excess in the number of : children returnf,d as engaged in •tgr1cultural pursuits in 1010.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 71

NUMBER.AND PROPORTION OF MALES IN EACH AGE GROUP ENGAGED IN GAINFIJL OCCUPATIOXS. BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. .

Table 30 MALES 10 TO rn YEARS 11 MAI.ES 14 TO 15 YEARS 11_· MAI.EH lfi TO 20 ;'E.\RS '_f-~:~m 21 TO 4:l~~-:;-:-- 1:·.-M.~.~~~~·.;5;EAR;·~f: AG:: OF AGE: 1910 I oF AGE: 1910 1 <:F AGE: 1910 1 uF AGE: 1910 ,: .rnD uvEn: 1910

Engaged in 1.-- Enirn.ged in 1"- ·--- I Engaged m ii 1 Eni;a~ed in ,I - --·--- I En1mger! in . DIVISION AND STATE. ~ainf~l I' gnmful i gainful , l\<llllful gainful

Total occupations. Total occupations. Total 1 occupations. lj 'l'ot:il occupations. 1 'fotul. I 0<.>cuputions. number. I number. number.

1 number. --1 1 number. I ·

T rer T Per I ..,. PPr I I w Pl'r I "'.. I PPr Number. cent. Number. cent. Number. C<'nt. \

1 I !\umber. ~ent. \\ I "'umtwr. <.'Pill.

_G_E_O-GR-UA-~-~-;c_d_:_r~-~-::-~-~-~:-•• -.-.1

:_~65,7~1 609, 030 16. 6 11, 798,4491 744, 109 ~-~_14. 564, 179 3, 615, 623 79-~}~~~l~.'7'262,2C9·. 96. 7 Ji~ 7,860,5931 ~5. 9

N~wEngland:········ 223,5581 3,518 1.0 / 111,204 31,;178 :n.1i 2'.JG,0.39 232,GOO 78.UI l,282,4cSl1,2u,7s8 oo.sj, 73r,,;;~s1 G27,D85 &i.l

Middle Atlantic........ 691,000 16,070 2.3 336,708 102,236 ao.: 1 urn,~:? 738,;s.3 :'.:·: '.":')~·:"; I :·8''.·~2~ ;o.~ 1: 1,\1~1,~2rJ 1,1'.:~·~:; "" 7 EastNorthCentral. ... 684,009 32,014 4.7 I 341,WO 10ll,9S9 29.U 899,G,3 OOS,093 .... I 3,c~.J,,rn 13,4fil>,61S !!ti .• \· 2,02iJ,,81 1,6.11,,,u S.3.0 WestNorthCentral ... 471,831 42,529 9.0 234,100 78,0i2 33.3 007,596 449,724 74.0 ! 2,~'ill,07212,176,1i02 96.2 ;) 1,230,5!\5 1,011,776 82.2 South Atlantic........ 564, 151 197, 848 35.1 271, 495 1136, C81 61. 4 621, 8&8 521, 278 83. 8 ! 2, OS:l, 657 1, 987, flii9 96. S ij 1, 017, 771 923, 781 00. S

East South Central.... 392, 710 167,283 42. 6 191, 127 127,972 67.0 I 43G, 2ii3 369,613 81. 7 j 1,387,505 1,348,GilB 97.2 (i 700,&81 645,004 91.1

West South Central. •. 411,003 139,185 33.9 198,444 Hl9,580 55.2 I 4!l.1,205 372,746 00.5: I,55.1,58.3 1,501,172 90.6 ii 707,7&3 538,099 90.2 Mountain.............. 98,149 7,003 7.1 46,001 11,592 21.8 120,(179 90,007 71.1

1 641,947 617,405 00.21\ 271,611 2-11,1\57 8'J.O

Pacific ••..••••••.••.••• 129,248 3,574 2.8 67,104 12,409 18.5 197,if.l 141,659 71.7 \ 1,084,381 1,044,8G3 96.4 i: 534,498 450,313 81.2 NEW ENGLAND: -------------- --- '

1----1-----r Maine................. 25, 702 684 2. 7 13,124 3,026 -;;;.;;- 32,8221 23,342 l~I 132,257 127,683 116.5 ti 103,470 New Hampshire....... 141393 234 1.6 7,317 l,!IBB 27.2 19,773 15,295 77.4

1

'8,620 76,(1(;9 00.8 :'

1

1 58,048 Vermont.............. 12,733 455 3.6 6,374 1,512 23.7 16,073 11,831 73.f:l 64,l'i9 61,008 95.21 49,327

Massachusetts ...••.•.. 113,895 1,378 1.2 56,095 17,794 31.7 148,858 117,1G9 78.7 I 670,868 650,4al 97.0 I 350,8011 Rhodelsland......... 18,598 233 1.3 9,497 4,117 43.41 27,2112 23,361 85.61 108,964 100,208 97.5 1 54,870 Connecticut........... 38,237 534 1.4 18,797 6,141 32.7 51,221 41,562 81.1: 227,610 220,279 96.8 ! 120,082

MIDDLE ATLANTIC: ' ! New York............. 314,982 3,600 1.1 151,913 35, 757 23.5 4Zl,5SO 340,441 S0.4

1

1 1,004,006 l,8H,S57 90.9' 932,707

NewJersey............ 91,854 1,466 1.6 44,455 13,482 30.3 ll8,!i38 95,879 80.8 520,760 510,452 96.9 [ 247,942 Pennsylvania ..••••••.. 284,224 11,010 3.9 140,340 52,9'J7 37.8 373,127 302,003 81.111,568,655 1,522,215 97.0' 740,3'1

EAST NORTII CENTRAL:

87,440

40,m 40, 885

299,975 4i,04.3

11Jl,961i

7~D,503

213,5l6

85.8 82.8 f\5.5

fo5.7

Sl.9

85.3 816.1 816.0

Ohio .••.••...........•. 170,383 7,822 4.6 85,330 24,084 28.2 230,049 177,612 77.2 \ 942,'0V8 912,005 00.8 i 541,467 H9,92'.I &3.1

Indiana................ 102,400 8,116 7.9 51,838 l9,lii2 37.8 l32,0'J5 101,9.;'1 77.2 \ .'.i03,900 487,047 !JG. 7 ' 315,528 254,293 83.0

Illinois................. l'il7,990 9,433 4.5 103,iil 32,479 31.3 278,287 222,()72 79.8 I 1,172,675 l,1"'1,91Jfl 00.4 SiO,rl.l7 470,442 1>2.S Michigan •..•••••...•.• 104,138 3,217 3.1 51,364 11,295 22.0 137,457 105,446 'i!l.7 I 536,348 522,110 97.3 3.34,~28 2'&4,741 s.u Wisconsin............. 99,098 3,426 3.5 49,303 13,559 II 27.5 121, 765 91,912 7,;_5

1

427,992 413,oM !lG.r. 2.55, 1;;1 207,353 81.1 WEST NORTII CENTRAL:

Minneoota............. 86,775 41 725 5.4 42,256 9,982 ZJ.G 110,346 81,517 73.91 428,00:l 4rn,M4 UU.6 2H,5'6 180,000 i 83.9 Iowa ......••.....•.... 89,483 5,865 6.6 44,594 14,912 33.4 lH,979 84,183 73.2 409,128 391,743 95.8 254,544 HlS,09'l 77.8 Missouri ••..•••••••••.• 1211,159 ltl,544 12.8 66,02! 27,829 421 166,606 12<J,409 77.7, 626,855 605,486 96.6 346,207 2117,Wl fl.'i.9

NorthDakota......... 24,436 2,294 9.4 11,412 3,035 31.9 30,920 21,812 70.51 127,548 121,011 91.9 46,342 3Y,620 South Dakota.......... 24, 625 2, &56 · 11. 6 11, 8ll6 4, 097 3 l. 4 31, 281 22, l!i.5 70. 8

1

, 122, 458 116, ll30 95. 2 55, 731 H, 625

Nebraska.............. 49,391 3,825 7.7 24,224 7,040 2<J.l 04,4w 46,flSO i2.4 1

229,759 221,211 96.3 123,867 9'J,055

Kansas................ 67,962 6,420 9.41 33,694 10,577 31.4 88,!l99 63,968 71.9 · 319,231 306,86i 96.l 189,298 152,807

Sourn: ATLANTIC: Delaware ........•..... Maryland ..••.•.....•.. District of Columbia ... Virginia ..•••..•..•.•..

West Virginia ..•...... North Carolina •••••.•• South Carolina .•...... Georgia .••...•...•.•... Florida ...•............

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: KentucJ...-y ••••••..••••• Tennessoo .•••••••••.•• Alabama •••••••....••. Mississippi.. .•.•.•.•...

7,758 51, 817

9, 701 96,070

53, 530 107, 636 77,561

12i,557 32,521

102,391

98,168 102,832 89,319

1,034 13.3

5,307

183 22,68()

8,886

10.2 l. 9

23. 6 16.6

53, 457 4U. 7

39,258 50. 6 57,927 45.4

9, 116 28. 0

26,640 26. 0

33,932 34.6

56,591 55.0 50,120 56.1

I 4,008

25,541

4, 704 4fl,247

!l:i,813 51,640

3fJ,458

61, 821 15}203

50, ll'il

49,155 49,338

42,514

1, 719 42.3

11,029 43.2 730 15.5

24,521 53.0

11,f>ti2 45. 2

38, 102 74.0

27, 124 43, i21

i,980

74.4 70. 7 52.5

27,198 54. 3 301103 Gl. 2

37, 53.5

33,136

'j'Q. l 77. 9

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL: [ Arkansas.............. 72,285 35,597 4D.2 35,500 24,512

1 tiS.9

62, 15.5 13,817

104,f).55

H.5,529

llU,02! 82,627

129, 797 37,100

118, 341 117, 183 108, 134 92,605

8,116

50,318 9,&i4

85J527

52,112

100, 85fi

80.6 81. l 71.3 81.7 19.ii

i2,3H 87.6

112, 232186. 5 2Q,800. 80.3

97, 694 97, 776 95,599

78,544

82.6

83.4

SS.4

84.8

38, 768 235,853

70,3W

339, 421 236, GlS

327,873 230, 271 423, 254 151,239

300,630 357,105 343,091

296,679

37,331

228,00i IJ{),370

00.3 116. 7

94.3

328,GJIJ U6. 8

22S,&:.l !J\i.5

318, OJO 97. 0 224,4991 97. 5 411, 6::1 ' 97. 3

144, 'i91 195. 7

378,283 9d. 8 :'

345' 300 oo. 7 335,06& 9~. 7

290,0ll 9';.8

23, 119 132, 055

3..1,401 JS4,lll HJ!, 7'Jl

178,2G1 , 10!, 775 '

197,Sf,2 t121fl&fi

212,824

195,.'Y.;3 170,020 130,274

20, 117 116,l!l3

z;t907 1C5,491

li\4,305

97,569 181,~74

57,179

189,£54 r;~, ia1 lf,,~, 401

122, 468

120,SOJ

&5. [j &l.1 80.0

80. 7

S7.0 &~.fl

8.1.il S9.t)

~l.S

fn.:.! 113.1

9'l. J lltJ.·,

D2. fl

Louisiana.............. 77, 875 rn,248 24. 7 3ii, &Jl rn, 582 53. l Oklahoma............. 75,f.Sl 18,484 24.4 3ll,G\13 lfi,ll99 4fi.1

Texas.................. 185,252 65,856 3i\.5 8\i,270 48,587 54.4

84,434 82,849 88,506

20'.i,.tHi

72,2CJfJ fi7,93<i ti0,588

lw, 021

f;.'i.ii

82. 0

75.2

80.0

2ti1,451 29:3,1!,7

ao11808 t;ss, 137

25i,202 tr;.3 2.'l.3, 7&l !lt). 8

2'J&,22S 95. 9 Gt>l, li56 (Ki. 6

131,:;7~; I

121 .• ':"32 i 1118,JSS

315,220

lll,0Z:J . !Jl.2

12;,177 ' s.~.3

28a, 096 ~ SD. ~

MOUNTAIN: 1'

Montana............... 11,980 439 3. 7 ,5,014 1,()(YJ r 17.1 17,352 12,526 72.2 114,4il 109,595 9J. 7 40,546 ! Idaho.................. 13,255 931 7.0 6,2il 1,4U3, 23.8 lti,39-l 11,172 ll!U 77,r.3;; 74,351 00.5 3:l,82!S ! Wyoming.............. 4,471 285 6.4 2,040 470 23.0 7,.548 5, 771 76.5 49,fffl 48,52ri 97.8 l:l,:m I Colorado............... 28,309 1,461; 5.2 13,Gi4 3,217 23.5 37,ori3 2.'i,m ;o.2 182,ui2 175,V'Jl 96.3 S8,~7G I New Mexico........... u,110 ·2,ao-2 16.3 6,701 2,fiJO 39.4 16,3BO 12,144 7~.1 i f>3,4:io 61,VS'.l !!£.3 :n,1s2 i Arizona................ 7,612 472 6.2 3,554 825 23.2 9,595 6,751 70.4 53,171 50,714 95.4 21'.l,8.'lO ! utah.................. 16,367 1,040 6.4 7,530 1,771 23.5 18,997 13,194 69.5 74,025 :;o,r,;2 9.i.4 30,()<J() I

PACIFIC!

36, 327 30, 103 12,5H

7.3~410

2S,Z-19

18,474 2fl,46'3 11,287 Nevada................ 2,045 68 3.3 977 167 17.1 3,3tl0 2,510 74.7 27,509 2ti,.':iC'1 96.3 12,517 \

:::.g.t~~::::::::::: ~:!~ l,~~ ::~ ~~:~~ ~'.~~ ~~:! ::: . ::: ~!:: I ~~~:~~ ;:~~; ;:: ~~'.~11~ I 1~~::~~ ~7 .. ! 8-1.8 S'.!.S Califomi:L.... .•••••••• 69,421 l,6l6 2.4 I 3G,o80 6,9~3 19.0 l!l9,()<Jl 78,930 .2. 4 I G«2, 11., .. ,1,oc., .'ti. f, i al~,-~! I 2t>l,c6G

-'----~-------!----~-------- ---~----· ___ ,L ___ ~I-------·'------- --~--l Includes males of u::iln1own age.

72 POPULATION.

This proportion vaded in the South .Atlantic divi­sion (excluding the District of Columbia) from 10.2 per cent in :Maryland to 50.6 per cent in Routh Carolina; and in the East South Central division from 26 per cent in Kentucky to 56.1 per cent in Mississippi, where the proportion was larger than in any other state. In the West South Central division the Yariation was from 24.4 per cent in Oklahoma to 49.2 per cent in .Arkansas; and in the Mountain division the variation was from 3 .3 per cent in Nevada to 16.3 per cent in N e-w l\fexico.

Of the males 14 to 15 years of age 41.4 per cent­more than two in five-were engaged in gainful occu­pations in 1910, the proportion ranging all the wn,y from 18.5 per cent in the Pacific to 67 per cent in the East South Central division. In the South Atlantic, the East South Central, and the West South Central divisions combined three in every five (61.1 per cent) of the males 14 to 15 yearn of age were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. In New England the proportion varied from 23 per cent in Maine to 43.4 per cent .in Rhode Island, and in the \Vest North Central division from 23.6 per cent in :Minnesota to 42.1 per cent in :Missouri. In the South .Atlantic divlliion (excepting the District of Columbia) the variation was from 42.3 per cent in Delaware to 74.4 per cent in South Carolina; in the East South Central division from 54.3 per cent in Kentucky to 77.9 per cent in Mississippi, where the proportion was higher than in any other state; and in the West South Central division from 4G.1 per cent in Oklahoma to 68.9 per cent in .Arkansas.

In the age period rn to 20, 79.2 per cent-almost four in every five-of the males were engaged in gainful occupations :in 1910, the proportion varying from 71.1 per cent in the Mountain division to 84. 7 per cent in the East South Central division. In the states which comprise the rnspective geographic divisions, the varia­tion in the proportion of the males gainfully occupied was much less for the age 1rnriod 16 to 20 than for either of the two lower age periods. However, the proportion of males 16 to 20 years of age engaged in gainful occupations in l!HO was large in Rhode Island, .Arkansas, and Wyoming, and small in Maine, Vermont, and Oklahoma, as compared with the proportion in the respective geographic divisions to which these different states belong. The proportion was small, also, in the District of Columbia.

The most striking thing about the age period 21 to 44 years 1-aside from the fact that only 3.3 per cent of the males in it were ·without gainful occupation in 1910-is the slight Yariatiou from one area to another in the proportion gainfully occupied. This proportion was 96.7 per cent for the entire United States, and, in the different geographic divisions, varied only from 9G.2 per cent in the West North Central and Mountain

1 Includes males of unknown age.

divisions to 9G.8 per cent in the New England and South Atlantic diYisions. In the different states (if the District of Columbin be excepted) the variation was only from H4.!J })Cl' ce11t in North Dakota to 97.8 per cent in llfissi.ssippi and \Yynming. Thus, regard­less of existing differences in localities, in in<lustries, in nativity and color, and in economic well being, in no state, in HHO, did the number of gainful workers in every one hundred males ~ 1 to 44 years of age vary more than one aud four-fifths frum the number for the entire United States-DG.7.

Of the males 45 years of uge and over 85.9 per cent were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910, the pro­portion varying from 82.2 per cent in the West North Central to 91.1 per cent in the East South Central division, and from 77.8 per cent in Iowa to 94 per cent in Mississippi. In the states of each respective geo­graphic division, however, the variation was small, being greatest in the \Vest North Central division, where the proportion wits 77.8 per cent in Iowit and 85.9 per cent in Missouri.

In each of the five age periods shown in Table 30, the _proportion of the males engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 was larger in the East South Cen­tral than in any other geographic division, and, except in the age periw1 1 G to 20, larger in Mississippi than in any other state.

Table 31 (p. 73) show:>, for each geographic division and for each state, the per cent which the females of each specified age engnge1l in gainful occupations formed of all females of the same age in 1910.

According to Table 31, 8 per cent of the females IO to 13 years of age iri the United Sfotes in 1910 were engaged in gainful occupations. In the geographic divisions outside of the South, this proportion was very small, varying from only four-tenths of 1 per cent in New England to 1.3 per eent in the ).fountain division. In the West South Central division, however, 18.1 per cent, in the South Atlantic division 20.1 per cent, and in the East South Central division 22.8 per cent of the females 10 to 13 years of age were engaged in gainful oc­cupations in 1910. In these three geographic divisions combined, the proportion was 20.3 per C'ent-one in five-as contmsted with a proportion of only eight-­tenths of 1 per cent for the remainder of the United States. Outsitle of the South in only eight states wus the proportion as high 11s 1 per cent, being lowest in :Massachusetts, three-tenths of l per cent, and highest in New :Mexico, 2.9 per cent; but in the states compris­ing the three southern divisions the proportion ranged (if the District of Columbia, be excluded) 1111 the way from 2.4 per cent in West Virginia to 39.5 per cent in South Carolina. In 6 of these. 16 states over one­fourth of the females 10 to 1::3 years of age were gain­fully occupied in 1910, and in 3 of them the propor­tion far exceeded one-third.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 73

NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF FEMALES rn EACH AGE GROUP ENGAGED rn GAINFUL (l('ClTPATinXS. BY DIVISIONS AND STA'rES: 1910.

Table 31 FEMALES 10 To 13 YEARS FEMAI.F.S 14 70 1" YEARS I FEMALES 16 TO 20 YEARS i FF.l\u.u:~ 21 '.l'.fl 4! YEAE~' -\:_~-~~~~~~~~~~;;"~u~~ OF AGE: 1910 · rn• AGE: 1910 OF A«E: 1910 1 ••Ji .\GE: IU10 j A'.'1> C•Yl:I:: 1U10

Engaged in Engaged in 1 Enga~1.,l in i Enga~e•.I ill r i Enga~"'lin .. DlVISION AND STATE, gai!llul gai!llul I gainful j gLlinful I\' f v.d'1ful

Total occupations. Total occupations. Tot.1J occupat10m. T()fa) occupations. I Total. 1 oceup:ilium. number. numh•:r. nurnUvr. I n111n1Jer..

1

nnm1wr. 1

N be Per • Per x ber P••r I N" bc I'• r 1 i - . I l'<'r • um r. C®t. i !'<umber. cent. • um . cem. I • um •r. C1'JH. I ~umll<'r. I c.·at.

___ U_nl_t_e_d_S_t_a_t-es-.-.-•• -.-.1-3-,5-9-3,-2-39- 286,946-;,;; l,710,89B I 350,140 ~l1 4,632,821 !1,s47,600 39_9 l'l6,331,44914,31J2.959 j 2·.s J 8,224,305 1,228,117 j 15.7

GEOGRA.PfilODlVIBIONs: ====-~=-~-=-·0=~==~=~,~~ 1~-=-~·-~'~ -,·-- -~-~=--- --=-= New England ••••••••• 222,895 872 0.4 110,!J'Jl 2l,V71 22 51 3"'1,t:l3 I72,Hl $.9 \ 1,272,~JJ H7 110 ~~ 1 '.<71,!Dl l'.:'J.7:7 16.8 MiddleAtlantlc ....... 687,202 5,729 0.8 3:fo,IJ25 G:l,740 JS.9 \ll~,.;10 487,(183 51.4 [i 3,7•.J(J,U,7 l,1"»,71)~ 27.<J I,(i(l7,2"11 2;11.~·;1 H.2

EastNorthCentral .... 673,18-l 4,2H O.u 3:ltl,5G8 38,1!~6 11 6 w.i~,749 3U,:l42 38.l I' 3,2,'l,O:J9 1m.·_.; 21 1 1,,11,141 ~IJJ'J, ilu 11.0 WestNorthCentral ••. 460,511 5,113 I.l 225,012 rn,:1:>2 ;.1 IJU4,920 I71,:J24 28.81[ 1,D'>S,4~ 3~1,1a l'.•.7 1,n21J,2'Jl 1nG,2.u 11!.4 SouthAtlantlc •••••••. 550,684 110,499 20.1 2Gl,8V5 h8,218 3:J.3 lllll,lo7 214,l)<jl) 41. t 2,054,flJl fi'H,:Ja ;J:;.~ t·;~,-!T. Z.::J,:u Z·l.5 East South Central. .... ~ 878,877 8G,207 22.8 I!;51 8ifj G0,428 :t2.5 400,475 17J,;J71 37. 7 1 1 11_.1~1 379 4Gl,:~:i7 32.8 <i'.H/ • ..::. l!i~,r .. ;~ 25.!l

WestSouthCentral .... 399,591 72,509 18.l rn5,002 ;;1,:109 2.;_4 477,ul2 149,290 31.3 l,4a2,12S :;1;2,177 21.3 5;5,c:J2 110,:;1 w.a Mountain.............. 94,105 1,1118 1.3 45,305 2,395 li.3 115,0ilO 25,CH 122. 3 ~39,802 81,030 rn.2 171,931 21;,2; .. i 15.()

PacificH ................ 126,100 ~,~: 65,2'J4 ~-__:_._~ Ii5,17'3 ~-~~;5 2u.1 '1 ~46 I'ifJ,IJU 21.4 36iiJ~w ,;,:+.~"1J n.IJ NEW ENGLAND:

Maine................. 25,691 172 0.7 121 763 1,MI 12.1 32,328 12,5Y7 39.0 127,4111 34,492 27.1 98,27& l·l,4<7 11.7 NewHampshire ••••• ,. 14,494 83 .0.6 71231 1,454 20.1 18,870 llJ,070 M.4 76,598 26,201 3l.2 58,774 10,r1:J2 17.!I Vermont.............. 121 451 66 0.5 6,090 532 S.7 15,018 5,6W 37.7 60,001 15,144 25.2 41l,S82 G,\Ji_;1; H.7 :Massachusetts......... 113,674 305 0.3 56,:lt8 13,!WS Zl.5 157,GlO 95,rm fJJ. 3 flll7,13~1 265,;,:30 3S.O 387,310 7•:J,lu7 18.1 '.RhodeTuland.......... 18,643 101 0.5 9,656 3,625 37 .• ~ 2t),lfi4 17,·1S4 Gii9 108,196 39,845 SIU 5.8,rn5 9,f,.'il 17.0

Connecticut........... 37,942 145 0.4 18,W 4,548 21.1 5.3,123 31,ri:;~ r.~!.<l 213,49'J G5,8'J8 30.9 121,6.32 1;,!101 H.7

MIDDLE ATLANTIC: NewYork............. 313,440 New Jersey............ 90, 770 Penn5ylvania.......... 282, 9'J2

EAST NORTH CENTRAL: Ohio.................. 168,220 Indiana. • • • • • • • • • • • • .. 100, 734 Illinois.. • • • • • • • •• • • • . • 205, 596 Michigan.............. 102,069 Wisconsin............. 96,565

WEST N ORTR CENTRA.L: Minnesota ••••••••••••• Iowa •••••••••••••••••• Missouri ••••••••••••••• North Dakota .•••••••. South Dakota ••••••••• Nebraska ........... ; •• Kansas ............... .

SOUTII ATLANTIC! Delaware ............. . Maryland ............. . District of Columbia .. . Virginia .............. . WestVirginia ........ . North Carolina ....... . South Carolina •••••... Georgia ............... . Florida .............. ..

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: Kentucky ............ . Tennessee ...................... .. Alabama ............. . Mississippi. .......... .

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL! Arkallias .••.•••••••••. Loulsiana ........... .. Oklahoma ••••••••••••• Texas ............... ..

MOUNT.UN; Monttma .••••••••••••• Idaho ................ . Wyoming ............ . Colorado .............. . New Mexico .......... . Arizona .............. . Utah ................. . Nevada ............... .

PACIFIC:

Washington .......... . Oreµon ............... . Ca!ifomi(I ............. "

84,199 87,840

127,082

23,327

23,629

48,042 66,392

7,421

51,544 9,925

93,331

51,434

105,295

75,882

124,050 31,802

IJ9,28il 94,842

98,762

85,984

70,00S

7&,869 72,684

179,430

11, 722 12,316

4,262 27,439

13,627

7,016 15,834

I,889

36,503 21,591 68,096

1,252

717 a,100

978

838 I,118

473 834

0.4 0.8 1.3

0.6

0.8 o.5 0.5 0.9

981 1. 2

628 0. 7 1,631 1. 3

562 2.4 507 2.1

367 0.8 437 o. 7

260 3.5 2,009 ~o

,64 0.6 6,554 7.0 I,246 2.4

30,822 29.3

29,974 39.5 35,lil 28.4

4,349 13. 7

4,752 4.8 10,603 11.2

37,003 37.5 33,849 39.4

19,482 27.6

10,f.95 13. 9 6,124 8. 4

36,208 20. 2

85 o. 7 97 0.8

23 0.5 351 1.3

390 2.9 148 2.1

90 0.6

14 0. 7

158 o. 4 129 0.6

291 o. 4

153, 751 4ti,223

139,051

83,843 50,155

103,8-i,}5

W,12-1

48,GH

41, 703 43, 791

65,054 10,821 11,043 23, 784 82, 746

3,838

25, 186 5, 1~~5

45,589

24,2n !i0,200

36,211

59,273 15,239

49,lii2

47,150 48,033 41,541

35,300 37,302 35,076

8;,:us

5,008 5, 9'13 1,981

13,549

6,3(13

3,353 7,572

916

18,427

11,209 35,658

24,485 15. 9

IO, 127 22. 4 I 211,128 20.9 !

!I, 962 11. y

5, 167 10.3 13,480 i:i. 0 4,308 8. /J 6,ln9 12. [J

2,676 fi.4

2,980 e. 8

6,698 10. 3

8'11 8. 0 749 G. 8

4.5 1,!172

1,296 4.0

643 16. 81 22.9 i 5, ii2

3G8 ';.2

8, 121 Ii. 8 2,()(iS S.3

22, Hll 44.1

20,896 5';. 7 24, 770 41. 8

3,479 22. 8

6,102 12. 4 9,318 10. 8

23,[)83 49.1

21,425 51-6

12,&ill 3fJ.4 10,207 27. 4 4,604 13.1

23, 729 27. 2

231 4.1 177 3. 0 gg 4.4

s:-m 6.1

474 7. 4 228 6.8 330 4. 4

37 4.0

884 4.8 406 3. 6

2, 371 G. G

458,889

12J,fi45

3fJ4,lJS2

228,310

i:io,t•Jl 23:l,l;J2

134, 191

119,w9

108,27<1 112,2.'i:l

171,-lCl

27,51S

2!l,616

62,46()

84,300

11,592

6.';,9SJ

15,8!.t?

108,·F:il

L'J,~; f

122, l!Jl

lWl, .lJS

14~,8.8

3t},8Sj

120, 1!1 l!U,!•.:5

119, 406

101,323

88, 04.3 91, 517 85,406

212,646

14,217 14, 168

5,242 35, 71.9 15, !j{J[}

S,5Si

18,f>1! 2,469

48,313

29, 791

97,0C9

2.511,9.JO Ol.6 68,;{48 [J.I. 4

lfl9, f1.i5 4:J. 8

87' 02f) 38. 1 35,577 27. 3

121, Z~H .;~. 7

4Y, ·W:J :i~i. 0 48,014 40. 2

40,3.'i!I 37.3

32,WO 2'J.1 48,482 28. 3

71::fi9 28~6

11225 25. 2

16,.544 211. 5

18,205 21. 6

3, 'i73 39. 3 28,540 43.3 7,179 45~2

31,780 29. 3

ll,G38 lG. 4

56,4H 46.2

5J,Hfi3 59.8

6S, 40! 46. 0 12, 242 30. 7

27,644 23.0

31,531 26.4 691283 49. 6

.5S,J13 54. 4

32,692 37.1

33,178 36.3 17,195 2Ct1 00,225 31.1

3,531 24.8

2,586 18.3 1,078 20.6 s,927 2;;.o 2,<;2! 15.8

i,666 19. 4

4, 752 25 . .5 SW 22.3

13,524 28.0 8,200 27.5

&.\ 215 a1. 2 I

'Includes females or un!.."Ilown ai;:~.

1,818,033 4!Jflj700

1,3!t.l,15.'i

878,873 4811, 441

1,IJ.'il,139

4lWl, 17~

387,908

343,0il . 380,003

&93,(l;.6

00,509 93,312

199,079

284,923

36,300 24(},597

78,2.57

345,320 197, !);j!.}

351,075

244,~"';2

430, i2! 129, 897

385,897 370,673

352,593 296,21!1

252,005

282,438

261,400

636, 28ii

61,3i8

llO, S30 22,022

148,393

51,&15

32, 733

59,-!C8

13,313

195, 758 114,214

4.U,5i4

552,ll42 31}. 4

125,244 25. 7

321, 818 23. I

187,951 21. 4

83,!>1Jl 17.5

237,:m 2:.!.6 1no, fikfJ 2f.1. a 84, 73-! 21. 8

8-l,348 24. G 74,2i;$ 19. 5

117,654 19. 8 I6,-l85 18. 2

16,237 17. 4

36,3fJ4 18.2

46,175 16. 2

ll,281 25. 6

68,218 28. 4 3-1,0f.:J 43. 5 86,137 24. g

211, flf,t) ll. i 120, 764 3 :. 4

125,077 51.l 171,143 39. i 40,62.5 31.3

i•i,526 19. 8 88, 918 2!. 0

146,!ili3 41. 4

149, 860 /lO. 6

74,IOO 29. 4 112, 429 32. 7 39,447 15.1

156, 732 2-1. 6

12,191 19. 9 7,886 15.5 3,805 I7. 3

32,905 22. 2 8, 1-13 15. 8

6,488 19. 8 10,250

2,&12

41, 712

25,47S

lf.·~i.,~51

1';'. 2

21.5

21.s I 2"2.3 ·1

?• -_,,' l

9311,-188 2!'1,BilO 721, 053

510,M;S

290,217 lih~, ;~,~~2

2:;.), !<."';,'.';

2'lJ,2.Ht

1r,9,3111

222, 741

3fJ2, 496

31, 8'17 40,815

98,9f.il

154,011

22,142 133,2'J2 37,SDl

1#3, 1:-"'3 87,0lll

16S, 400

oo,3rn 182, -125

48,7.">~

193,&;Y Ii!, 7:35

1491366

116, 725

99,1189 112,!115 94,';"!H

241,933

20, 3f.3 18,9&3

6,&lS r~,um

21,·!S7

11, lcS 2ti,2i.il

4t827

81,9ff.l

54, 109 22"J,S12

145,367 15.5

3-1, 1211 la. 9

Q1,o:l5 , 12. G

fJJ, <,(11 11. 7 2<J.,2f;.!S 10.4

t.3, l~D 11.:~

31,2"21 l'l.f; Z2,~7 lf,,3

17,2H 21,(ii:d

2,t!'Jti

9,urn H,5Sl

,),0S'J

21, cm 11,217 3~j, 108 ' W1 1:2

42, ~-·2

:;:;, 1.:,a 12,41).i

32,5'671 :L~,i.:.:.S l 4\;'/.s ! 4.G, lW !

i

Zl, 791 l a1,llii I 1U,1'i;J ! 4r,, .. ~o I

i ' 2,s1a I

2,2'-J2 I l,IJ!i)

10,ti2~ ! 3,51311

2,0.~9

~~,u 5 1

n~i !

9,818 i 6,2:.11

Z3,E3'

rn.2 !i.4

12.3

lU.~

9.~

0.1 g,5

10.2

19.3 2lJ ....

211.9 11. 7

2J.4

3~.I

2!J,3

l•i.8 rn.2 32.4

3ii.7

22.8

27.5

l!.5 l~.4

13.S

12.1 H.9 1•;.a IG.5

1 .. :.5

11.4

12.0

11.il

l :. 4

74 POPULATION.

Of the females 14 to 15 years of age rn 8 per ceut were engaged in gainful occupations in \. 910. The proportion was low in the vV est North Central Ji vision (7.1 per cent), in the }.fountain division (5.3 per cent), ancl in the Pacific division (5.6 per cent), and was high in New England (22.5 per cent), in the South Atlantic··· division (33.3 per cent), in the East South Central division (32.5.per cent), and in the \'Test South Central division (2G.4 per cent). As compared with the pro­portion for the entire New England division, the proportion of females 14 to 15 years of age engage<l in gainful occupations was low in Maine and in Vermont and high in Rhode Island. Similarly compared, in tbe South Atlantic division the proportion was high in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia and low in the remaining stn,tes; in the East South Central division the proportion was low in Kentucky and Ten­nessee, and high in Alabama and :Mississippi j and in the West South Central division the proportion was low in Oklahoma and high in Arkansas.

In the age period 16 to 20, 39.9 per cent of the females were gainfully occupied in 1910, the proportion ranging from 22.3 per cent in the Mountain division to 56.9 per cent in New Englan<l. In the United States ::md in each geographic division the proportion of the females gainfully occupied was highest in this age period. The proportion waslowinliaine (39 per cent) ancl in Vermont (37.7 per cent) ancl high in Rhode Island (66.9 per cent), as comparecl with the proportion for the New England division; low in Pennsylvani:t, as comparecl with New York and New Jersey; and low in Indiana, as compared with the other East North Ccn­trn.l states. In the West North Central division the proportion was low in Kansas and high .in :Minnesota, as compared with the proportion in the other sta.tes. The proportion wo,s low in Virginia, West Virginin., and Florida, and high in South Carolina, as compared with the proportion for the entire South Atlantic division. In the East South Central division the proportion was much lower in Kentucky and Tennessee than in Ab­bama and 1viississippij in the West South Centrn.l divi­sion the proportion was low in Oklahoma; and in the :,fountain division the proportion wns low in New Mexico.

Of thefemales21 to44 years of age 1 26.3 per c<;1ntwere engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. The propor­tion was high in New England (35.1 per cent), in the South Atlantic division (33.3 per cent), andin the East South Central division (32.8 per cent), and was low in the West North Central division (19.7 per cent) and in the Mountain division (19.2 per cent). In this age period, the proportion of the females engaged in gainful labor varied less among the different states of the

1 Includes females o:f unknown age.

respective geographic divisions than in any of tho throe preceding age periods. However, the propor­tion \vns low in },.foine and in Vermont as contrasted with the other New Engbnd states, low in ·west Vir­ginia as contmsted with tho District of Columbia and with South Carolina, lmv in Kentutky as contrasted with 1~ississippi, and low in Oklahoma as contrasted with Louisiana.

\\11ile in the United States as a whole 15.7 per cent of the females 45 years of age and over were engaged in gninful occupations in 1010, the proportion runged from 10.4· per cent in the \\'est North Central division to 24 .. 5 per cent in the South.Atlantic and to 25.2 per cent in the East South Central. In the states the propor­tion was lowest in Nebraska (D.1 per cent) and highest in :Mississippi (38.7 per cent). The proportion was low in Delaware and in \1,~e:;t Virginia imd high in South Carolina, as contrasted with the proportion for the entire South Atlantic division; low in Kentucky and in Tennessee as contrasted with Alabama and 1fissis­sippi; and low in Oklahonm ns contrasted with the other states of the \Vest South Central division.

The number of children of each sex 10 to 15 years · of age engaged in g01inful occupations in 1010 and in 1900, and the proportion which they formed of the total number of children of tho samo sex and age, are shov·m for each geographic divi'3ion and for each state in Table 32 (p. 75).

The proportion of gainful workers 10 to 13 and 14 to 15 years of age, respectively, in each state in the United States in 1910 is showngraphieallyin the two diagrams on page 76, tho figures upon which they are based being given in Tables 30 (p. 71) and 31 (p. 73).

Table 32 shows that in the UnitPd States as a whole in 1910, 24.8 per cent of the males and 11.9 per cont of the females 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in .gainful occupations. The proportion varied for the males from 8.1 prr cent in the Pncific to 50.6 pPr cent in the East South Central division, and for the f emnles from 2.2 pPr cent in the racific to 26 por cent in thn East South Central division. The proportion was very high also in the South Atlantic rlivi-;ion (43.6 per c<:nt for the males and 24.4 per cent for the :fpmafos), and in the West South Central division (40.8 per cent for the malos and 20.8 per cent for the frmnlr•s). If the three southern divi­sions b0 combineil into one group and the remaining divisions into anot111.:r, it <kvelops that in the South 4±.8 1wr cent of the nrnk·s and 23.8 p<'r cent of the females 10 to 1.5 years of ngc wem engaged in gainful occupations in HHO, ns contrasted with a proportion of only 12.9 per cent for tlw males and 5 per cent for the femalt'S in this ago !}(~riud in the remainder of tho United States.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 75

NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF MALES AND OF FEMALES 10 'I'O 15 YEARS OF AGE ENGAGJ.:ll IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY DlVISIONS AND 8TA'fES: 1910 AND l!JOU.

Table 32 l>!ALES 10 TO 15 YEAR~ OF AG!'; 1910

M.U.Jo:S 10 TO 15 YEARS Ol' AGE; 1900

h"EMAI.r:s 10 'IO 15 n:.rns W!' 1 FDULES JO TO 15 YEAR8 (JJ' A<;E: 11110 AfH:: 1900

DIVISION AND STATE.

Total number.

occupat1011s. i Total occupations. ! Tntal , 0<:cu1.~tiun.'. 1

'fotal ; tie~upations. I Engaged ii: gainful ! I' Engaged in guinful 1 -·- •·• 1l~>ig:~~~•li.;~a.-.i;;fnl Engaged in !(Uinlt!I

, 1

, numher. -.-----,-.--, nnntt){tr. j~-~1-.. -- nurnbtn·· .. 1,,..,.um"·r.'l'"r•·.t. ---------------:-----l-N_u_m_b_e_r_.

1 I er ct. ~umber. 1 l'er ct. l :'\umoor.: l'cr tt. 1., ,..., ,

United Sta.tes--------··········· 5,464,228 1,353,139 -2:-1 ~;;2-.~l l,264,411 i----~~~ -~.a64:~~7 I 637.0861-~:1 ~.-7~~w I 485,7671--10.2

GEOGRAPIDC DIVISIONS; i=====l====I ·-··- =.==-I= ===1==1=~==• ===;=-=,=

New England...................... 3341 762 38,!YJll 11.4 2iU,732 3i,070 ! n.:l ~~:.:·~~I ~~,M3 i ... , 27g,217 I 21,wa: S.9 MiddleAtlantic ••.......•....•.•... l,02i,768 118,312 11.5 &.3,192 I~•.~•O 18.:l i 1,11;,.>,.:~. W,41.>9 i ii.>,; ~7,!l<J8 I 84,411' !•.!> EastNorthCentraL .•....•..••.....

1

1,025,615 133,003 13.0 VJ4,Wl 1,;1,!!78 Jii.3 l,UflJ,7,;2 ,i:J,237 i 4.3 ! 1¥~1,~,zJ 1

54,V74 r..& West North Central.. - .. - - - - .. .. . .. .... ... . 705, 931 120, r,01 17. 1 G9-l, 707 1~~5, 74,j 19. 5 e,~ 1J 1 -t,>~ 21! .145 \ a.1 , 675, r.ir._~ l !!fJ,K~:l 4. o SouthAtlantic .•••.....•...•.....•.

1

S.%,IH6 364,529 4'.l.li H8,b25 311,2fF> 41.G 81.'.i,07!i rn•,717) 2l.4 [ 731,•J13 [ 1:it,,2'!1l Io.G EastSouthCentraL..................... 58:1,837 2951 255 51).6 554,tl::MJ 2f}2,2S2 47.8 &G4, ;;:,;~ 146,fi;'.)5) ~ O I 5.36,.;:35 i 95,R'.ZJ 17.9

WestSouthCentraL .....••........ I 009,&07 248,765 40.8 48.8,144 lR.'l,ZlO 1

37.5 W·l,&\!:1 1Zl,!Jil8 \ 20:81• 475,l'ZJ I 57,4911 J~.1 Mountain .......................... .! 144,810 18,595 12.s 97,G94 12,-045 I 12.9 i:i~,411J 3,im I Vi 9j,\l4:; I 2,74~ ~.9 Pacific .................................................... ! 196,:~52 1;:;,9&'1 8.1 130,Gl.2 12,:12a l Y.4 191,4~ 4,Z'YJ l 2.2

1 127~Lf1Jl l :J,z:n

1 2.5

NEW ENGLAND: . ' ' i

Main•---·----··-··-----·-··--····__! ~8,826 3,710 9.6 36,893 3,9791~ 38,4::.4 ~1-::-11 &i,~13 2,013------:; New Hampshire .................... : 21,710 2,222 10.2 19,f>Ji 2,5·171 13.0 21,725 1,537 i 7.1 j IY,!i/12 1,1J;;1 ll.ll Vermont •••.•.•.•.•.••.••.......••• : 19,107 1,967 10.3 18,Ml 2,170 I 11. i 18,541 59S, 3.2 li,&47 \lOO 5.0

Massachusetts ..••.•.•.••........... •, 169,990 19,172 11.3 136,612 15,303 1 12.0 rnl,042 . 13,5731 ll.O l.37,9!5 11,475 8.3 RhodeisJand ...•...•••......••...• -1 28,095 4,350 15.5 22,205 .5,143 ( 23.2 28,2911 ll,i20 13.2 22,¥13 3,Slil 17.4

:MID~~:::~~I~;-···-----············i 57,034 6,675 11.7 45,8.14 6,8381 14.9 li6,82f< 4,llll3 l S.3 45,707 4,'41, 10.4

NewYork ....• --------··-···--····-! 400,895 39,357 8.4 384,760 55,218 14.4 467,191 2f ~1~ I 5.5 3Sl,901 :IB,;21J i NewJersey •.••. ----··-···------ .... 1 130,309 14,948 11.0 103,136 18,457 17.ll 135,!l'J.3 1(::~1~ i Pennsylvania •.•.•.......•••........ '. 424,564 64,007 lii.l 37f>,2<Jfl 84,195 !22.4 422,(1!3 32,SSS l

EAI~~:~--~~~~~~~~:::::::::::::J ~~:~: ~~:: ~::~ ::~~ ~!:!: ~~:: ~~:~~ !~:~:I ~n:~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::I ~~~:~~ ~~::~ 1~:: ~~:~~ ~:~~ ~~:~ :::~~ 1::~~ I

wi:i~~=-c;~;;;~~~;----·····--·---,1 148,401 rn,9&; 1i.4 131!,234 20,842 1s.o 145,21J6 n,<.!13 \

. Minnesota 129,031 14,707 11.4 115,170 lfi,973 14. 7 125,902 3,f0i I Iowa ••••• ::::::::::::::::::::::::::j 134,077 ro,777 15.5 145,433 21,564 16.9 131,631 3,Ei08 I MissourL ••••••.•.• --.----·--·--·-·-1 195,183 44,373 22.7 208,882 52,621 25.2 192,136 8,3:..'9 NorthDakota ...................... f 35,84S 5,929 16.5 21,355 3,125 14.6 34,HS l,4t.l I

SouthDakota ..................... -1 36,52t 6,953 19.0 28,731 5,Sitl 20.5 34,672 1,2.16]

Nebraska..-'------·----·-·-----·-····: 73,615 10,865 14.8 73,171 12,282 16.8 71,826 1,439

Sou~~r::;~;~:·---···-·-··---·-····-·1 101,656 16,997 16.7 1011965 20,3(}4 19.9 99,138 1,;33

I

Delaware ......................... ··I Maryland ....•......••. -·· .......... ! Distrlct of Columbia._ ... - ........ - . 1

•

Virginia .................. ----- __ .......... -! West Virginia .. ·----- •....... ···-··! North Carolina ..•.............. ·-- .i South Carolina .. - -- - ... ---·· .... -- .I Georgia. •.• ·---·-·-- •••. -----····-···[ Florida ...• _. ___ ._ ..... ____ •. _ .. __ .. 1

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: !

~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::\ .Alabama ••. ---··.------- - . ·- .... ---i Mississippi. .• _·------- .... ·····----:

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL: [

~~:s=~-·:::::::::::::::::::::::::\ Oklahoma. ________ .... ----······-··! Texas .•. --- ••••••• -- .• ---· .•.. •• • ·-1

1 MOUNT.A.IN: I

s~~:~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::1 ~~:~:~;~~::::::-::::::::::::::::::] Arizona._._ ••. ___ ..•.. · .. ······-.·.·\

Utah.·-----·-·- ...... ----·-·-- .... -~ Nevada .... _._._. - ..... --·· · .. · · · · · ·:

PACil!'IC: ~· Washington •...... --·--········ - · --.

Oregon ............. ---···········--'.

11, 826 771358 H,405

142,3li i 79,3431

159,2761 114,019

189,378 47,724

152,511

147,323 152, 170

131,Sl3 I 101,s;s I 114,766

112,3H 2i.J,522

17, 894 19,.526

6,511 41,983 ~J,811

11, lGG 23, 897

3,022

2, 753

16,336 913

4i,204 20,548 Ul,649 00,382

1(}1,648

17,096

53,838 64,035

94,126 83,256

60,109

38,830 35,383

114,443

1,448 ! 2,424

755 4,683

4, 9::12

1,297 2,811

235

4, 424

2,970 S,f,89

23.3 21. l

6.3 33.2 '.;

2,'i.9

57.5 58.2 53. 7

35.8

35.3 43.5 61.9 !' 63.2 I

55. 7 33.8

31.5 .Jl. 7

8.1

12.4 11. 6 11.2

23.7 11. 6

11. 8

7. 8

7~8

s. 7

8.1

11,379 75,671 13,126

132,f>56 67,718

1H,4R9

101,GQ4

165, 805 36,227

151,430

147,58.1

137,232

118,685

99,26\l 100,439

58,849

229,,£>87

11,437

10, 190

4,853 29, 111 13, 220

7,056 19, 757

2,0iO

2,781 17,034

1,365 44,651 22,343

7i,986 ;;6,3fJ3

7'7,462 11,281

5'1,67fl 6.1,711

80,989 r.3,906

4tJ, 747

39,G20 20,259

73,ff\.l

1,3\15 'j{f5

2,!Ji"J3 2,0~7

1,358 2,(ilJ;;

183

24.4 22.5 10.4

33. 7. 3.1. 0 .

05. l 5,3.8

4t1. 7

31.1

35.4 43.2 .59.0

53.8

W.l :;a.4 34.4 32.l

8.1

13. 7

lfJ.4

10.0

rn.2 10.tl

8.8

11,2511 76, 730 15,000

138,920

75,fl5S

155J405 11~,CY.J.1

lS:l,323 4i,041

14S,Hl Hl,W2 H6,795 127, 52;;

105,917

114,1'1

107,760 l 2fi6,745 1

17,33" I H>,U9,

G,2431 40,~88 I 20,020 I 10 3ti9 '

22'.Wil I 2,80.'i I

281688 2,80i Y.S iH,930,

25,~l 2.2 .. 11 !l.2 3~,:i_J() I

903 7,s:n

4.12 i 14,675 3,254

ii2,~S3

[i\8;0 f

59,911 I 7,828 \

10,854 19,1121

00,586

rJJ,2'74

:l2,3U 20,902

lll,7Z'l 59,~7

ain 274 111

1,1~1

Sf.a :r;o 420

51

I.CJ.l2 r~J5

8.0

4.3 4.0 4.1 3.1

4.8

2.9 2. 7 4.3

4.2 3.6 2.0 1. 7

8.0 10.2 2.9

10.ll

4.3 . 31. l

4fi. 4

:)2. 7

Hi.6

';.3

u.o 41.3 43. 3

3().5

18.3

10.0 ~.li

1. 8

1. 5

l. s 2.9 4.3

:i.6 1.8

1.8

1.9 l.G 2.G

151;, 982

2!l3, 334 146,520

112,40;)

140,93-0

27, 123 71,3~7

98,8l5

11,015 74, 879 14, l\J3

130,625 M,320

137,904 Hll,f;.15

161,005 35,434

H7,100

141,"5(

132,928 114,757

ll7,006 w,o:is 55,623

223,%9

11,282

9,897 4,379

!!S,9'24 12, 732

6, i21

20,046

1,!liH

California ....... - •• - - .. · · · · · · · · - · · ·-,

56, 392

33, 059

lil!l,001 76J'j03j 7,187, 9.4·: 11-.:.,1;)·!1 ---- _ __: _____________ ------ -· ---'-------'-·-

ll,!ll.l4 ; 35,8'>1:

12, '!IJ.l 5,f,!)2

19,Ml 7,174

'

tl,OU i 4,846 ! 9,028 i

1,019 1,219

2J495-2,lfl.'i

1,!r.S 7,886

779 ll,1'.194 : 2,451 !

32,'421 :

381917 36,502 ;

4, 12'2

7,441

12,651

41.,61>4 34, lfl3

15,321 21,427 2, 745

17,967

2;0 Hl 111

5H il2t 43U 31

9.5 11.3 9:.7

5.2 3.6 6.7 4.9 7.0

5.4 3.4 4.4 5.0 4.5 3.5

2.2

9.8

10-5 5.5 8.5 3.9

23.5 38.3

22. tl 11.6

5.1 8.11

31.3

2<J. 7

15.8 21.6 4.9 8.0

2.4

l. ~ 2.5 2.1 4.3 9.3 2.1 1.6

2.0 2.'o 2.S

76 POPULATION.

PROPORTION OF MALES AND OF FE1\fALES 10 TO 13 AND 14 TO 15 YEARS OF AGE ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES: 1910.

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH C4ROLINA

ARKANSAS

GEORGIA

TEXAS

TEllNESSEE

FLO~IDA

KENTUCKY

LOUISIANA

OKLAHOMA

VIROllllA

WEST VIRGINIA

NEW MEXICO

DELAWARE

MISSOURI

SOUTH DAY.OTA

MARYLAND

KANSAS

NORTH DAKOTA

INDIANA

NEBRASKA

IDAHO

IOWA

WYOMING

UTAH

ARIZONA

MINNESOTA

COLORADO

OHIO

ILLINOIS

PENNSYLVANIA

MONTANA

OREGON

WISCONSIN

NEVADA

MICHIGAN

WASHINGTON

MAINE

CALIFORNIA

DIST. OF COLUMBIA

NEW HAMPSHIRE

NEW JERSEY

CONNECTICUT

liHODE ISLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

NEW YORK

0 20

10TO13 YEARS Pt.A CEN"P

4_0 60

-MAI.ES

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA

SOUTH <lAHOL1NA

NORTH CAROLINA

OEORGIA

ARKANSAS

TENNESSEE

TEXAS

KENTUCKY

LOUISIANA

VIRGINIA

FLO.RID A

OKLAHOMA

WEST VIROINIA

RHODE ISLAND

M/"RYl,AND

DELAWARE

MISSOURI

NEW MEXICO

PENNSYLVANIA

INDIANA

SOUTH DAKOTA,

lOWA

CONNECTICUT

NORTH OAKOTA

MASSACHUSETTS

KANSAS

IL.LINOIS

NEW JERSEY

NE6RASKA

OHIO

WISCONSIN t

NEW HAMPSHIRE

IDAHO

VERMONT

MINNESOTA

NEW YORK

COLORADO

UTAH

ARIZONA

WYOMING

MAIHE

MICHIGAN

CALIFORNIA

OREGON

WASHINGTON

NEVAOA

MONTANA

0

=1

""'"' I

=' =1

;A I

=I DIST. OF COLUltl!llA =

20

14TOl6 YEARS PER CENT 40 ao 80

I

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 77

While it is a fact, as shown in Table :32, that in l!HO the proportion of children 10 to 115 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was for forgPr in the South than in any other section of the LinitNl StatP;.;1

it is also a fact, as shown by the following table, that a far larger proportion of the gainfully occupied chil-

. dren 10 to 15 years of age ·were engaged in agricultun', forestry, and animal husbandry in tlw ngrienltnral states of the South than in tlm manufncturing staks of the North.

I :I I MALES 10 '.[[) 15 YEARS I FEMALE~ 10 Tl.I 15 YE.\l!S J (JF .A<;E l~?iGAGEI> IN i OJ.' AGE E~GAl.TED IN

Table33

l ~;tlSFULOCCUPATIONo: i[ ~{)~~FULOCCU!'ATllJN:;:

I '. Agriculture, 11'· 11

,\grieulture,

I , forestry, arnl , forestry, and

animal 1 animal All occu- lmsbandry. All occu-1 husbandry.

I pations. ) pations

1

11'.l'A.TE.

J>er (1 ' 1/ ~ Per Number. cent. ))Number. cent.

---------1---,----,--1----Selected :Northern States. Ii 11

Maine ••••••.••••••.••••.•••• : 3,710 II 1,574 42.4 l,7Hi Iii 2i; 1.5 New Hampshire .............. - .... ' :..

11,' t,~:, l, ~~r.1> 21:~·. ~ l,~~9~ d

1¥, ~· ~

Vermont ••..••..•.••..... .,. "' I -• ,, v v u

MaS5aehusetts....... ........ 19, 172 . 1,l~J2 5. 7 n,r,;3 i' :m 0.3 lil1odelsLmd................ 4,:>50 II ~!,~,; l~·.2 '< :J,7iij :, ~~.·'.. o.:J Connecticut..................... fiJ,75 °' :> __ l"J 4,1'19:~ 11 _,J O.G NewYork ............................ 1 :~~.:157 1 fl,210 l~·? 2U.7d7 :. :H2 L:1 NewJersey, .................

1

1 11.(HS I ~.:117 l""' ltJ,~!4 ' 225 2.1 Pennsylvama. ••. . • •. • . • • . . . GI, f)(J7 I lS, ,.,s 29. 5 3~, isb8 : 1, 411 4. 3

Selected Southern States. i

North Carolina ............. · I 91, li49 1

South Carolina •••••...•. _.... ";, 3.s2 Geor~ia •••••••••••••••.•.••• · 1' 101, fi48 Florida...................... 17,rl9f> Kentucky.... . . • • .• . . . • • . . . . 5.1, S38 T~·-·················1 M,035 .A.lllbarna...... .. . . . . . ... . . . . 94, 120 Mlssisslppl.. ••.•• ••••• •••... Sl,!156 Arkansas .•.••..••.•.•...••. · l 00~ 1(19 Louisiana................... 38, 830 Texas ••.. ···················I llt,443

,, '3" Si;.7 :'. ·~,i l 87. 7 t),"'11--

90, IU-1 SS. 7 1'.l, l~O lfi 7 47. !Xl3 87. 4 5.5,.;f,:j &i.S 84,584 89 9 79,0W 91.9 56,liTO 9l.3 32, 454 8.3. 6

105, 717 92.4

ri2,g-:"a 42,295 79 8 f.rO, ~70 : 43,>384 St}. 3 5u, Gil 52,420 s;.5 7, ~28 fJ,fJOO 76.6

10, i-:;4 6,174 50.9 19,921 15, 1~'9 75.9 60,58"j

! 55, 720 92.0

5,5,:!74 52,942 95.8 ;J2,:l4l ' 30,852 95.4 20. 911'.l rn, 1l81 81.2 59,937

' 50,003 93.4

This tahle shows that Vermont was the only one of the selected nortlwrn states in which as large a pro­portion as one-half of the gainfully occupied males 10 to 15 years of age was engaged in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry in mm, and that in Rhode Island the proportion engaged in this branch of occupations was only 5 per cent. In each selected southern state, on the other hand, OV(~r three­fourths of the gainfully occupied mules 10 to 15 years of age were tmgaged in this branch of occupations in HllO, and in :Mississippi the proportion renchcd 94.9 per cent. Lihwisc, Pt\nnsylvania was the only selected northern state in which as large a proportion as 4.8 p<>r cent of the gainfully occupied fenrnlc•s 10 to 1.5 years of age was engaged in ngriculture, fol'(lstry, and animal husbnndry in 1910, and in :Massachusetts and Rhode Island the proportion ·was only three­tcnths of 1 p<ir cent. But in each selected southern state considerably more than one-half of the gain­fully occupied females 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in this branch of occupations in 1910, and in Mississippi the proportion reached 05.8 per cent. N otwithstan<ling the fact that in each of these

selected southern states, a large per cent of the gain­fully occupied children 10 to 15 years of age were 1mgagcd in agricultur11, forestry, and animal lms­bandry, it should bn oh;;ervecl that the riumbr:r engaged in other pursuits was lurge in each state.

In the United States as a whole (see Table ;32), the proportion of the males 10 to 15 yt•ars t•f age engaged in gainful occupatitJus decreased frurn '.!G.1 per cent in 1!)00 to 24.8 per cent in HllO, whilti the i1roportion of tho females 10 to 15 yenr:s of age engaged in gainful occupations increa;;ed <luring the snme period from 10.2 per cent to 11.!) per cent. But in each geographic division outside of the South there was a decrease from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion both of the males and of the females 10 to 15 year,:; of age engaged in gainful occupations. For each sex the decrease wus most marked in the Middle Atlantic division, being from 18.3 per cent in 1900 to 11.5 per cent in 1!:110 for the males, and from H.8 per cent in 1900 tu l.i.8 per cent in 1910 for the femules. In each of the three geographic divisions uf the South, however, a con­siderably larger proportion both of the males and of the females' HJ to 15 years of age was gainfully oc­cu11ied in l\llO than in 1900. For both the males and the females the increase was greatest in the \Vest South Central division-from 37 .5 per ceut in moo to 40.S :per cent in 1010 for males, and frol1l 12.1 per cent iI1 moo to 20.8 per cent in mm for females.

In the New England divisiou 11.-1 per cent of the males and 7 .7 per cent of the female" 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in gainful occupations in HllO. The proportion in the states varied for the males from 9.6 per cent in Maine to 15.5 per cent in Rho<le Island, and for the females from :1.2 per cent in Yer­mont to 13.2 per cent in Rhode Island. According to the census of manufactures in 1909, Rhode Island led the states in the proportion of the population er1-gaged in manufacturing, and in the per capita value uf manufactured products. 'fhe textile industry is quite important in the state, and in 1910 large num­bers of cluldren 10 to 15 years of age were empluyed in the textile mills. Probably no other Xew England state furnished more opportunities for children­especially for girls-t-0 find employment. Also, the proportion of foreign born in the age period 10 to 15 was larger in Rhode Island in 1910 than in any other Xew England state, and, a,.; 11, rule, a larger proportion of the foreign born than of the native children engage in gainful occupations.

In each of the :New England states there was ~t de­crease from 1000 to 1910 in the proportion both of the males and of the females 10 to 15 years of age engagPd in gainful occupations, the decrease for each sex being especially marked in Rhode Island-from 23.2 per cent in 1900 to 15.5percentinHJ10 forthemales,und from 17 .4 per cent in 1900 to 13.2 per cent in l\HO for the females.

78 POPULATION.

In the :Middle Atlantic division 11.5 per cent of the males and 6.8 per cent of the females 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in.gainful occupations in 1910. For the males the proportion was considerably higher in Pennsylvania (15.1 per cent) than in New York (8.4 per cent) or New Jersey (11 per cent), but for the females the proportion was highest in New Jersey (8 per cent). In Pennsylvania 501 boys 10 to 13

·years of age and 7,576 boys 14 to 15 years of age were working in 1910 at the coal mines, 3,325 of them as ''breaker boys." In each 1Yliddle Atlantic state there was a decrease from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of the children 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations, the decrease being especially marked in case of the males.

In the East North Central division 13 per cent of the males and 4.3 per cent of the females 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. The proportion in the states varied for the males from 9.3 per cent in Michigan to 18 per cent in Indiana, and for the females from 3.1 per cent in Michigan to 4.8 per cent in Wisconsin. The great variation between 1v1ichigan and Indiana 'in the pro­portion of the males 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 resulted in part from the proportion of the males 10 to 13 years of age engaged in gainful occupations (Table 30) being much smaller ir1 Michigan (3.1 per cent) than in Indiana (7 .9 per cent). In each state of the East North Central division except Indiana, there was a decrease from 1900 to !910 in the proportion both of the mules and of the females 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations, the decrease being most marked in Illinois for the males and in Wisconsin for the females. In Indiana the increase in the proportion of the children 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was from 16.5 per cent in ~900 to 18 per cent in 1910 for the males, and from 3.6 per cent in 1900 to 4 per cent in 1910 for the females.

In the West North Central division 17.1 per cent of the males and 3.1 per cent of the females were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. In the states the pro­portion for the males was lowest in Minnesota (11.4 per cent) and highest in Missouri (22.7 per cent), while for the females the proportion was lowest in Kansas (1.7 per cent) and highest in Missouri (4.3 per cent). The high proportion in. Missouri, as con­trasted with that in the other states of this division, is accounted for in part, probably, by the larger pro­portion of negroes in the population of 1fissouri. The proportion of the males 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was smaller in 1910 than in 1900 in each state of the West North Central division except North Dakota, where the proportion increased from 14.6 per cent in 1900 to 16.5 per cent in 1910. In each state the proportion of the fomales 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was smaller

in 1910 than in 1900, the decrease being greatest in Minnesota-from 5.4 por cN1t in 1900 to 2.9 per cent in 1910.

In the South .A.thmtic division 43.6 per cent of the males and 24.4 per cent of the females 10 to 15 years of age were eng11ged in gainful occupations in 1910. In the states of this division (excluding the District of Columbia) the proportion varied greatly, the varia­tion for the males being from 21.1 per cent in Maryland to 58.2 per cent in South Carolina, an<l for the females from 4.3 per cent in West Virginia to 45.4 per cent in South Carolina. These great variations doubtless are accounted for mainly by differences in the pro­portion of negroes in this age period, together with the fact that usually a far larger proportion of the negro than of the v;hite children are gainfully occupied. For the tables of this report a separate tabulation by color or race has not yet been made of the Thirteenth Census returns of children engaged in gainful occupa­tions, but the Twelfth Census figures show that in the South Atlantic diYision, in 1900, the proportion of gain­ful workers in the age perio<l 10 to 15 vrns 36.2 per cent for the whitn males and .50.4 pt~r cent for the negro males, and 10.G per cent for the white females and 31.l per cent for the negro females. The proportion of males 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupa­tions increased from 1900 to 1910 in North Carolina,. South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the increase being especially marked in Georgia-from 46.7 per cent in 1900 to 53.7 per cent in 1910; but in each of the other states of the division, and in the District of Columbia, there was a decrease from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion of the males in this age period gainfully occupied. In each state of the South Atlantic division except Delaware and :Maryland, the proportion of the females 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was larger in 1910 than in 1900, the increase being especially marked in North Carolina and Georgia. In each of these two states the proportion of the females 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was over 10 per cent higherin 1910 than in 1900.

In the East South Central dinsion .50.6 per cent of the males and 26 per cent of the females 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. In the states, the proportion varied for the males from 35.3 per cent in Kentucky to 63.2 per cent in "Mississippi, and for the females from 7.3 per cent in Kentucky to 43.3 per cent in )Iississippi. These variations correspond rather closely to the variations in the proportion of negroes in the population, and doubtless the proportion of the children gainfully occupied was determined in part by the proportion which negro children constituted of the total. In each stato of the East South C(•ntral division except Kentucky, the proportion of the m~es 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful oeeupations was larger in

OCCUPATION STATISTICS.

1910 than in 1900; and in each state of the division the proportion of tho females 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful oceupations \vus larger in 1910 than in 1900, the increase being quite marked in Alabama and in ~lississippi.

In the West South Central division 40.8 p<ir cent of the males and 20.8 per cent of the females 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. In the states, the proportion varied for the males from 31.5 per cent in Oklahoma to 55.7 per cent in Arkansas, and for the females from 10 per cent in Oklahoma to 30.5 per cent in Arkansas. 'l'he low proportion of the children of Oklahoma engaged in gainful occupations, as contrasted with the pro­portion for each of the other states of this geographic division, probably is accounted for largely by the smaller proportion of negroes in the population of Oklahoma in 1910-8.a per cent, as contrasted with 22.6 per cent for the entire division. However, in 1910, the prop<frtion of the children of each sex 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations was far higher ju Arkrmr-ms than in Louisiana, notr withstanding the fact that the proportion of negroes in the population was 28.l p(ll' cent in Arkansas and 43.1 per cent in Louisiana. In part this resulted from, though it is not accounted for, by the proportion of the children 10 to 13 years of age engaged in gainful occupations being practically twice as large in Arkansas as in Louisiana. While in 1910 the proportion gainfully occupied was larger for the males in each age period and for the females in each of the first three age periods in Arkansas than it was in Louisiana (Tables 30 ancl 31), the difference was far greater in the age period 10 to 13 than in either of the higher age periods. :From 1900 to 1910 the proportion of the males 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupa­tions increased in Arkansas and Texas and decreased in Louisiana and Oklahoma, and the proportion of the females 10 to 15 years of age engagrd in gainful occupations decreased in Louisiana arn.l inereased in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The increase for the females \Vas very great in Arkansas-from 15.8 per cent in 1900 to 30.5 per cent in 1910.

In the :1Iountain division 12.8 per cent of the males and 2.6 per cent of the females 10 to 15 years of age were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910, the proportion varying for the males from 7 .8 per cent in Nevada to 23.7 pei· cent in New ~Iexico, and for the females from 1.5 per cent in Idaho to 4.3 per cent in New :Mexico. The high proportion for each sex in New :Mexico comes in part from the proportion of the children 10 to 13 years of age engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 being much greater in New .Mexico than in any other state of the ~fountain division (Tables 30 and 31). From 1900 to HllO the proportion of the children 10 to 15 years of age engaged in gainful occupations increased for the

males in Coloraclo, New 1foxico, and Utah, ancl de­creasccl in ead1 of the other states of the :Mountain division, and. for tho females increased in Idahu, Colorado, New M1·xico, and Nevada and decreaslHl in each of the other states. For each sex the decrease was greatest in Arizona.

In the Pacific didsion 8.1 per cent of the males and 2.2 per cent uf the females 10 to 15 years of ngo were engaged in gainful occupations in 1910. In no other geographic (frdsion was the proportion so small for either sex. In the states of this division, the proportion was highest for the males in Oregon, 8.7 per cent, and highest for the females in California, 2.6 per cent. In each state there was a decrease from 1900 to 1910 in the proportion both of the males and of the females 10 to 1.5 years of age engaged in gainful occupations.

Outlying territories.-The following table shows for Alasku, Jfowaii, und Porto Hico the number of males and of females of each specified age engnged in gainful occupntions compared with the total numlJcr of the same sex trnd age in 1910:

MALES 10 YEARS fJF Af)E i .l'EMAf.E.~ 10 YEAR~ DF ASIJ GYEH: 1910 AGE AND OVER: 1!110

Engaged in i Engaged in AREA AND AGE PERIOD. gainllfl ! I gainllll

l'otal oecupations. i Tot:J! / occupaH()IlS, number. I

1nuruber. ,

. Num- Per !I : Num i P"1' ;, ber. I cent"! i ber. f cent.

ALASKA. i ll:--1-:1--1--1-lOyearsandover ••• ---·: 41,108 1 38,360 93,3 ! 13,SW 1 1,m l 12.4

10to13years .•.••••••••.••.•.•• i l,20ti il--7-0 5.il·---i;w3.---;;;-""2:1 14to15yenrs ................... / ()59" 1s:J 27.8 5!>1 / i; 3.0 rnto2ovears ...................

1

2.:m 1,s•o 79.8 l,1\69 , 1rn 10.2 21to44yenrs1 ................. 2<,rn; 27,024 !11i.5 8,!Y!u I 1,12~ · 14.0 45yearsandonr., ••.•••••••.. j 9,455 9,203 97.3 2,510 , 389 j 15.5

HAWAlI. I I : . I : lOyearsandover ...... 101,287. 89,923, &8.8 !~: 11,2711 23.7

10 to 1~ years ................... I 5, 810 ii 2041 3. 5 I 5, 252 90 i 1. 7 14to1.;y,.ars.. ................. ! 2,U2\l !: 776 29.G ! 2,318 31H: 13.1 lflto20years ................... 1 S,f\;;5 :

1

7,102 S.1.i; 1: li,9!i9 1,4:l1 · 21.1 21tn4Jyearsl .................. ] fi4,700 \ f:~,80:1 9~.(i !: 27,444 S,a:m I 30.4 45y<:arsandover ............ ,.: 19,296 ii 17,738 91.9 \j G,529 . 1,104: Hl.9

PORTO RICO. ! II I i I

lOyearsandover ...... 1386,516 /1

317,256 s2.1Ii3!15,084 i 76,892 ! 19.5

10t-013years ........... ; ...•••• l 59,826 ii 13,2C.31. 2!.2 H 5.5,892 l 3,2\lt'.\ i b.9 14tol5yeurs ................... 27,4114, IU,701 60.9 Ii 27,4'8 i 4,571 i 11;_i; 16to20yenrs ................... , .5'.!,268 I 4!',723

1

89.4 ,I f;2,S:12 '15,l!i~ t 2i.2 21to44yecu:si ................. l18!,ft72 '1 179,ifl3 98.tl ;, 179.9•7 ·. 3:7,7:19 I 21.0 45 years and over ............. J 65,346 i 61,526 91.2 !! frl,885 i: 16,098 ! 23. 4

1 Includes persons or unkno"'"Il age.

This tahle shows that in Alaska in HllO consid(1r­a.bly over nine in every ten (03.3 per cent) of the male;; 10 years of age and over were engnged in gainful occu­pations. In the lowest age period. 10 to 13, the pro- · portion was only 5.8 per cent; in the next ago peri(ld, 14 to 15, the proportion increased to 27.8 per cont--­considerably over one in four; and in the age perincl 16 to 20, the proportion reached 70.8 por cent--four in every :6xe. The proportion was highest in the ago period 21 to 44 (08.5 per cent). In the ago period 45

80 POPULATION.

years and over the proportion of gainful ·workers was still very high, 97 .3 per cent. The proportion in the first two age periods-10 to 13 and 14 to 15-was con­considerably smaller in Alaska than in the United States; 1 in tho ago period 16 to 20 the proportion was practically the same in ·Alaska as in the United States; in the age 1rnriod 21 to 44 tho proportion was con­siderably higher in Alaska than in the United States; and in the age period 45 years and over the 1n·oportion 'Nas very much higher in _Alaska than in tho United States. Of the females 10 years of age and o-ver in Alaska in l!HO, 12.4 per cent were gainfully occupied. As compared 1vith the proportion in the United States, 1

the proportion in Alaska was very small in each age period except the highest; and while in the United States the proportion of gainful workers was highest for the females in the ago period 16 to 20, in Alaska the proportion was highest in the age period 45 ycnrs and over.

In Hawaii :in 1910, 88.8 per cent--almost nine out of ten-of the males 10 years of age and over were engaged in gainful occupations. In the :flrst age period, 10 to 13, the rroportion was only 3.5 per cent; in the second age period, 14 to 15, it had jumped to 20.6 per cent, and in the age period 16 to 20 it had further increased to 83.Q per cent. 'The proportion was highest in the age period 21 to 44(OS.B1rnr cent); and in the age period 45 years and over more than nine out of ten (01.0 per cent) of the men were still at ·work. In the :first two age periods the proportion of gainful workers "\Vas much smaller in Hawaii than in the -United States/ but in each of the other age periods the pro­portion was higher in Hawaii than in the United States. 'fhe proportion of the females 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 was slightly higher in Hawaii than in the United States. How­ever, u1 each of the fust three age periods the propor­tion was very much smaller in Hawaii than in the United States. In the United States the proportion of gainful workers was highest for the females in the age period 16 to 20, but in Hawaii the proportion ·wns highest in the age period 21 to 44.

In Porto Rico in 1010, 82.l per cent of the nudes 10 ye11rs of age and over were engiigecl in gainful occupa­ticms. The proportion was 22 .. 2 per cent for the ago period 10 to 13, 60.9 per cent for the age period 14 to 15, and S!J .4 per cent for the age period 16 to 20. The

· proportion vrns highest for the nge period 21 to 44, 98.6 per cont, and next highest for the age period 45 years and over, 94.2 per cent. For fl.11 the age periods combined and for each separate age period the pro­portion of gainful workers was higher for the mnles in Porto Rico than in the United States.1 While the pro­portion of gainful workers in the malo popultttion 10 years of age and over ~n l!HO was m~ch highP:r in Hawaii than in Porto Rico, the proport10n of gamfnl workers in each separate age period, except the period

1 See T:tble 26, p. 69.

21 to 44, was considerably smaller in Hawaii than in Porto Rico, and the proportion in the age period 21 to 44 was the same in each place. These percentages are e:&"})lainod by the fact that the proportion ·which boys 10 to 20 years of age constituted of tho male popu_. fation 10 years of age and over in 1910 was only 17 .1 per cent in Hawaii, as compnrecl with 3G.1 per cent in Porto Rico. Of the females 10 years of ago and over in Porto Rico in HllO, lG.5 per cent were engaged in gain­ful occupations, as compared with IL proportion of 23.4 per cent in tho United States. In each age period except the highest the proportion was higher in the United States than in Porto Rico, but in the highest ngo period, 45 years nnd over, the proportion was much higher in. Porto Rico than in the United States.

The follo"ing table shows for .Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, for both sexes and for each sex separately, the per cent which the gainful workers in each age period coi1stituted of all gainful work;ers in 1910.

Table 35

A.REA. A.ND AGE PERIOll.

AL.\!<KA.

PER CENT !JISTRIIIUTION OP' PERSONS ENGAGED IN GAIN•

FUL OCCt:PATIONR: 1910

.. Both Ii Male 1

Female sexes 1 •

1 •

I __ ·_· 111--1:--10 years 1tnd over..... . .. .. ....... \ 100. 0 100. 0 I 100. 0

IOtol3years ............................................ 1

0.2 o.21 1.3

~ti~Mr~;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1 gJ 2:~ I ~:g 21 to44H•ars1 .......................................... ' 70.2 70.51 GS.2 4,5 year.s'and over ...................................... j Z!.9 24.0 22.6

HAWAII. \ I IO years and o-ver. .. .. . . .. . ........ , 100.0 I) 100.Q 100, 0

tol3 1---3 '\ 0.2. 0 .. 8

~~!~EH ::: : H ill I 1!! 1H . I

. . i 100.0 I 100.0

PORTO JUl'O.

10 years and o~er ....... .. 100.0

10tol3yea.rs ................................................ ',--4.-2 i--4.-2 ~ 1-!t-O 1r,years ............................................ ' 5.4 i 5.3 5.9 rn to 20 yea.rs .......................................... ' 15. 7 ·: 14. 7 19. s

~~~~~ds;,:e.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::, ti:~ 1j ~:! ~'.U

A<·eording to Talllf' ::5, 1·11n idPrahly over nine out of ten {B4.l per ennt) of tlw i:ruinful worker::; of .Alaska in 1n10 were 21 years of nge and over. Children 10 to 15 years of age eon;c1itut!'d lP"'> than 1 per eellt, all(l young persons 16 to :.!O year,; of age constituted ln1t slightly- c)Ver T> pn 1·1~nt 1Jf ihe gainful workers. Persons 10 to 20 ypar..; of ago 1·cm;;titutecl a much smaller proportion of t1rn µainfol workers in Alaska thr1n in the United Statp.;,2 per,.;ons 45 years of age and over the !:iHme proportion, arnl per.-;nns 21 to 44 years a nuwh larger proportion. 'Die respedive proportions for the male;:i followed very do.;;1!ly the proportions for both sexes. A larger proportion of the female than of tho male workers was in t1w youngi•r age perio<ls, and a smaller proportion in tlw age period 21 to 44.

2 Sec Tahlc '.!7, p. 69.

OCCUPATION STATISTICS. 81

In Hawaii in 1910 nine out of ten (89.9 per cent) of the gainful workers were 21 years of age and over. Children 10 to 15 years of age formed only 1.4 per cent, and young persons rn to 20 years of age formed only 8.7· per cent of the gainful workers. Ac; com­pared with the United States,1 the proportion of the workers in the age period 21 to 44 years was very high and the proportion in each of the other age periods was very low. The proportions for the males did not vary much from the proportions for both sexes. Of the female workers almost three-fourths (7 4 percent) were in the age period 21to44 years. The proportion in this age period was considerably larger and the pro­portion in each of the other age periods considerably smaller than in the United States.

1 See Table 27, p. 69.

32446°-14--6

In Porto Rico practically three-fourths (74.7 per cent) of the gainful workers in HllO wero 21 years of age and over. Children 10 to 13 years of age con­stituted 4.2 per cent, children 14 to 15 years of age constituted 5.4 per cent, and young persons 16 to 20 years of age constituted 15.7 per cent of the gainful workers. As compared ·with the United States,1 the proportion of the workers in each of the first three age periods was high in Porto Rico, and the propor­tion in each of the lust two age periocis was low. The proportions for the males differed little from the proportions for both sexes. A smaller proportion of the female than of the male workers was in the age period 21 to 44, but each of the other age periods contained a larger proportion of the females than of the males.