resistance and the catholic counter reformation. the political battle over lutheranism lutheranism...
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Habsburg (Hapsburg) LandsTRANSCRIPT
Resistance and the Catholic Counter Reformation
The Political Battle over Lutheranism
• Lutheranism spread throughout northern Germany and into Scandinavia
• Emperor Charles V resisted– Wanted to preserve religious unity– Allied with the Pope
• Unable to do so because of: – Habsburg-Valois Wars– And a Turkish threat in Hungary
Habsburg (Hapsburg) Lands
The Peasant’s War (German Peasants Revolt)
• Twelve Articles– Peasants demanded end of serfdom, tithes,
etc. – Inspired by Luther’s teachings
• Luther does not support them– Demands that they obey their princes– Encourages the princes to stamp out revolt
• As many as 100,000 peasants died
Resistance in Germany
• League of Schmalkalden, 1531– Formed by the new Protestant princes to
resist the invasion of Charles V– Francis I of France allies with the League
• Habsburg-Valois Wars– Five wars between 1521-1555– France tried to keep Germany divided
• Charles is forced to give up uniting Germany in Catholicism
The Peace of Augsburg, 1555
• Princes in Germany could choose wither Protestantism or Catholicism– People were permitted to move into new
states according to religion• Permanent religious divide- not until 1871
will they unite
The Catholic Counter Reformation and the Catholic
Reformation
The Catholic Counter Reformation
• Pope Paul III (1534-1549)– Did not institute new
doctrines but attempted to reform the church through existing doctrine
– Response to Protestantism and critics who said the church should be reformed
The Council of Trent• 3 sessions 1545-1563• Equal validity of
Scripture, Church traditions and the writings of the Church Fathers
• Salvation by both “good works” and faith
• All 7 sacraments were valid
• Monasticism• Celibacy of the clergy• Purgatory reaffirmed
Reforms
• The Index of Forbidden Books– Books that supported Protestantism – Any one caught with these books could be
punished severely • Reformed
– Sale of indulgences– Sale of church offices– Bishops given greater control over the clergy– Seminaries established to train priests
New Religious Orders
• The Jesuits (Soceity of Jesus)– Goals
• To reform the church through education• Spread the Gospel to pagan peoples• Fight Protestantism
– Ignatious Loyola- founder – Organized in a military fashion– Oversaw the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
• Persecution of Jews and Muslims
Results
• Brought southern Gemany and eastern Europe back to Catholicism
• Heresy stamped out in the Papal States and Italy– Inquisition
• Jesuit schools became some of the finest in Europe