review images #7: urban geography
TRANSCRIPT
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Review Images #7:Urban Geography
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What Is A City?A node in a circulation system of people,
resources, goods, services and ideas.
There is no set size for a city - definitions vary from country to country and state to state.
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Hearths of Urbanization
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Mesopotamia - 3500 BCE
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Site and Situation Affect Whether Or Not Cities Grow and Prosper
• Situation: characteristics of the relative location of a city– Accessibility– Connectivity– Proximity to
resources
• Site: characteristics of the absolute location of a city– Landforms– Climate– Vegetation– Water supply– Soil quality– Minerals– Wildlife
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Urban MorphologyThe layout of a city, its physical form
and structure
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Early European industrial cities located near coal fields and ports.
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The Urban Hierarchy
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Rank-Size Rule (Also Called Zipf’s Law)
• Population of city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.
• For example:Largest city = Population 12 million2nd largest = Population 6 million3rd largest = Population 4 million4th largest = Population 3 million
• Does not work in regions with primate cities
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A leading city that is disproportionately larger than the other cities in the country.
London, UKMexico City, Mexico
Paris, France
Primate City
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Central Place Theory
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Christaller’s Central Place Theory
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Threshold and Range
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Functional ZonationThe division of the city into zones for certain functions
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North American City ModelsBurgess Concentric Zones 1920s
Cities grow in rings radiating out from the Central Business District.
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Bid Rent Curve
The closer you are to the CBD, the more expensive the land.
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Hoyt Sector Model 1930s
Cities grow in wedges following transportation corridors.
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Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model1940s
Cities grow and develop around clusters of economic activity.
Ex: university node, airport node
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Vance’s Urban Realms Model 1946
Urban area is comprised of a series of independent suburban downtowns within a larger metropolitan area.
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Harris’ Galactic City Model 1960’s
Inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by transportation nodes.
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Edge City• Former suburbs that have become
self sufficient “mini cities” on the edge of major cities
• Minnesota examples: Bloomington, Plymouth, Eagan, Eden Prairie, Minnetonka, Roseville
• Characteristics– 5 million+ sq. ft. of office space– 600,000+ sq. ft. of retail space– More jobs than bedrooms– Perceived as one place– Not urban 30 years ago
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Megacities: Population = 10+
Million
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Megaregions of U.S.
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What is Urbanization?
The growth of a central city and its suburbsThe “Nail House” in Chongqing, China
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Global population now approximately 54% urban, 46% rural
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Urban Areas With 1 Million + Inhabitants
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Percent Urban Population
Developed world is most urbanized, but developing world is urbanizing at the fastest pace.
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Urban Growth 2002-2015
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World’s Largest Urban Agglomerations (Urban Areas)
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European Cities
Green Belt Maphttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/greenpolitics/planning/9708387/Interactive-
map-Englands-green-belt.html
• More compact than U.S.• Some greenbelts (esp. UK)• Healthy CBDs• More mass transit, less car
focused• More mixed use zoning• Higher income housing
closer to CBD, lower income housing in suburbs (opposite of U.S.)
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European Urban Social Structure Differs
Example: Higher income professionals are likely to live in the center of Paris, while factory workers tend to live in the suburbs, in contrast to the
pattern of many American cities.
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Colonial Cities Have Vestiges of Their Past
Example: The main square in downtown Mexico City, the Zócalo, was laid out by the Spanish.
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Cities Around the World Have Different Structures Based on
Their Unique Histories
See detailed explanations in text,
Kaplan Review Guide and on Models To
Know page.
Griffin-Ford Latin American City Model
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deBlij’s African City Model
See detailed explanation in text,
Kaplan Review Guide and on Models To
Know page.
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McGee’s Southeast Asian City Model
See detailed explanation in text,
Kaplan Review Guide and on Models To
Know page.
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Middle Eastern City Model
Mosque is focus and bazaars
(marketplaces) are common in city
centers.
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Urban SprawlUnrestricted, unplanned growth of housing, commercial development and roads over large areas of land.
Las Vegas, NV
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New Urbanism or Smart Growth:Planned, Walkable, Mixed Residential-
Retail Communities
Liberty on the Lake, Stillwater, MN
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U.N. estimates 1 billion people worldwide live in slums.
Disamenity SectorSlums, squatter settlements, favelas, etc.
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Percent of Urban Population Living In Slums
Sub-standard housing, most lack electricity, water & sanitation, most lack secure tenure
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Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Kibera in Nairobi, Kenya
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World City: Important Node in Global Economic System
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World Cities
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The World is Spiky
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The World Is Spiky - It’s All About Connectivity
http://gecon.yale.edu/world_big.html
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Spaces of Consumption
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U.S. Sunbelt Cities Growing
New job opportunities, deindustrialization of Rust Belt, Baby Boomer retirees, immigration, high birth rates among new immigrants, etc.
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Borchert’s Epochs
U.S. Urbanization Patterns Relate To Technological
Changes
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Sail-Wagon Epoch 1790-1830• Wind and water power• Most urban places were ports or water
power sites• Major cities: New York, Boston,
Philadelphia - oriented towards European trade
• Water transportation critical• Overland travel slow
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Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)• Steamboats and railroads diffuse
– Great Lakes and Mississippi River system key• Industrialization & coal mining boom• Coal powered steam engine revolutionizes overland
transport
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Railroads 1870
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Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920)• Industrial Revolution diffuses, steel industry develops• Coal power generators allowed manufacturing to take
place away from water power sites• Coal & iron ore from Appalachia & Minnesota’s
Mesabi Range• Steel railroad tracks replace iron = heavier trains,
faster speeds, longer distances = lower transportation costs
• Continental U.S. stitched together by railroad network
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Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-Present)
• Gasoline powered combustion engines• Trucks, automobiles & airplanes• Dense network of roads makes travel
easier• Suburbanization• Sun Belt development
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Interstate Highway System
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