research ppt

JJT UNIVERSITY, CHUDELA (JHUNJHUNU)


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•Research: Concept, Types and Process

•Meaning and Definition of Research

•Purpose of Research

•Types of Research

•Significance of Research in Social Science

•Process of Research

•The Scientific Method

•Induction and Deduction

•The Deduction Method


INTRODUCTION

This is the world of knowledge. As knowledge is power, the desire for more has led to a search for more knowledge. The need for knowledge, further knowledge, cutting-edge, knowledge, continually updated knowledge and the like drives the search for the same. Research and Development (R&D) activities of business have been responsible for the development of new products, new processes and new applications. Thus research is an Endeavour that contributes to development.


MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH

Research = Re +Search. That implies searching again and again to thoroughly understand the issue and find the apt and effective solution or strategy to deal with the issue. Such a solution or strategy adds to our stock of knowledge of the Subject.In common parlance, research refers to a search for knowledge. Research, simply put, is an Endeavour to discover answers to problems (intellectual and practical) through the application of scientific method. The 20th Century Chambers dictionary defines research as: a careful search or systematic investigation towards increasing the sum of knowledge.


Research is essentially a systematic enquiry seeking facts through objective, verifiable methods in order to discover the relationship among them and to deduce from them broad principles of laws.

Francis G. Cornell defines research as, ‘the activity of collecting information in an orderly and systematic fashion’.Definitions of this sort are rather abstract. So a summary of some of the characteristics of research may help to clarify the spirit, meaning, and methodology of research.


• Research is directed towards the solution of a problem.• Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems.• Research is characterized by patient and unhurried activity.• Research is logical and objective.• Research is carefully recorded and reported.• Research emphasizes the development of generalization of principles or theories that will help in predicting future occurrences.• Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.• Research generally involves a hypothesis or set of hypotheses concerning explanation of a phenomenon.


• Research demands accurate observation and description.• Research involves gathering new data from primary or first hand sources, or using existing data for a new purpose.• Research activities are more often characterized by carefully designed procedures, always applying rigorous analysis.• Research requires expertise.• Research applies every possible test to validate the procedures employees, the data collected and the conclusions reached.• Researchers are not only scholarly and imaginative, but also have the highest integrity and patience.


Research has proved to be a powerful tool in driving making towards development. That is why; the terms Research and Development (R and D) are now used together. John W.Best observes that, ‘the secret of our development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by discovering new truths, Products’.

1. Progress and good life.2. Development of scientific attitude.3. Creativity and Innovation.4. Testing hypothesis and establishing theories.5. Prediction and Control.6. Purposive development.


7. Problem Solving.8. Schematic Evaluation.9. Impact Analysis.10.Methodological Improvement.


There are different types of research. Table gives a list of the types of research. A sort of bipolar classification of research types is attempted here.


Pure and Applied Research

Pure research or fundamental or basic research is more theory oriented. It is a search for broad principles and postulates that build a new theory or revalidate a theory. Take Einstein’s theory of relativity: E=MC2.

Applied Research

Applied Research is oriented towards solving problems. While basic research deals with theory, action research is concerned with practice.


Historical and futuristic Research

Historical research turns history or the past to study the patterns there, their impact on the present, evolutionary process and so on.

Futuristic Research

Futuristic research looks forwards into the future. How a particular problem is going to unfold, what will be its implications, what policy orientations are called for, etc are the thrusts of the futuristic regime.


Exploratory and Explanatory research

Exploratory research explores virgin or less researched areas. Formulation of problems, concepts and hypotheses is the thrust here. Explanatory research tries to offer explanations or solutions to the problem.

Descriptive and Prescriptive Research

Descriptive researches give a neat account of: Observations of relationships forces that contribute to the problem and factors that offer solutions. Prescriptive Research lays emphasis on classifying things into good and bad


Analytical and Synthetically Research Analytical research looks for specific ‘trees’ in a vast ‘wood’. To

analyze means to dissect, to find the inner combinations and complexities, to see the layers and spirals, to discern the dominant and the dull, and the like.

Synthetically research

Synthetically research concentrates on unifying things and events. It shows how a theory developed in physical science could be applied to social science?


CASE STUDY AND SURVEY RESEARCH

Case study is a comprehensive study of an entity or unit, be it a person, a group, and institution, a geographical area, a community, a plant variety and the like.

Features:1. Study of the whole unit, as the unit is defined;2. Study is intensive, deep and through;3. All factors, General, Environmental or Specific4. Historical perspective5. Case must be something distinct either as the best


Sources of Data: Sources for case studies include personal or organizational documents, life history or organizational history, speeches and news items.

Phases of Case Study: Choice of case for study, preparations to approach the unit of study, collection and recording of data and interpretation of data are the phases of case research.

Survey Research: Survey research as opposed to case studies; study a plural number of entities.


LOGITUDINAL AND CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCHES

Longitudinal researches involve studying behavior of the vent or entity over a period of time. Time is an important backdrop.

Cross-sectional research tries to see at a fixed point of time, the behavior of a cross-section of elements.


EXPERIMENTAL AND DESK RESEARCH Experimental research involves conducting tests in a simulated or

real space and time. The main features of experimental research are:

1. Isolation of factors into dependent, independent and catalytic.2. Replication of the experiment to ensure the reliability of the

results.3. Measurement of the result, i.e., inputs, conditioning

environment and output.


There are different types of experimental research:1. Natural or uncontrolled as in the case of natural phenomena

where only observation of the phenomena is done, results analyzed and conclusions drawn;

2. The laboratory-situation research where a simulated environment is created with the input and conditioning variables manipulated to find the output behavior;

3. Field experiment where research.

Desk Research: Desk research simply involves working with published data. No experiment is conducted. Data found in published sources back the research. Analyzes are made and conclusions drawn.


Social sciences refer to business, commerce, demography, psychology, sociology, etc. Social sciences directly involve people as such. Research in social sciences deals with the behavior of people in their different roles, such as consumers, competitors, producers, executives, salesperson, leaders, workers, followers, teachers, students, opinion-makers, etc.


Problem solving is the purpose of most research. Social problems are felt directly by people and research by offering solutions to such problems ameliorates the conditions of people at large.

Development of methodology to deal with social issues is one of the contributions of social research.


Formulation of new theories and revaluation of already existing theories are attempted by social research.

Social research helps in designing appropriate models for social planning, prediction and control.

Social research contributes to social welfare. Social research is generally normative, emphasizing on what is good for society.

Social research reflects the dynamics of social institutions. Social institutions are never static and keep changing.


The process of research refers to the series of steps involved in research as:

1. Research reconnaissance2. Problem identification3. Problem formulation4. Problem delimitation5. Review of literature6. formulation of research questions7. Formulation of research objectives8. Formulation of Hypotheses



9. Determination of data requirement10.Identifying sources of data11.Determination of mode of conduct with the source of data12.Designing the instrument of data collection13.Deciding the instrument of data collection14.Design of sampling method and preparing the sampling frame15.Choosing the sample units16.Pre-testing the instrument of data collection



17.Pilot study18.finalization of instrument and method of execution19.actual survey or study and data collection20.Data editing, transcription, coding and tabulation21.Data analysis:22.Hypothesis testing and inference23.Report preparation: Organization of ideas and plan of report24.Drafting, re-drafting and finishing touches to the report25.Final report preparation and submission of report


The term ‘science’ is defined as an ‘accumulation of systematic knowledge’. The sole purpose of science is to understand the world. Basic to sciences is an intricate relationship between theory and fact. Theory is not merely speculative. It helps in predicting facts. The Chambers 20th Century Dictionary defines science as ‘knowledge ascertained by observation and experiments, critically tested, systematized and brought under general principles’. The scientific method, must therefore, include any systematic process or experiment which can be tested or replicated by the virtue of which knowledge is tested and systematized. The Scientific method is objective, formal, rigorous, and reliable, can be measured, repeated, verified, and validated.


FORMS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEHTODThere are different forms of the scientific method. These are:

historical and futuristic descriptive and prescriptive, pure and applied, deductive and inductive.

The structural method involves studying the entity or sub-entities or super-entities, the relationship among the entities, the forms and norms of the entities and the like.

The functional method involves studying the functioning, the roles, causative and reactive domains, etc of the entity under study.


The deductive method involves drawing conclusions on individual entities based on the general pattern found, that is, going from the general to the particular.

The Inductive Method generalizes from particular or sample behavior. This is converse of the deductive method. From individual you move to the universal.


ELEMENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Concepts are symbolized phenomena that are studied. Concepts themselves are not the phenomena, but are symbols used to refer to the phenomena. Concepts are abstraction and represent certain aspects of the empirical world that is studied.

Hypotheses are propositions which can be put to the test to determine their validity. Hypothesis states what we are looking for. If we take a theory we may deduce a number of relationships among the factors and forces connected to the theory which are not yet tested.


Induction is defined as, ‘reasoning from particular cases to general conclusions’ by the Chambers 20th Century dictionary. Most research is of the type. What is found true for a sample is generalized as true for the population as well. This method has a sound reasoning base the hence, is widely applied. Induction is concerned with first obtaining data, discovering the truth and establishing relationships regarding the particular cases concerned. Induction involves, moving to the ‘unobserved’ many from the ‘observed’ few.


There are a few types of induction like perfect induction and intuitive induction. Perfect induction involves establishing a universal proposition by an exhaustive enumeration of all the instances of the category covered by the proposition.

The merits of the induction method are: that this is the only method of drawing conclusion in certain cases; it does not proceed with any assumption. It is mostly adopted in research and in practical situations too; sampling and induction go together.

The demerits of the induction method are: a lack of quality data; the difficulties in collecting data; the representativeness of the sample both in term of time and space; fallacious conclusions such as;


All humans are mortal. An universal truth. Ram is a human. So, Ram is a mortal. This deduction involves, moving from the general to the particular. Members of the upper occupational strata experience less unhappiness and worry and are subject to more formal controls than members of the lower strata.

The deduction method helps to formulate happiness as is referred to above by extending a scenario into an analogous scenario. To test the hypothesis so formed, induction method may be adopted. Conclusions based on deduction are more certain, than in the case of induction.

research ppt

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